Deck 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

Research by Jennifer Richeson, Nicole Shelton and colleagues demonstrates that White individuals who score high on a measure of implicit racism

A) must exert a great deal of cognitive effort in order to avoid prejudice when interacting with African-Americans.
B) are usually good at hiding their biases and therefore tend to have comfortable interactions with African-Americans.
C) have relatively low levels of amygdala activation when presented with photos of African-American faces.
D) All of these

Answer 1

must exert a great deal of cognitive effort in order to avoid prejudice when interacting with African-Americans.

Question 2

Which of the following is not discrimination?

A) Believing that baby-faced men are harmless
B) Giving a pink toy to a girl and a blue toy to a boy
C) Signing a petition to keep a minority group out of the neighborhood
D) Hiring a thin candidate rather than an obese one with the same credentials

Answer 2

Believing that baby-faced men are harmless

Question 3

Bonnie dislikes all lawyers. This is an example of

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) social categorization.
D) a stereotype.

Answer 3

prejudice.

Question 4

Samantha thinks that all social psychology professors are intelligent, attractive, and fabulously good dancers. This is an example of

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) social categorization.
D) a stereotype.

Question 5

Which of the following has not been used by psychologists to measure implicit forms of racism?

A) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
B) Implicit Association Test (IAT)
C) Common Ingroup Identity Model (CIIM)
D) eye contact

Question 6

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize is called

A) modern racism.
B) relative deprivation.
C) illusory correlation.
D) reverse discrimination.

Question 7

The ABC's of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. Put the three major concepts of Chapter 5 in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition.

A) Stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination
B) Prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping
C) Discrimination, prejudice, stereotyping
D) Stereotyping, discrimination, prejudice

Question 8

Research indicates that White individuals' concern about appearing prejudiced during interracial interactions can

A) lead them to try to avoid such interactions altogether.
B) lead them to sit closer to Black conversation partners in the effort to make a good impression.
C) lead them to go out of their way to demonstrate how often they think about and notice race-related issues.
D) All of these

Question 9

Consider the Implicit Associations Test in which people are asked to categorize words as well as White/Black names. If you were to design a similar measure to assess implicit associations related to age, and more specifically, implicit negative beliefs about older people, which pattern of results might your IAT produce to indicate such ageism?

A) Participants report that they like younger-sounding names (e.g., Dylan, Carter) more than older-sounding names (e.g., Gladys, Sydney).
B) Participants take longer to pair positive words with older-sounding names and negative words with younger-sounding names than vice versa.
C) Participants primed with words related to old-age (e.g., "Florida," "Bingo," "wheelchair") internalize stereotypes regarding the elderly and demonstrate slower reaction times to the categorization tasks.
D) Participants are quicker to recognize and categorize photos of young faces than photos of older faces.

Question 10

fMRI research has often found increased activation in the amygdala for White participants shown photos of Black faces. The amygdala is a region of the brain often implicated in the perception of

A) hatred.
B) threat.
C) sympathy.
D) callousness.

Question 11

Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a particular social category is called

A) discrimination.
B) prejudice.
C) the outgroup homogeneity effect.
D) the ingroup homogeneity effect.

Question 12

Stereotypes differ from prejudice and discrimination in that stereotypes concern

A) positive feelings about a social group.
B) negative feelings about a social group.
C) positive or negative beliefs about a social group.
D) negative behavior directed at members of a social group.

Question 13

Jane is from race X and Jean is from race Y. Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates modern racism?

A) Jane yells racial slurs and spits on Jean who is a stranger.
B) Jane and Jean work together. Jane thinks Jean is not doing her share of the work. For this, Jane gives Jean a more negative evaluation than is deserved.
C) Jane and Jean are on the same athletic team. The social norm of the team is for everyone to be friendly and personable to one another. Jane never talks to Jean.
D) Jane is interviewing Jean as a pianist for her club. Jane is looking for a piano player who will play jazz. Jean plays classical music. Jane doesn't hire Jean for the job.

Question 14

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is exhibiting _____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting _____.

A) discrimination; prejudice
B) stereotyping; discrimination
C) prejudice; stereotyping
D) prejudice; discrimination

Question 15

Research by Apfelbaum and colleagues (2008) indicates that when it comes to norms regarding the acknowledgment of race

A) the older White kids get, the more comfortable they are discussing race.
B) 8- and 9-year-old kids are even more concerned about political correctness than 10- and 11-year-olds.
C) it is not until early adulthood that people start to develop concerns about race-related norms.
D) unlike younger children, older children are sometimes willing to sacrifice task performance for the goal of avoiding uncomfortable race-related conversation.

Question 16

Negative feelings directed at women's abilities, values, and ability to challenge the power of men are referred to as

A) ambivalent sexism.
B) modern sexism.
C) benevolent sexism.
D) hostile sexism.

Question 17

Research by British researchers Hutchings and Haddock (2008) found that when White students were shown photos of racially ambiguous faces

A) they tended to categorize the faces as Black when they believed the photos were of known criminals.
B) they tended to categorize the faces as White when a happy videoclip had previously put them in a good mood.
C) they tended to categorize the faces as Black when the images depicted angry, as opposed to happy faces.
D) they were quicker to categorize these faces than they were to categorize racially unambiguous faces.

Question 18

Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are

A) strictly an American phenomenon.
B) limited to collectivist cultures.
C) problematic world-wide.
D) all considered to be affective phenomena.

Question 19

Modern racism can be distinguished from what has been termed "old-fashioned" racism in that modern racism is

A) more prevalent than "old-fashioned" racism.
B) less obvious than "old-fashioned" racism.
C) less destructive than "old-fashioned" racism.
D) more likely to be revealed later in life than "old-fashioned" racism.

Question 20

A set of beliefs about a group cannot be considered a stereotype if it is

A) positive.
B) negative.
C) true.
D) None of these.

Question 21

Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them. These feelings can best be explained by

A) social role theory.
B) social identity theory.
C) social categorization theory.
D) realistic conflict theory.

Question 22

Michigan and Ohio State are rival universities. Students at the two schools only interact when the athletic teams they play for compete against each other. Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment suggests that the students will

A) limit their competition to the playing field and behave cooperatively off the field.
B) only change their negative stereotypes of one another once they have interacted on the playing field.
C) develop positive views of one another and behave in a friendly manner.
D) develop negative views of one another and behave in a hostile manner.

Question 23

The main contribution of research using the minimal group paradigm is the finding that

A) only people who strongly identify with a particular ingroup are likely to discriminate against the outgroup.
B) random assignment of people to groups fails to lead to ingroup favoritism.
C) a history of antagonism and competition makes people more likely to discriminate against an outgroup.
D) None of these.

Question 24

The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that

A) ingroup favoritism is inevitable.
B) group categorization is automatic.
C) prejudice is a function of social class.
D) prejudice can result from intergroup competition.

Question 25

In a study by Holloway and Johnston (2006), male job applicants who had just gone on an unsuccessful job interview were more likely to

A) disparage their interviewer when he was a man versus a woman.
B) disparage their interviewer when she was a woman versus a man.
C) envy their interviewer when he was a man versus a woman
D) envy their interviewer when she was a woman versus a man.

Question 26

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between competition and prejudice is false ?

A) Imagined competition can lead to prejudice just as much as actual competition.
B) The perception that one is not doing as well as outgroup members is sufficient to produce prejudice.
C) Prejudice can result from competitive threat to the ingroup as well as the individual.
D) Superordinate goals help diffuse conflict between children, but not adults.

Question 27

One conclusion that can be drawn from the Robbers Cave study is that

A) propaganda is not a particularly effective means of eliminating group conflict.
B) imaginary competition does not lead to group conflict.
C) the best way to reduce intergroup conflict is simply to bring group members together under noncompetitive circumstances, even if they do not get the chance to interact with each other.
D) young boys exhibit greater aggressive tendencies than young girls.

Question 28

In a study by Phelan and colleagues (2008), participants read about male and female candidates for a managerial position. Compared to comparable male candidates, female candidates who emphasized their independence and leadership ability were rated as

A) lower in competence and in social skills.
B) lower in both competence but higher in social skills.
C) higher in competence but lower in social skills.
D) higher in both competence and social skills.

Question 29

Latrell is not satisfied with his $5 million annual salary because he feels that other basketball All-Stars are paid far more money. Latrell's dissatisfaction is most likely the result of

A) realistic conflict theory.
B) ingroup favoritism.
C) outgroup homogeneity.
D) relative deprivation.

Question 30

The Jets and the Sharks are two groups of local youths who regularly-and belligerently-compete against each other. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that one way of healing the rift between these groups is to

A) allow the youths to date each other.
B) encourage them to "air" their differences.
C) have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts.
D) have each group note the good qualities of the other group.

Question 31

Minimal groups are groups

A) consisting of only two people.
B) that occupy low status positions in society.
C) based on trivial, often arbitrary, distinctions.
D) with a long history of competition and antagonism.

Question 32

Affectionate feelings towards women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to as

A) ambivalent sexism.
B) patronizing sexism.
C) benevolent sexism.
D) hostile sexism.

Question 33

Which of the following best exemplifies realistic conflict theory?

A) The conflict over land ownership between Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East
B) The conflict between Protestants and the Catholics in Ireland due to religious differences
C) The conflict between Democrats and Republicans regarding U.S. political ideology
D) The conflict between those who support "Pro-Choice" and those who support "Right to Life" on the issue of abortion

Question 34

In their study of sexism in nineteen different countries, Glick et al. (2000) found that countries with the greatest degree of political and economic inequality exhibited

A) the highest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.
B) the lowest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.
C) high levels of hostile sexism but low levels of benevolent sexism.
D) low levels of hostile sexism but high levels of benevolent sexism.

Question 35

Prejudice is not always limited to situations where an individual feels directly threatened by an outgroup. This fact is particularly difficult to explain from the perspective of which of the following theories?

A) Social role theory
B) Social identity theory
C) Minimal paradigm theory
D) Realistic conflict theory

Question 36

Student groups at the school union must compete with each other for a limited supply of offices and money to support their projects. Over time, these groups are likely to

A) view each other in negative terms.
B) work together in an effort to acquire more resources.
C) ignore each other and work for their own causes.
D) become irritated with the university system.

Question 37

The cooks at Burger Barn dislike the counter workers because the cooks think the counter workers get better health-care options. The cooks' perceptions would be described as

A) relative deprivation.
B) subtyping.
C) stereotype threat.
D) superordinate goals.

Question 38

A junior high coach decides to separate his basketball players into an A team and a B team. These two teams regularly play each other and compete for rewards, such as time at the drinking fountain and use of the new basketballs. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that the coach's new arrangement is likely to

A) promote team unity.
B) lead to animosity between the A team and the B team.
C) encourage the development of leadership skills.
D) lead to less vigorous practices.

Question 39

Realistic conflict theory proposes that

A) conflict between groups is a function of interpersonal hostility.
B) intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources.
C) intergroup conflict is largely a function of how realistically groups view one another.
D) realistic groups do not have to worry about intergroup conflict.

Question 40

The results of the Robbers Cave experiment can be extrapolated to suggest that prejudice between groups can be increased when the groups are placed in a situation where

A) they compete against one another.
B) appropriate ways of interacting are unclear.
C) the groups communicate with one another.
D) groups must jointly carry out multiple tasks.

Question 41

The individual most likely to exhibit ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation is a member of a _____ group who _____ with the group.

A) minority; strongly identifies
B) minority; does not strongly identify
C) majority; strongly identifies
D) majority; does not strongly identify

Question 42

Groups to which the self belongs are called _____, and groups to which the self does not belong are called _____.

A) ingroups; outgroups
B) social categories; self categories
C) implicit categories; explicit categories
D) self-groups; social-groups

Question 43

Fein & Spencer (1997) conducted a study in which participants evaluated a job applicant whom they believed to be either Jewish or Italian. Which of the following statements about this study is false ?

A) Participants were more likely to discriminate against the Jewish applicant when they had previously been given negative feedback about their own abilities.
B) Participants who were able to avoid discriminating against the Jewish applicant demonstrated the biggest boost to their own self-esteem.
C) The study was conducted on a campus where negative stereotypes about Jewish women were pervasive.
D) Their results provide supporting evidence for one of the basic predictions of social identity theory.

Question 44

Social categorization leads people to

A) perceive group members more accurately.
B) perceive others as individuals rather than group members.
C) overestimate differences between groups.
D) overestimate differences within groups.

Question 45

Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory?

A) Self-esteem is derived from positive ingroup associations.
B) Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease ingroup favoritism.
C) Expressions of ingroup favoritism tend to increase self-esteem.
D) Self-esteem is increased to the extent that the ingroup is perceived as better than the outgroup.

Question 46

According to social identity theory, people display ingroup favoritism

A) as a way of displacing negative feelings toward the outgroup.
B) as a means of increasing self-esteem.
C) because they expect to be treated unfairly by outgroup members.
D) because intergroup competition demands it.

Question 47

Individuals from collectivist cultures

A) never show ingroup favoritism.
B) exhibit more ingroup favoritism than people from individualistic cultures.
C) draw sharper distinctions between ingroups and outgroups than do people from individualistic cultures.
D) are less likely to engage in system justification than are people from individualistic cultures.

Question 48

Individuals with a strong social dominance orientation are least likely to

A) prefer to live in an egalitarian society.
B) strongly identify with their ingroup.
C) want their ingroup to be of higher status than other groups.
D) endorse government policies that oppress outgroups.

Question 49

System justifying beliefs are

A) more likely to be held by groups in power.
B) rarely if ever found in collectivist cultures.
C) associated with decreased levels of ingroup/outgroup bias
D) more common among women than men in most cultures.

Question 50

Cross-cultural research indicates that people from collectivist cultures are ________ likely to boost their self-esteem through overt ingroup bias and ________ likely to draw sharp distinctions between ingroup and outgroup members than are people from individualist cultures.

A) more; more
B) more; less
C) less; more
D) less; less

Question 51

All of the following result from social categorization except

A) overestimation of differences between groups.
B) underestimation of differences within groups.
C) increased confidence that differences between groups are biologically based.
D) increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotype.

Question 52

Eddie, an Oscar-nominated actor who is very proud of his profession, just learned that Hugh, a fellow actor, was arrested for possession of narcotics. Eddie is likely to

A) try to make excuses for Hugh's behavior because they are part of the same ingroup.
B) judge Hugh less harshly than an outgroup member in the same situation.
C) judge Hugh more harshly than an outgroup member in the same situation.
D) judge Hugh just as harshly as an outgroup member in the same situation.

Question 53

Which of the following is false ?

A) People from collectivist cultures draw sharper distinctions between ingroup and outgroup members.
B) Members of low status, stereotyped groups tend to have lower self-esteem.
C) People eager to join a group judge outgroups more negatively than do other members of the group in which membership is desired.
D) Social identity theory best predicts the reactions of individuals who derive a lot of their self-esteem from group memberships.

Question 54

Social categorization is advantageous because it

A) leads to more accurate social perception.
B) encourages us to take longer to make judgments about others.
C) frees up cognitive resources.
D) is generally based on realistic assumptions.

Question 55

Which of the following has been demonstrated through the use of minimal groups?

A) Competition for limited resources is necessary for ingroup favoritism.
B) Ingroup favoritism will not occur in trivial laboratory groups.
C) Ingroup cohesion is necessary to produce ingroup favoritism.
D) Mere categorization is sufficient to produce ingroup favoritism.

Question 56

Condoleezza is quick to defend U.S. foreign policy from criticism by foreign diplomats because she takes great pride in being an American. Condoleezza's feelings are most consistent with

A) social role theory.
B) gender-role orientation.
C) illusory correlations.
D) social identity theory.

Question 57

Hiral is pledging a sorority. She is most likely to display prejudice against members of other sororities if she

A) has not yet formed a strong identification with her sorority.
B) is generally low in prejudice.
C) is in the presence of the sorority president.
D) is from a collectivist culture.

Question 58

The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another, than members of the ingroup is called the

A) minimal group effect.
B) outgroup homogeneity effect.
C) ingroup homogeneity effect.
D) contrast effect.

Question 59

Which of the following best epitomizes the cultural perspective on explaining stereotypes?

A) Larry tends to sort objects into groups rather than thinking of each item as unique, and he does the same thing when perceiving other people.
B) Cheryl relies on stereotypes because it saves her cognitive effort and energy.
C) Jeff thinks that all Italians are loud and easily excited because he has heard his father describe them in this manner.
D) Susie responds to threats to her self-esteem by stereotyping other groups to make herself feel better.

Question 60

Zena just learned that she did not get into the college of her choice. She comes upon Alec, a resident of a nearby neighborhood and one that most outsiders find distasteful. It is likely that the news Zena just received will cause her to judge Alec more _____, making her feel _____ about herself.

A) positively; worse
B) negatively; worse
C) positively; better
D) negatively; better

Question 61

Emily, an avid sports fan, notices that a disproportionate number of professional football players are African American. Because of the quick and violent nature of the game of football, Emily comes to assume that the average African American is relatively athletic as well as aggressive. This thought process is best explained as an example of

A) a minimal group paradigm.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) subtyping.

Question 62

Arnold is not a cheerleader and doesn't know any cheerleaders personally, but when he sees them at the football games, they are always smiling. Arnold is likely to

A) think about specific cheerleaders rather than the group stereotype.
B) notice the ways in which each cheerleader is unique.
C) be able to distinguish cheerleaders from one another only if they are smiling.
D) think that all cheerleaders are happy.

Question 63

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of stereotyped groups possess attributes and perform behaviors consistent with the group stereotype results from

A) subtyping.
B) illusory correlations.
C) stereotype threat.
D) ingroup favoritism.

Question 64

Sociocultural factors that influence stereotyping include all of the following except

A) the effects of priming.
B) popular images of groups in the media.
C) group norms.
D) parental examples.

Question 65

Subtyping is least likely when confronted with a group member who

A) is dramatically different from the group.
B) causes observers to bring to mind others who confirm the stereotype.
C) is perceived to have violated a stereotype for situational reasons.
D) deviates from the stereotype on only a few dimensions.

Question 66

In explaining the behavior of outgroup members, people tend to make

A) situational attributions for negative behaviors, but personal attributions for positive behaviors.
B) situational attributions for positive behaviors, but personal attributions for negative behaviors.
C) situational attributions for both positive and negative behaviors.
D) personal attributions for both positive and negative behaviors.

Question 67

The belief "they're all the same" best epitomizes which of the following concepts?

A) Minimal group effect
B) Outgroup homogeneity effect
C) Ingroup heterogeneity effect
D) Contrast effect

Question 68

Which of the following does not contribute to the outgroup homogeneity effect?

A) Ingroup members have little information concerning outgroup members.
B) Ingroup members are unlikely to have frequent contact with outgroup members.
C) Ingroup members accurately perceive the lack of diversity within the outgroup.
D) Ingroup members interact with a non-representative sample of outgroup members.

Question 69

Ingroup members display the outgroup homogeneity effect because

A) ingroups and outgroups always compete for shared resources.
B) they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup.
C) they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group.
D) they usually encounter the most typical members of the outgroup.

Question 70

Liston believes that psychology professors are absentminded. Given the research on illusory correlations, he is likely to

A) notice when his psychology professor remembers students' names.
B) overestimate how often his psychology professor forgets to bring materials to class.
C) underestimate the ways in which his psychology professor is like other psychology professors.
D) make situational attributions for the stereotype-consistent behavior of his psychology professor.

Question 71

All of the following are mechanisms that perpetuate stereotypes except

A) illusory correlations.
B) the jigsaw classroom.
C) subtyping.
D) self-fulfilling prophecies.

Question 72

Forming subtypes for individuals who do not conform to a group stereotype

A) makes it easier to change the content of the stereotype.
B) serves to protect the stereotype from change.
C) prevents the stereotype from being applied to other group members.
D) has the greatest impact on atypical group members.

Question 73

The fundamental attribution error may promote stereotypes because

A) observers see stereotype-consistent behavior as dispositional.
B) it is so prevalent that it is unaffected by personal motivations.
C) the more a stereotype is violated, the more observers cling to that stereotype.
D) we often perceive members of outgroups as having ulterior motives.

Question 74

Participants in an experiment learn about eight positive and four negative behaviors performed by members of group A. They also learn about four positive and two negative behaviors performed by members of group B. Which pattern of results is most likely?

A) Group B will be liked more because they performed the fewest number of negative behaviors.
B) Group A and B will be liked equally well because the ratio of positive to negative behaviors is the same.
C) Group A will be liked less because of a perceived link between the distinctive events of membership in the larger group and performing more negative behaviors.
D) Group B will be liked less because of a perceived link between the distinctive events of membership in the smaller group and performing fewer negative behaviors.

Question 75

Charles is a Red Sox fan who does not think highly of Yankees fans. Which of the following statements Charles made in the past week is most consistent with the concept of outgroup homogeneity?

A) "Obnoxious, rude, and prone to throwing batteries… if you've seen one Yankees fan, you've seem them all."
B) "I knew one Yankees fan who wasn't bad, but his wife was a Red Sox fan, so he doesn't count."
C) "The thing about Yankees fans is that some of them just jump on the bandwagon and root for their team through good times and bad times."
D) "My two favorite teams are the Red Sox and anyone who's playing against the Yankees."

Question 76

Buffy is a member of a sorority. She considers the stereotypes about her sorority to be gross overgeneralizations, but claims that the stereotypes about other sororities seem to have a kernel of truth. Buffy's thinking best illustrates

A) the outgroup homogeneity effect.
B) realistic conflict.
C) reverse discrimination.
D) social role theory.

Question 77

Hugenberg and Corneille (2009) exposed White participants to the faces of unfamiliar people. They found that compared to faces of outgroup members, faces of ingroup members were processed more

A) slowly.
B) holistically.
C) sequentially.
D) reluctantly.

Question 78

Gunner thinks that Jews are particularly funny. He overestimates the association between being a stand-up comedian and being Jewish because both characteristics are very distinctive from the normal population. This demonstrates

A) a contrast effect.
B) the outgroup homogeneity effect.
C) an illusory correlation.
D) social role theory.

Question 79

Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that

A) people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar their processing of nonhuman objects.
B) dehumanization of outgroups is typically associated with reactions of greater empathy.
C) only members of the racial majority tend to be aware of cultural associations between racial minority group members and particular animal characteristics.
D) All of these

Question 80

Paloma thinks that all gay men have a superior fashion sense. She knows that her chemistry professor is gay, and notices that he is not a particularly snappy dresser. She rationalizes this by saying, "well, he's a gay professor -they don't know how to dress that well." This is an example of how

A) subtyping can lead to stereotype perpetuation.
B) social identity can influence stereotyping.
C) intergroup contact can alter stereotype exceptions.
D) social categorization can color stereotype formation.