Deck 10: Helping Others
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Deck 10: Helping Others
1
Which of the following cannot be explained from an evolutionary perspective?
A) Group members helping a retarded member of the group
B) People helping their siblings
C) People helping an injured animal
D) People helping their friends, knowing that in turn these friends will help them
A) Group members helping a retarded member of the group
B) People helping their siblings
C) People helping an injured animal
D) People helping their friends, knowing that in turn these friends will help them
People helping an injured animal
2
The concept of empathy is defined by all of the following except
A) may not be uniquely human.
B) involves an emotional component known as empathic concern.
C) feeling sympathy and compassion for another individual.
D) does not include a cognitive component.
A) may not be uniquely human.
B) involves an emotional component known as empathic concern.
C) feeling sympathy and compassion for another individual.
D) does not include a cognitive component.
does not include a cognitive component.
3
The evolutionary principle of kin selection dictates that we are more likely to help someone who is
A) a potential mate.
B) likely to return the favor.
C) physically attractive.
D) genetically similar to us.
A) a potential mate.
B) likely to return the favor.
C) physically attractive.
D) genetically similar to us.
genetically similar to us.
4
Madsen et al. (2007) found that participants showed a greater willingness to suffer longer for a close relative than for a distant relative. This finding is consistent with
A) kin selection.
B) the bystander effect.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) the negative-state relief model.
A) kin selection.
B) the bystander effect.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) the negative-state relief model.
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5
The negative state relief model of helping behavior
A) supports the existence of altruism in the real world.
B) applies more to emergencies than to non-emergency situations.
C) identifies yet another way in which helping can be egoistic.
D) All of these.
A) supports the existence of altruism in the real world.
B) applies more to emergencies than to non-emergency situations.
C) identifies yet another way in which helping can be egoistic.
D) All of these.
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6
Warneken and Tomasello (2006) studied the helping behavior of 18-month old infants with an adult experimenter. They found that
A) infants this young didn't demonstrate empathy or helping of any kind.
B) infants this young understood when the experimenter needed help and, in the majority of cases, attempted to help.
C) infants this young didn't seem to sense when the experimenter needed help.
D) infants this young understood when the experimenter needed help but did not know how to offer help.
A) infants this young didn't demonstrate empathy or helping of any kind.
B) infants this young understood when the experimenter needed help and, in the majority of cases, attempted to help.
C) infants this young didn't seem to sense when the experimenter needed help.
D) infants this young understood when the experimenter needed help but did not know how to offer help.
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7
Which of the following would be most consistent with the negative state relief model?
A) Shoppers who are given a free gift are more likely to donate money to a solicitor as they leave the store.
B) Students who feel guilty about falling asleep in class are more likely to volunteer to help a professor by completing a questionnaire.
C) Professional athletes are more likely to sign autographs for fans following a win than following a loss.
D) People who win the lottery are more likely to give money to charity than those who have not won the lottery.
A) Shoppers who are given a free gift are more likely to donate money to a solicitor as they leave the store.
B) Students who feel guilty about falling asleep in class are more likely to volunteer to help a professor by completing a questionnaire.
C) Professional athletes are more likely to sign autographs for fans following a win than following a loss.
D) People who win the lottery are more likely to give money to charity than those who have not won the lottery.
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8
The idea that "I help you and somebody else helps me" is best described as an example of
A) indirect reciprocity.
B) vicarious altruism.
C) sociocultural modeling
D) signaling
A) indirect reciprocity.
B) vicarious altruism.
C) sociocultural modeling
D) signaling
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9
Which of the following is not consistent with the predictions of evolutionary psychology and kin selection?
A) Children indicate a greater willingness to help a sibling as compared to a friend.
B) Adults indicate a greater willingness to help healthy relatives than those in poor health.
C) Adults indicate a greater willingness to help older as compared to younger relatives.
D) Adults indicate a greater willingness to help siblings as compared to cousins.
A) Children indicate a greater willingness to help a sibling as compared to a friend.
B) Adults indicate a greater willingness to help healthy relatives than those in poor health.
C) Adults indicate a greater willingness to help older as compared to younger relatives.
D) Adults indicate a greater willingness to help siblings as compared to cousins.
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10
Helping behavior is adaptive from an evolutionary standpoint if
A) it contributes to the survival of the fittest individual.
B) the economic rewards of helping are greater than the costs.
C) it helps to secure propagation of an individual's genes.
D) it is performed for altruistic rather than egoistic motives.
A) it contributes to the survival of the fittest individual.
B) the economic rewards of helping are greater than the costs.
C) it helps to secure propagation of an individual's genes.
D) it is performed for altruistic rather than egoistic motives.
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11
Abigail ran back into the burning house to rescue her sister, Sophia, but when she found out that her neighbor, Mitchell, was also in the house, she just waited for the firemen to arrive. According to the study by Fitzgerald (2009), which of the following best explains Abigail's actions?
A) In high-risk scenarios, we are motivated to help anyone.
B) In low-risk scenarios, we are wiling to help friends and relatives
C) In all scenarios, we are unlikely to help someone not genetically related to us.
D) In high-risk scenarios, we are more willing to help only our closest relatives.
A) In high-risk scenarios, we are motivated to help anyone.
B) In low-risk scenarios, we are wiling to help friends and relatives
C) In all scenarios, we are unlikely to help someone not genetically related to us.
D) In high-risk scenarios, we are more willing to help only our closest relatives.
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12
The cognitive component of empathy that involves seeing the world through someone else's eyes is called
A) anxious introspection.
B) personal distress.
C) perspective taking.
D) empathic affect.
A) anxious introspection.
B) personal distress.
C) perspective taking.
D) empathic affect.
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13
As compared to feelings of personal distress, empathic concern
A) is more likely in emergency situations.
B) does not directly impact helping behavior.
C) is more cognitive in nature.
D) is other-oriented rather than self-oriented.
A) is more likely in emergency situations.
B) does not directly impact helping behavior.
C) is more cognitive in nature.
D) is other-oriented rather than self-oriented.
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14
Kirk passes a homeless person on the street. Kirk is most likely to help this person if the costs of
A) not helping are small and Kirk will gain nothing from helping.
B) not helping are small and Kirk will feel better about himself by helping.
C) helping are large and Kirk will feel better about himself by helping.
D) helping are small and Kirk will feel better about himself by helping.
A) not helping are small and Kirk will gain nothing from helping.
B) not helping are small and Kirk will feel better about himself by helping.
C) helping are large and Kirk will feel better about himself by helping.
D) helping are small and Kirk will feel better about himself by helping.
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15
Joey and Chandler are not related to each other, yet Chandler goes out of his way to leave work early so he can give Joey a ride to the airport. Ross, who is a scientist, suggests that he can account for Chandler's helping behavior using an evolutionary perspective. Which concept could he cite in doing so in this case?
A) Kin selection
B) Reciprocal altruism
C) The arousal: cost-reward model
D) Moral hypocrisy
A) Kin selection
B) Reciprocal altruism
C) The arousal: cost-reward model
D) Moral hypocrisy
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16
The principle of kin selection is based on the assumption that
A) although it is sometimes beneficial to help our kin, we must focus primarily on helping ourselves if we are to survive danger.
B) it is the survival of genes that matters most from an evolutionary perspective.
C) we will help those who are likely to reciprocate that help regardless of whether or not they are genetically related to us.
D) those who have the greatest reproductive fitness share more genes with their kin.
A) although it is sometimes beneficial to help our kin, we must focus primarily on helping ourselves if we are to survive danger.
B) it is the survival of genes that matters most from an evolutionary perspective.
C) we will help those who are likely to reciprocate that help regardless of whether or not they are genetically related to us.
D) those who have the greatest reproductive fitness share more genes with their kin.
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17
Evolutionary perspectives on helping behavior suggest that individuals
A) sometimes offer assistance to others even when doing so puts their own survival at great risk.
B) are more likely to offer help to attractive others who seem to be good potential mates.
C) are more likely to offer help to distant versus close relatives.
D) who only look out for themselves tend to be most successful from a reproductive standpoint.
A) sometimes offer assistance to others even when doing so puts their own survival at great risk.
B) are more likely to offer help to attractive others who seem to be good potential mates.
C) are more likely to offer help to distant versus close relatives.
D) who only look out for themselves tend to be most successful from a reproductive standpoint.
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18
When Jo witnessed a serious plane crash, she felt compassion, sympathy, and tenderness for the victims. Her feelings are indicative of
A) anxious introspection.
B) perspective taking.
C) personal distress.
D) empathic concern.
A) anxious introspection.
B) perspective taking.
C) personal distress.
D) empathic concern.
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19
Non-human animals have been observed to demonstrate behaviors indicating
A) kin selection.
B) reciprocal altruism.
C) group selection.
D) All of these.
A) kin selection.
B) reciprocal altruism.
C) group selection.
D) All of these.
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20
Online file-sharing web sites depend on the idea of
A) reciprocal altruism.
B) kin selection.
C) audience inhibition.
D) the arousal: cost-reward model.
A) reciprocal altruism.
B) kin selection.
C) audience inhibition.
D) the arousal: cost-reward model.
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21
Charlene volunteers one afternoon each week at the local soup kitchen because she is genuinely concerned about the welfare of the less fortunate citizens in her community. Charlene's behavior would best be characterized as
A) egoistic.
B) altruistic.
C) affective.
D) evolutionary.
A) egoistic.
B) altruistic.
C) affective.
D) evolutionary.
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22
Ferguson and others (2008) found that ________ rewards were the best motivator to convince students to give blood.
A) egoistic.
B) selfish.
C) altruistic.
D) selfless.
A) egoistic.
B) selfish.
C) altruistic.
D) selfless.
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23
The empathy-altruism hypothesis maintains that, regardless of how easy it is to escape from a situation, people will help someone else if their motives are
A) altruistic.
B) simplistic.
C) idiosyncratic.
D) egoistic.
A) altruistic.
B) simplistic.
C) idiosyncratic.
D) egoistic.
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24
Research on egoistic and altruistic motives for helping behavior suggests that
A) it does not really matter which motivation underlies helping since the real-life outcome is the same either way.
B) those who help out of altruism are likely to continue to help for a longer period of time than those who volunteer help for egoistic reasons.
C) altruism is far more likely to occur in collectivist than in individualistic cultures.
D) None of these.
A) it does not really matter which motivation underlies helping since the real-life outcome is the same either way.
B) those who help out of altruism are likely to continue to help for a longer period of time than those who volunteer help for egoistic reasons.
C) altruism is far more likely to occur in collectivist than in individualistic cultures.
D) None of these.
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25
The primary distinction between altruistic and egoistic helping concerns the
A) motivations of the helper.
B) ratio of rewards to costs.
C) number of bystanders present.
D) mood of the helper.
A) motivations of the helper.
B) ratio of rewards to costs.
C) number of bystanders present.
D) mood of the helper.
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26
The empathy-altruism model suggests that when escape from a situation is easy, people will
A) offer help only when they have empathic concern.
B) offer help only when they are in a good mood.
C) almost always exhibit altruism.
D) be likely to experience empathic concern.
A) offer help only when they have empathic concern.
B) offer help only when they are in a good mood.
C) almost always exhibit altruism.
D) be likely to experience empathic concern.
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27
Sandhya missed class because she is sick, but Luis did attend the lecture. Sandhya asks Luis if she can borrow his notes. If Luis considers Sandhya's situation from her point of view and decides to offer help, he is most likely
A) invoking the norm of reciprocal altruism.
B) operating under an altruistic motive.
C) operating under an egoistic motive.
D) following the negative state relief model.
A) invoking the norm of reciprocal altruism.
B) operating under an altruistic motive.
C) operating under an egoistic motive.
D) following the negative state relief model.
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28
Batson et al. (2003) asked participants to assign two tasks-one desirable and one less desirable-to themselves and a laboratory partner. Compared to participants who were told to imagine how their partner will feel in this situation, participants who were told to imagine how they themselves would feel if they were assigned a task by a partner
A) demonstrated more altruism.
B) were more likely to claim that they had flipped a coin to decide which task to assign to which person.
C) were more likely to assign the desirable task to their partner.
D) were able to avoid exhibiting moral hypocrisy.
A) demonstrated more altruism.
B) were more likely to claim that they had flipped a coin to decide which task to assign to which person.
C) were more likely to assign the desirable task to their partner.
D) were able to avoid exhibiting moral hypocrisy.
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29
Research by Rilling et al. (2003) suggests that ________ behavior is linked to activation of the brain in areas associated with processing rewards.
A) selfish
B) dangerous
C) evolutionarily adaptive
D) mutually cooperative
A) selfish
B) dangerous
C) evolutionarily adaptive
D) mutually cooperative
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30
When Christine sees how upset Jim is about his father's death, she too becomes upset. As a result, she goes out of her way to console Jim. Christine's actions are consistent with the
A) empathy-altruism hypothesis.
B) mood maintenance model.
C) norm of reciprocity.
D) threat to self-esteem model.
A) empathy-altruism hypothesis.
B) mood maintenance model.
C) norm of reciprocity.
D) threat to self-esteem model.
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31
Research by Batson and colleagues (2007) on perspective taking and emotional warmth in helping behavior indicates that
A) perspective taking is far more powerful than feelings of emotional warmth when it comes to whether or not you help someone else.
B) feelings of emotional warmth are far more powerful than perspective taking when it comes to whether or not you help someone else.
C) helping behavior is most likely when you both assume the perspective of someone else and feel emotional warmth towards them.
D) None of these
A) perspective taking is far more powerful than feelings of emotional warmth when it comes to whether or not you help someone else.
B) feelings of emotional warmth are far more powerful than perspective taking when it comes to whether or not you help someone else.
C) helping behavior is most likely when you both assume the perspective of someone else and feel emotional warmth towards them.
D) None of these
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32
The bystander effect refers to the tendency for
A) a greater number of bystanders to increase the probability that a victim will receive help.
B) a greater number of bystanders to reduce the probability that a victim will receive help.
C) bystander helping to be motivated more by egoistic concerns than altruistic ones.
D) bystander helping to be motivated more by altruistic concerns than egoistic ones.
A) a greater number of bystanders to increase the probability that a victim will receive help.
B) a greater number of bystanders to reduce the probability that a victim will receive help.
C) bystander helping to be motivated more by egoistic concerns than altruistic ones.
D) bystander helping to be motivated more by altruistic concerns than egoistic ones.
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33
According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, altruistic behavior is primarily the result of
A) taking another's perspective.
B) rewards and costs.
C) personal distress.
D) evolution.
A) taking another's perspective.
B) rewards and costs.
C) personal distress.
D) evolution.
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34
Which of the following statements regarding egoistic helping behavior is true ?
A) It is a form of prosocial behavior.
B) It occurs when people offer help for totally selfless reasons.
C) It is far less common than altruistic helping behavior.
D) It is not susceptible to the bystander effect.
A) It is a form of prosocial behavior.
B) It occurs when people offer help for totally selfless reasons.
C) It is far less common than altruistic helping behavior.
D) It is not susceptible to the bystander effect.
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35
Research on the empathy-altruism model has demonstrated that individuals _____ in empathic concern offer help _____.
A) high; when escape from the situation is difficult, but not when escape is easy
B) low; if they can easily escape from the situation, but not if escape is difficult
C) high; regardless of the ease of escape from a situation
D) low; regardless of the ease of escape from a situation
A) high; when escape from the situation is difficult, but not when escape is easy
B) low; if they can easily escape from the situation, but not if escape is difficult
C) high; regardless of the ease of escape from a situation
D) low; regardless of the ease of escape from a situation
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36
Giles volunteers his time to his local community center because he thinks it will look good on his college applications. Giles's behavior would best be described as
A) democratic.
B) egoistic.
C) altruistic.
D) realistic.
A) democratic.
B) egoistic.
C) altruistic.
D) realistic.
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37
Arianna notices that her neighbor's house is on fire. According to the arousal: cost-reward model, her initial reaction should be
A) feelings of personal distress.
B) feelings of empathetic concern.
C) a consideration of the rewards of helping.
D) a consideration of the costs of helping.
A) feelings of personal distress.
B) feelings of empathetic concern.
C) a consideration of the rewards of helping.
D) a consideration of the costs of helping.
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38
Research conducted by Wayment (2004) in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks reveals that
A) people derive more satisfaction from helping strangers than from helping close others.
B) giving help to others often leads to increase in mental and physical well-being.
C) in an emergency, bystanders often do not have the time to weigh the costs and benefits of helping.
D) women are more likely to help strangers than are men.
A) people derive more satisfaction from helping strangers than from helping close others.
B) giving help to others often leads to increase in mental and physical well-being.
C) in an emergency, bystanders often do not have the time to weigh the costs and benefits of helping.
D) women are more likely to help strangers than are men.
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39
"Good Samaritan" laws
A) encourage bystanders to intervene in emergencies.
B) increase the cost of failing to help.
C) are fairly rare in the United States.
D) All of these.
A) encourage bystanders to intervene in emergencies.
B) increase the cost of failing to help.
C) are fairly rare in the United States.
D) All of these.
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40
The idea that people respond to emergency situations by acting to reduce their personal distress in the most cost-effective way is most consistent with the
A) negative state relief model.
B) attribution-affect-action model.
C) norm of social responsibility.
D) arousal: cost-reward model.
A) negative state relief model.
B) attribution-affect-action model.
C) norm of social responsibility.
D) arousal: cost-reward model.
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41
Which of the following factors will lead to greater helping in an emergency situation?
A) A large group of bystanders witnesses the emergency
B) The emergency occurs in a busy environment
C) The emergency involves two people who are clearly related
D) The situation is clearly an emergency
A) A large group of bystanders witnesses the emergency
B) The emergency occurs in a busy environment
C) The emergency involves two people who are clearly related
D) The situation is clearly an emergency
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42
According to Latané and Darley's (1970) five-step model of helping, analysis of costs and rewards occurs at what step?
A) Noticing the event
B) Interpreting the event as an emergency
C) Taking responsibility to help
D) Providing help
A) Noticing the event
B) Interpreting the event as an emergency
C) Taking responsibility to help
D) Providing help
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43
Research by Garcia and colleagues (2002) suggests that imagining you are in a group with other people
A) makes you more likely to engage in helping behavior.
B) makes you less likely to engage in helping behavior.
C) only influences altruistic helping behavior.
D) does not affect helping behavior.
A) makes you more likely to engage in helping behavior.
B) makes you less likely to engage in helping behavior.
C) only influences altruistic helping behavior.
D) does not affect helping behavior.
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44
Which of the following is not one of the five steps to helping proposed by Latané and Darley (1970)?
A) Interpret the event as an emergency
B) Invoke the norm of reciprocity
C) Take responsibility for providing help
D) Notice that something is happening
A) Interpret the event as an emergency
B) Invoke the norm of reciprocity
C) Take responsibility for providing help
D) Notice that something is happening
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45
Diffusion of responsibility can be reduced if
A) a bystander's training is relevant to the emergency at hand.
B) there are many bystanders.
C) the bystanders do not know each other.
D) the bystanders do not know the victim.
A) a bystander's training is relevant to the emergency at hand.
B) there are many bystanders.
C) the bystanders do not know each other.
D) the bystanders do not know the victim.
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46
The bystander effect does not occur when
A) the bystanders are all friends.
B) the bystanders are all strangers.
C) the bystanders are only in one's mind.
D) the bystanders are on the internet.
A) the bystanders are all friends.
B) the bystanders are all strangers.
C) the bystanders are only in one's mind.
D) the bystanders are on the internet.
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47
During his statistics class this morning, Stuart was completely confused. He considered asking questions during the lecture, but because nobody else asked questions, he did not want to raise his hand and make a fool of himself in front of everyone. Stuart's failure to ask questions most likely stems from
A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) stimulus overload.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) audience inhibition.
A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) stimulus overload.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) audience inhibition.
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48
Having struggled with panhandlers on the subway, hassles at the office, and telephone calls at dinner, Allison retreats to her bedroom rather than noticing that her daughter needs help with a homework assignment. She is probably reacting to
A) social norms.
B) bystander calculus.
C) stimulus overload.
D) reactance.
A) social norms.
B) bystander calculus.
C) stimulus overload.
D) reactance.
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49
Newman notices that the passenger seated across from him on the subway has his eyes closed and hasn't moved in a while. But he looks around and sees that no one else, including those passengers who were on the train when he boarded, seems too concerned about this man. He decides that this probably means there isn't an emergency and the man is not in need of help. This line of thinking epitomizes which of the following concepts?
A) stimulus overload.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) audience inhibition.
D) diffusion of responsibility.
A) stimulus overload.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) audience inhibition.
D) diffusion of responsibility.
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50
Kramer was on the subway during rush hour and failed to offer assistance to a woman who fell down and lost consciousness. One explanation for why he might not have noticed the emergency would be
A) audience inhibition.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) diffusion of responsibility.
D) stimulus overload.
A) audience inhibition.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) diffusion of responsibility.
D) stimulus overload.
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51
The belief that one's own thoughts and feelings differ from those of others, even though everyone is behaving in the same way, is called
A) stimulus overload.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) courageous resistance.
D) diffusion of responsibility.
A) stimulus overload.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) courageous resistance.
D) diffusion of responsibility.
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52
Which of the following situational changes would not have made it more likely that someone would've acted to help Kitty Genovese during her attack?
A) If some of her neighbors had been police officers
B) If there had been 76 witnesses instead of 38
C) If it had been 3:20 p.m. instead of 3:20 a.m.
D) If some of the witnesses had just heard a lecture on the situational influences on helping behavior
A) If some of her neighbors had been police officers
B) If there had been 76 witnesses instead of 38
C) If it had been 3:20 p.m. instead of 3:20 a.m.
D) If some of the witnesses had just heard a lecture on the situational influences on helping behavior
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53
Which of the following would be the most effective way for a person to secure help in an emergency situation?
A) Make a very loud general plea for help.
B) Ask a specific individual for help.
C) Request help from those who are more psychologically distant from the situation.
D) Appear to have the situation entirely under control.
A) Make a very loud general plea for help.
B) Ask a specific individual for help.
C) Request help from those who are more psychologically distant from the situation.
D) Appear to have the situation entirely under control.
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54
Asuni hears her neighbor's burglar alarm go off in the middle of the night, but she doesn't call the police because she assumes that one of the other neighbors will do so. Asuni's failure to call the police is the result of
A) pluralistic ignorance.
B) audience inhibition.
C) diffusion of responsibility.
D) stimulus overload.
A) pluralistic ignorance.
B) audience inhibition.
C) diffusion of responsibility.
D) stimulus overload.
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55
Cosmo is walking home on a busy downtown street when he notices a woman lying on the sidewalk who appears to have lost consciousness. Which of the following obstacles to helping would best explain why he did not interpret the event as an emergency?
A) Audience inhibition
B) Pluralistic ignorance
C) Diffusion of responsibility
D) Stimulus overload
A) Audience inhibition
B) Pluralistic ignorance
C) Diffusion of responsibility
D) Stimulus overload
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56
Ginny thinks she hears a husband physically abusing his wife. However, she does not call the police because she is afraid that her neighbors will ostracize her if she is wrong. Ginny's failure to act is a case of
A) negative state relief.
B) audience inhibition.
C) empathic concern.
D) pluralistic ignorance.
A) negative state relief.
B) audience inhibition.
C) empathic concern.
D) pluralistic ignorance.
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57
Stimulus overload would interfere with potential helping behavior at which step of Latané and Darley's (1970) five-step model of helping?
A) Noticing the event
B) Interpreting the event as an emergency
C) Taking responsibility to help
D) Providing help
A) Noticing the event
B) Interpreting the event as an emergency
C) Taking responsibility to help
D) Providing help
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58
Dewanto hears what sounds like gunshots coming from the school parking lot. None of his classmates appears concerned, so Dewanto assumes that they know the sound was only a car backfiring or someone playing with firecrackers. Dewanto's beliefs illustrate
A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) empathic concern.
C) audience inhibition.
D) pluralistic ignorance.
A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) empathic concern.
C) audience inhibition.
D) pluralistic ignorance.
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59
Many different factors contribute to the bystander effect. Which of the following is not one of them?
A) Audience inhibition
B) Time pressure
C) Pluralistic ignorance
D) Diffusion of responsibility
A) Audience inhibition
B) Time pressure
C) Pluralistic ignorance
D) Diffusion of responsibility
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60
Benny has a heart attack while riding a crowded city bus and nobody on the bus attempts to help him. This exemplifies
A) the bystander effect.
B) the good mood effect.
C) moral hypocrisy.
D) the norm of social responsibility.
A) the bystander effect.
B) the good mood effect.
C) moral hypocrisy.
D) the norm of social responsibility.
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61
Kemmelmeier and colleagues (2006) found that residents of more individualistic states in the United States are _____ than residents of more collectivist states.
A) less likely to offer assistance in an emergency
B) more likely to give to charity
C) more susceptible to the bystander effect
D) less generous
A) less likely to offer assistance in an emergency
B) more likely to give to charity
C) more susceptible to the bystander effect
D) less generous
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62
Forgas and others (2006) conducted a study on whether the mood of salespeople would affect their tendency to help. The results indicated that
A) the mood manipulation had the strongest effect on the least experienced staff.
B) the mood manipulation had no effect.
C) the mood manipulation had the strongest effect on the most experienced staff.
D) the mood manipulation had the same effect on both more experienced and less experienced staff.
A) the mood manipulation had the strongest effect on the least experienced staff.
B) the mood manipulation had no effect.
C) the mood manipulation had the strongest effect on the most experienced staff.
D) the mood manipulation had the same effect on both more experienced and less experienced staff.
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63
Research suggests that the bystander effect
A) has become much less pronounced in our modern, technology-driven era.
B) is more common among women than men.
C) happens more often among friends than among strangers.
D) can occur with on-line and virtual groups as well as in-person groups.
A) has become much less pronounced in our modern, technology-driven era.
B) is more common among women than men.
C) happens more often among friends than among strangers.
D) can occur with on-line and virtual groups as well as in-person groups.
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64
Research on cyberhelping indicates that
A) the bystander effect is much less pronounced in anonymous internet and virtual settings.
B) even direct appeals for help that include mention of a fellow chat room member's name are not enough to overcome the power of the bystander effect.
C) individuals who spend a good deal of their free time on-line actually tend to be more helpful people overall than other individuals.
D) None of these
A) the bystander effect is much less pronounced in anonymous internet and virtual settings.
B) even direct appeals for help that include mention of a fellow chat room member's name are not enough to overcome the power of the bystander effect.
C) individuals who spend a good deal of their free time on-line actually tend to be more helpful people overall than other individuals.
D) None of these
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65
As she is about to walk into the grocery store, Melissa sees a woman struggling with her groceries. Melissa is most likely to help this woman if
A) the woman is obviously drunk.
B) the store is located in an urban environment.
C) Melissa only has five minutes to purchase her donuts and beer, and get to work on time.
D) Melissa feels guilty about having parked in the handicapped space.
A) the woman is obviously drunk.
B) the store is located in an urban environment.
C) Melissa only has five minutes to purchase her donuts and beer, and get to work on time.
D) Melissa feels guilty about having parked in the handicapped space.
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66
People are less likely to notice an emergency if they
A) display empathic concern for others.
B) are aware of their surroundings.
C) are in a good mood.
D) are under time pressure.
A) display empathic concern for others.
B) are aware of their surroundings.
C) are in a good mood.
D) are under time pressure.
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67
Fiona needs to get people to fill out her survey. The likelihood that people will help Fiona will increase if she approaches all of the following people except those who
A) live in the country rather than the city.
B) seem to be in a good mood.
C) just passed by a bakery.
D) are in a hurry.
A) live in the country rather than the city.
B) seem to be in a good mood.
C) just passed by a bakery.
D) are in a hurry.
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68
Suppose Barbara is feeling sad and she sees Mort struggling to move a piece of furniture. She would be most likely to help Mort if Barbara
A) felt personally responsible for her bad mood.
B) and Mort were young children.
C) was self-focused on her own concerns.
D) blamed someone else for her bad mood.
A) felt personally responsible for her bad mood.
B) and Mort were young children.
C) was self-focused on her own concerns.
D) blamed someone else for her bad mood.
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69
Which social norm suggests that people who are fairly well-off in life should use their position to help those who are in need?
A) Norm of social responsibility
B) Norm of reciprocity
C) Norm of equity
D) Norm of justice
A) Norm of social responsibility
B) Norm of reciprocity
C) Norm of equity
D) Norm of justice
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70
Research suggests that negative moods tend to enhance helping
A) almost never.
B) when responsibility for the negative mood is placed elsewhere.
C) when helping values are salient.
D) when helping is thought to repair mood.
A) almost never.
B) when responsibility for the negative mood is placed elsewhere.
C) when helping values are salient.
D) when helping is thought to repair mood.
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71
The tendency for people in urban areas to help less than those in rural areas can be explained by all of the following except
A) stimulus overload is more likely in urban areas than in rural areas.
B) residents of urban areas represent more diverse populations than those in rural areas.
C) urban residents tend to be wealthier than rural residents.
D) people feel more anonymous in urban areas than rural areas.
A) stimulus overload is more likely in urban areas than in rural areas.
B) residents of urban areas represent more diverse populations than those in rural areas.
C) urban residents tend to be wealthier than rural residents.
D) people feel more anonymous in urban areas than rural areas.
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72
Darley and Batson (1973) found that the helping behavior of seminary students was best predicted by
A) how religious they were.
B) the type of speech they were about to give.
C) how much time they had.
D) the sex of the person being helped.
A) how religious they were.
B) the type of speech they were about to give.
C) how much time they had.
D) the sex of the person being helped.
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73
Feeling good can lead to increased helping behavior because
A) people want to stay in a good mood.
B) people in a good mood have a higher level of mental arousal.
C) people in a good mood are more likely to avoid pluralistic ignorance and notice an individual in need of help.
D) there is a positive correlation between good mood and an altruistic personality.
A) people want to stay in a good mood.
B) people in a good mood have a higher level of mental arousal.
C) people in a good mood are more likely to avoid pluralistic ignorance and notice an individual in need of help.
D) there is a positive correlation between good mood and an altruistic personality.
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74
Muriel, who is generally a happy person, becomes quite sad to find out that she failed her psychology exam. When her roommate asks Muriel for a ride to the airport, Muriel should
A) be more likely to help.
B) be less likely to help.
C) focus more on the costs of helping rather than the rewards.
D) be more concerned with the potential for reciprocity.
A) be more likely to help.
B) be less likely to help.
C) focus more on the costs of helping rather than the rewards.
D) be more concerned with the potential for reciprocity.
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75
Research on situational factors that influence helping demonstrates that
A) the lower the overall population, the more likely people are to help.
B) the higher the cost of living, the more likely people are to help.
C) the greater the population density, the more likely people are to help.
D) the lower the time pressure, the less likely people are to help.
A) the lower the overall population, the more likely people are to help.
B) the higher the cost of living, the more likely people are to help.
C) the greater the population density, the more likely people are to help.
D) the lower the time pressure, the less likely people are to help.
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76
In their famous Good Samaritan study, Darley and Batson (1973) found that
A) students studying to become ministers were more likely to offer assistance to a stranger than college students.
B) seminary students on their way to give a sermon involving the Good Samaritan parable were more likely to offer assistance to a stranger than students preparing sermons on other topics.
C) the more religious seminary students were, the more likely they were to stop to offer assistance to a stranger as they walked across campus.
D) None of these
A) students studying to become ministers were more likely to offer assistance to a stranger than college students.
B) seminary students on their way to give a sermon involving the Good Samaritan parable were more likely to offer assistance to a stranger than students preparing sermons on other topics.
C) the more religious seminary students were, the more likely they were to stop to offer assistance to a stranger as they walked across campus.
D) None of these
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77
As Stalder (2008) points out, one reason why an individual in need may still be more likely to receive help from a large group of witnesses than from a lone witness is that
A) the odds of any one witness avoiding the obstacles to helping behavior are increased in a larger group.
B) reciprocity norms are not as strong in large groups.
C) egoistic concerns trump empathic concern in large groups.
D) All of these
A) the odds of any one witness avoiding the obstacles to helping behavior are increased in a larger group.
B) reciprocity norms are not as strong in large groups.
C) egoistic concerns trump empathic concern in large groups.
D) All of these
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78
Jake spends countless hours in front of the television. It is likely that
A) the violence Jake sees on television will be more influential on his behavior than the prosocial behavior he sees.
B) the prosocial behavior Jake sees on television is more likely to be reflected in his behavior than the violence he sees.
C) the aggressive and prosocial behaviors that Jake sees on television are equally likely to be imitated.
D) neither the aggressive nor prosocial behavior that Jake sees on television will have an effect on his behavior.
A) the violence Jake sees on television will be more influential on his behavior than the prosocial behavior he sees.
B) the prosocial behavior Jake sees on television is more likely to be reflected in his behavior than the violence he sees.
C) the aggressive and prosocial behaviors that Jake sees on television are equally likely to be imitated.
D) neither the aggressive nor prosocial behavior that Jake sees on television will have an effect on his behavior.
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79
Research suggests that if you are soliciting the help of strangers at the mall, you are most likely to be successful if you
A) stand in front of a bakery.
B) approach older adults as opposed to younger people.
C) position yourself by the exit of a movie theater that is showing a sad film.
D) appear to be angry.
A) stand in front of a bakery.
B) approach older adults as opposed to younger people.
C) position yourself by the exit of a movie theater that is showing a sad film.
D) appear to be angry.
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80
While outside enjoying the sunshine, Claudia happily gives directions to a lost tourist. Claudia's willingness to help a stranger is most likely due to
A) the good mood effect.
B) reciprocity norms.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) negative state relief.
A) the good mood effect.
B) reciprocity norms.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) negative state relief.
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