Deck 13: European Overseas Expansion to 1600

Question 1

Define the following terms: lateens

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Define the following terms: Ptolemy

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Define the following terms: Cape Verde

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Define the following terms: Niger Delta

Question 5

Define the following terms: "America"

Question 6

Define the following terms: Aztecs

Question 7

Define the following terms: trading-post empire

Question 8

Define the following terms: Prester John

Question 9

Define the following terms: Tainos (Arawak)

Question 10

Define the following terms: Prince Henry "the Navigator"

Question 11

Define the following terms: Zhang He

Question 12

Define the following terms: astrolabe

Question 13

Define the following terms: Silk Route

Question 14

Define the following terms: Treaty of Tordesillas

Question 15

Define the following terms: Moguls

Question 16

Define the following terms: compass

Question 17

Define the following terms: Marco Polo

Question 18

Define the following terms: mound-builder societies

Question 19

Define the following terms: pax Mongolica

Question 20

Define the following terms: mappa mundi, portolan

Question 21

Define the following terms: Council of the Indies

Question 22

What was the great achievement of Ferdinand Magellan, and what difficulties did he face in pursuing it?

Question 23

Define the following terms: Ferdinand Magellan

Question 24

Discuss the civilizations of the Aztecs and the Incas when the Spanish first encountered them.

Question 25

Define the following terms: smallpox

Question 26

Summarize the conditions that made possible and desirable Western voyages to the Americas. Consider new navigational instruments, shipbuilding innovations, better maps, the experience of late medieval merchants and explorers, and the abrupt cutting off of overland routes to Asian markets.

Question 27

Define the following terms: Vasco da Gama

Question 28

Based on the native portrayal of Hernán Cortés, in Chapter 13, what is the native version of the coming of the Spanish?

A) The Aztecs are dressed in full military attire when first meeting Cortes.
B) Aztec priests are standing equal with the Aztec emperor.
C) The Spanish are seen greeting the Aztecs with a fully armed Spanish military in the background.
D) The portrayal is written in Spanish, to honor the first meeting of the two peoples.
E) Culturally it symbolizes the importance and superiority of the Spanish as they have imported important animals and foods into the New World, while the Aztecs have nothing to give or share with the Europeans.

Question 29

Describe the connections between Europe and the rest of the world on the eve of the age of exploration.

Question 30

Define the following terms: Bartolomé de Las Casas

Question 31

What were some characteristics of official Spanish policy toward the Indians? What measures were taken to protect them from exploitation? What important groups of Spaniards championed the cause of humane treatment of the Indians? (If you are familiar with English and American treatment of the North American Indians, compare it with the record of the Spanish in Latin America.)

Question 32

Define the following terms: encomienda

Question 33

Define the following terms: Doña Marina

Question 34

Define the following terms: Inca

Question 35

Describe the development of Portuguese navigation, from early exploration of the Atlantic islands to the establishment of trading posts in India.

Question 36

Define the following terms: Hernán Cortés

Question 37

In the chapter feature, "The Written Record: Albuquerque Defends the Portuguese Empire," what advice does Albuquerque give the Portuguese king?

Question 38

Define the following terms: Columbian Exchange

Question 39

Discuss the career of Christopher Columbus. What problems did he experience after his first voyage to America? When did he realize he had discovered an unknown continent? Where did America get its name?

Question 40

Discuss what is meant by the Columbian Exchange. Give examples of some of the plants, animals, and diseases involved in the cultural blending of the New World and the Old. Which do you think had the most far-reaching effects?

Question 41

Which of the following statements is not true in regard to exploration of the Atlantic before Columbus?

A) The Madeiras and Canary Islands were shown on maps.
B) Portuguese, French, and English sailors were making regular trips to the Madeiras and Canary islands by 1365.
C) The Azores were placed on maps by 1365.
D) Regular routine ports of call included the Azores.
E) Trips out of sight of land were never attempted before Columbus.

Question 42

Inca civilization included all of the following elements except that they

A) continually demanded more taxes from their subjects.
B) lagged in irrigation and bridge-building.
C) built thousands of miles of roads.
D) were efficient soldiers and administrators.
E) were more tolerant of local traditions and cultures.

Question 43

Caravan routes and trade networks were closed to Europeans in the fourteenth century because of

A) conversion of the Mongols to Islam and the rise of the Ottomans.
B) the Black Death.
C) a series of earthquakes in central Asia that closed the roads.
D) the refusal of European rulers to allow merchants to travel to the East.
E) the Crusades.

Question 44

The works read by Europeans dealing with distant lands included all of the following except

A) authors from Late Antiquity.
B) authentic letters from Prester John.
C) the travel book of Sir John Mandeville.
D) the Travels of Marco Polo.
E) letters and papers written by papal ambassadors and missionaries.

Question 45

What important developments in geography helped to foster European discovery and exploration?

A) The Catalan World Atlas
B) The elimination in maps of any references to Christianity
C) The development of latitude
D) The use of accurate maps of the time by Columbus to sail to the New World
E) The accurate reproduction and locations of continents and oceans

Question 46

All of the following statements are true of the Aztecs except that

A) they took over an existing civilization in the Valley of Mexico.
B) their capital was a large and beautiful city with a highly developed trade network.
C) they waged almost constant war and practiced human sacrifice on a massive scale.
D) they lived in peace with their neighbors.
E) they did not believe that mankind had a specific and preordained destiny.

Question 47

Late medieval explorers hoped to find

A) diamonds.
B) gold and Christian allies against the Turks.
C) new species of animals.
D) Atlantic fishing areas.
E) classical antiquities.

Question 48

Which of the following describes the situation in India and the Indian Ocean as European traders first penetrated the region?

A) The main products traded were cottons, silks, and spices.
B) The Chinese had recently discontinued ambitious expeditions into the area.
C) Muslim descendants of Jenghiz Khan, the Moguls, were expanding their control of India.
D) Trade networks often reflected the various political situations connected to the area.
E) All of these

Question 49

By sailing west, Columbus hoped to find

A) Japan, gold, and potential Christians.
B) the mythical continent of Atlantis.
C) Atlantic islands suitable for Spanish colonization.
D) new types of vegetables and fruits.
E) proof of the accuracy of Classical Greek geographical information.

Question 50

Portugal's commercial empire in the East was based

A) on fortified, strategically placed naval bases.
B) on large territorial colonies.
C) solely on a network of agreements with local governments and merchants.
D) on an alliance with the Turks and their Arab allies.
E) mainly on results of successful missionary work.

Question 51

As Spain penetrated into the New World

A) it followed the Portuguese model of a "trade-post empire."
B) it colonized and reorganized the lands it seized.
C) it immediately came into conflict with France and England.
D) its power and position in Europe waned.
E) very few Spaniards were willing to migrate to the New World.

Question 52

The Treaty of Tordesillas was able to prevent which of the following explorations?

A) The exploration of the coasts of both North and South America
B) Amerigo Vespucci's travels to Argentina
C) Spanish exploration in the Caribbean
D) The crossing of the Isthmus of Panama
E) None of these

Question 53

Which of the following is not a true statement in describing the importance of tribute to the Aztecs?

A) Towns and villages owed allotments of food and precious metals.
B) Tenochtitlan was the center of religious activity and prohibited any human sacrifice inside its walls.
C) Human sacrifice was the important engine of Aztec religion.
D) The goal of wars, beside expansion, was to collect prisoners for religious sacrifice.
E) The coronation of Moctezuma II required the sacrifice of thousands of victims.

Question 54

Technical innovations that made sailing easier in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries included

A) a rudimentary form of steam engine.
B) mechanical clocks.
C) the fly compass and the astrolabe.
D) better oars.
E) the ability to chart with the use of latitude.

Question 55

Before European colonization, the peoples of the Americas

A) had mostly migrated from the Eurasian landmass.
B) had developed agriculture independently about 3000 B.C.
C) had created complex societies.
D) lived in populous societies throughout the Americas.
E) All of these

Question 56

The Spanish initially considered the native population of the West Indies, the Tainos, to be

A) vicious savages who must be exterminated.
B) an advanced civilization that brought awe and fear.
C) a gentle, compliant, virtuous people who would make good Christians.
D) a major threat.
E) native tribes of the Japanese islands.

Question 57

Because of the Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal

A) was excluded from any rights in the Americas.
B) was allowed to explore North America.
C) was forced to give half of its colonial revenues to the Spanish crown.
D) unwittingly gained rights to Brazil.
E) refused to accept the authority of the papacy on economic issues.

Question 58

The conclusion that Columbus had reached a new continent instead of Asia was drawn by

A) Columbus.
B) Ferdinand and Isabella.
C) Amerigo Vespucci.
D) Martin Waldseemüller.
E) Henry the Navigator.

Question 59

The beginning of Spain's overseas exploration began with the

A) unification of the entire Iberian peninsula under the Spanish crown.
B) final event in the Reconquista, the fall of Muslim Granada.
C) marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand.
D) election of a Spanish pope.
E) independence of Portugal from Spain.

Question 60

As new European states expanded overseas, they, like the Portuguese

A) created a network of isolated naval and trading stations.
B) created substantial colonies.
C) used slaves to produce commercially.
D) would lead a search for gold and Christians.
E) All of these

Question 61

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. Using Maps 13.3 and 13.4 of the Americas, note the places associated with Columbus, Cortés, and Pizarro. Compare the size and geographical features of the Aztec and Inca Empires.

Question 62

Catholic missionaries, especially Bartolomé de Las Casas, argued that the Indians

A) were rational human beings and should be protected from exploitation.
B) should be first enslaved, and then converted.
C) were subhuman creatures who should nevertheless be treated decently.
D) should be wiped out and their place taken by Spaniards.
E) had no rights as a result of the rights of the conqueror.

Question 63

Among the domestic animals brought from Europe that produced the greatest change in the New World were

A) pet dogs and cats.
B) ducks and geese.
C) canaries.
D) cattle and horses.
E) sheep.

Question 64

Which of the following did not aid in the Spanish transformation of New World culture?

A) The belief by both the conquerors and the conquered that the changes had divine approval
B) The adaptation of old pagan shrines to Christian worship
C) The early establishment of universities
D) Spanish respect for native culture
E) The construction of European type cities and centers

Question 65

After the Spanish conquest, the lands of the former Inca Empire

A) provided vast amounts of gold and silver for the Spanish crown.
B) experienced resistance to foreign rule until the 1570s.
C) were reoriented away from the mountains to the coast.
D) were reorganized under the new Spanish capital at Lima.
E) All of these

Question 66

Although greatly outnumbered by the Aztecs, the Spanish

A) were able to negotiate a settlement with Moctezuma.
B) escaped with their lives and retreated to the coast.
C) found numerous allies among tribes whose people had been taken for Aztec sacrifices.
D) defeated the Aztecs but did not establish a permanent colony in Mexico.
E) were weakened when they lost their leader Cortes, who was captured and sacrificed by the Aztecs.

Question 67

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. On Map 13.2, find the Azores, Cape Verde, and the Canary Islands. Which were colonized by the Portuguese? Which are closest to South America? Locate the route of Vasco da Gama to India and of Magellan's ships around the world.

Question 68

The European diet was changed by New World foods such as

A) wheat and rye.
B) barley and oats.
C) corn, potatoes, and tomatoes.
D) oranges and lemons.
E) olives and dates.

Question 69

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. What do the winds and currents shown in Map 13.1 tell you about the easiest ways for fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europeans to reach the Americas? Why were the Caribbean and South American regions visited before North America?

Question 70

Referring to the chapter feature, "The Global Record: An Inca Nobleman Defends His Civilization," which of the following statements did Felipe Guaman Poma use in describing the actions and impact that Christianity had on his people?

A) Priests lived under the same conditions as local villagers.
B) Churches were important in protecting women from prostitution.
C) As court officials, Christian priests destroyed individuals and whole villages.
D) Native women widows were saved from slave labor.
E) Native peoples saw the life of Saint Peter in the lifestyle and actions of local priests.

Question 71

Which of the following statements was not true of the Spanish colonial administration in the New World?

A) All Indians were enslaved and all Indian land was confiscated.
B) The Spanish monarch promoted a broad-based debate about the rights of Amerindians and religious conversion.
C) The Council of the Indies provided centralized supervision.
D) The New World was divided into two viceroyalties: New Spain and Peru.
E) Many official documents, especially in New Spain, were written in Nahuatl, the Aztec language.

Question 72

The Columbian Exchange was

A) the new foreign exchange rate based on Peruvian silver.
B) the spread of syphilis to the New World and of smallpox and measles from the New World to the Old.
C) a term used to describe the massive introduction of Africans into the New World.
D) the division of the American colonies between Spain and Portugal.
E) the interchange of diseases, plants, animals, and some cultural elements between the Old and New Worlds.