Deck 17: A Revolution in Worldview

Question 1

Define the following terms: Johannes Kepler

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Define the following terms: heliocentric theory

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Define the following terms: Francis Bacon

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Define the following terms: Neo-Platonism

Question 5

Define the following terms: Tycho Brahe

Question 6

Define the following terms: Cartesian

Question 7

Define the following terms: academies

Question 8

Define the following terms: Ptolemy

Question 9

Define the following terms: Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

Question 10

Define the following terms: empirical method

Question 11

Define the following terms: Paracelsus

Question 12

Define the following terms: Queen Christina of Sweden

Question 13

Define the following terms: René Descartes

Question 14

Define the following terms: epicycles

Question 15

Define the following terms: Nicholas Copernicus

Question 16

Define the following terms: Aristotle

Question 17

Define the following terms: laws of planetary motion

Question 18

Define the following terms: Scientific Revolution

Question 19

Define the following terms: Galileo Galilei

Question 20

Define the following terms: De revolutionibus orbium caelestium

Question 21

Define the following terms: laws of motion

Question 22

Define the following terms: Bernard de Fontenelle

Question 23

Define the following terms: Thomas Hobbes

Question 24

Define the following terms: William Harvey

Question 25

Define the following terms: Discourse on Method

Question 26

Define the following terms: Isaac Newton

Question 27

Define the following terms: Principia

Question 28

Define the following terms: Robert Boyle

Question 29

Define the following terms: Leviathan

Question 30

Define the following terms: "corpuscules"

Question 31

Define the following terms: mechanistic worldview

Question 32

Define the following terms: Blaise Pascal

Question 33

Define the following terms: John Locke

Question 34

Define the following terms: Vesalius

Question 35

Define the following terms: Pierre Bayle

Question 36

Define the following terms: Matteo Ricci

Question 37

Define the following terms: Margaret Cavendish

Question 38

Survey the development of astronomy prior to the sixteenth century. Include the theories of Greek astronomers, Renaissance ideas, and Neo-Platonism.

Question 39

Define the following terms: Gottfried von Leibnitz

Question 40

Define the following terms: Christian Huygens

Question 41

Tycho Brahe is known for

A) inventing and using the first telescopes.
B) proving that the earth moves around the sun.
C) compiling astronomical data that is still used.
D) compiling data that was used by Kepler to make his discoveries.
E) important astronomical data that often became obsolete after the use of telescopes.

Question 42

The Scientific Revolution included

A) an implicit challenge to the traditional religious worldview.
B) a vision of an infinite but orderly universe appealing to reason.
C) a new, open-ended, experimental approach to knowledge.
D) religion becoming a subordinate ally of science.
E) All of these

Question 43

Discuss the broad implications of the Scientific Revolution for seventeenth-century society. What types of people were interested in the new scientific discoveries? How was science changed in the early stages of its popularization?

Question 44

Descartes' "corpuscles" were

A) a forerunner of modern atomic and quantum theories.
B) part of his radical dualism between body and soul.
C) central to a new theory of blood circulation.
D) his terms for the discredited theory of heavenly beings.
E) his mechanistic explanation of the universe.

Question 45

Progress in astronomy was encouraged by

A) the Renaissance recovery and reinterpretation of ancient texts.
B) the revival of Neo-Platonism.
C) the undermining of ancient knowledge with the discovery of the New World.
D) an open-ended experimental approach to knowledge.
E) All of these

Question 46

Some have characterized the mentality of the Scientific Revolution as one focused on how things operate in the natural world, rather than on why (the ultimate explanations that Greek and medieval scholars considered most important). Do you think this is a fair description of the change in scientific approach? Cite examples to support your opinion. How does Newton's work on gravity fit into your discussion?

Question 47

How did religion and science's conflict over compatibility resolve itself?

A) The papacy always had the final word on the new revelations of science.
B) The scientific revolution did not go beyond the world of religion.
C) Questions gradually grew about human reason and intelligibility that could be explained by religion.
D) The hierarchical nature of society in the Bible was never questioned.
E) Views of the cosmos began with Newton.

Question 48

As the popularity of the new science spread, all of the following occurred except

A) governments came to actively support it.
B) private salons and academies fostered it.
C) science itself went through a process of professionalization.
D) the old worldview quickly faded out of existence.
E) royal courts housed wide collections of scientific marvels.

Question 49

Discuss what you consider the four or five main scientific discoveries mentioned in the chapter. Describe what each one was, who made it, and why you consider it important.

Question 50

In the chapter feature, "The Written Record: Galileo Asserts Science and Religion are Compatible," how does Galileo attempt to reassure that religion has not been hurt or destroyed by science?

A) God has set limits on human ingenuity and science cannot go beyond these.
B) Much of New Science can be found in the Bible.
C) The Bible has many interpretations.
D) The church has already established the limit of human ingenuity.
E) The papacy has an open-mind toward science and its results.

Question 51

All of the following are true of Copernicus except that

A) his findings helped with calendar reform.
B) his work appealed to other astronomers in part because it was useful.
C) he stated that heliocentrism was a fact rather than a mathematical construct.
D) he did not resolve all the problems raised by his system.
E) he never asserted that the earth moved around the sun.

Question 52

Compare and contrast the new scientific worldview with its medieval predecessor.

Question 53

Paracelsus stimulated innovative thought by rejecting the

A) ideas attributed to Hermes Trismegistos.
B) theory of chemical, rather than humoral, imbalance as the cause of diseases.
C) idea that the ancients were the ultimate authorities on natural phenomena.
D) idea that religious theory found in the Bible could be changed by scientific experimentation.
E) All of these.

Question 54

Summarize the political ideas of Hobbes and Locke. What are the main differences in their views of the state? Are there any similarities?

Question 55

Which of the following is correct in studying information taken from Sidereus Nuncius ?

A) Information was obtained through the use of a telescope.
B) Scant information addressed the moon and stars.
C) The moon had a smooth and uninterrupted surface.
D) Sunspots were regions of intense heat on the sun.
E) Material in the thesis was written in highly technical language and was incomprehensible to the lay man.

Question 56

According to the Chronology Chart in Chapter 17, the first scientific academy of this period was founded in

A) Paris.
B) Copenhagen.
C) Rome.
D) London.
E) Cracow.

Question 57

Galileo's importance lies in all of the following except

A) sufficient and irrefutable proof for Copernicus's heliocentric theory.
B) contributions to the development of a new physics.
C) a famous conflict with the Catholic Church.
D) evidence to support the Copernican theory.
E) the development of the science of physics.

Question 58

Like the Renaissance when patrons supported the arts, seventeenth-century monarchs became important patrons of the Scientific Revolution. How does Queen Christina of Sweden symbolize this?

Question 59

How does the approach of Descartes to knowledge, summed up in "I think, therefore I am," represent a departure from previous thinking, such as that of Aristotle? If Descartes rejects the data provided by the senses, what is he thinking about ¾ that is, where does the raw material of thought come from? How can he know that God exists? Some modern critics have seen in Descartes' method a tendency to imprison the thinker within his or her own mind, cut off from the real world and from other people. Do you agree?

Question 60

Kepler's lasting achievement was

A) his quarrel with the king of Denmark.
B) the laws of planetary motion that are still in use.
C) the discrediting of Neo-Platonism.
D) his rejection of Copernican ideas.
E) the theory that planets traveled in circular orbits.

Question 61

The scientific approach of Andreas Vesalius

A) was the opposite of that advocated by Galen.
B) caused a revolution in chemistry.
C) involved dissection of human corpses.
D) was purely deductive and nonexperimental.
E) was halted when the church ruled against human dissection.

Question 62

The mechanistic worldview that emerged from the Scientific Revolution

A) posited that the entire universe functioned like a machine.
B) spread from physics to other scientific disciplines, such as chemistry and biology.
C) came to be used in the study of human society, such as politics.
D) when applied to astronomy, only came about after ancient and medieval study and errors had been disclosed.
E) All of these

Question 63

Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) Copernicus was a Catholic clergyman whose heliocentric theory was quickly scorned by Lutherans.
B) The entire Cartesian process of reasoning about the world was grounded in Descartes' certainty about God.
C) The Catholic Church's firm response to Galileo was, in part, due to its experience with the Protestant Reformation.
D) The Catholic Church was uniformly against scientific progress, while Protestant churches uniformly supported it.
E) Governments recognized the potential of science and supported both pure and applied scientific research.

Question 64

Bernard de Fontenelle helped to usher in the Enlightenment by

A) being the greatest popularizer of the new science.
B) acting as Louis XIV's chief minister and director of the Academie des Sciences.
C) his relentless attacks on the Catholic Church.
D) his rigorous scientific investigation.
E) taking a negative view of a secular world.

Question 65

Blaise Pascal was known for all of the following except

A) rejecting scientific inquiry on Christian principles.
B) building a calculating machine.
C) inventing probability theory.
D) defending Jansenism.
E) "the heart has its reasons which reason knows not."

Question 66

All of the following are true of John Locke except that

A) he held that the state is based on a freely entered social contract between people and sovereign.
B) his emphasis on property rights included justification of slavery.
C) he agreed with Hobbes on human nature.
D) he held that knowledge is based on experience.
E) his theories are much more optimistic in terms of the ability of humans to reason.

Question 67

Hobbes applied the new scientific paradigm and

A) viewed the state as a machine run by laws and the skills of the ruler.
B) developed a positive view of human nature and the ability of people to rule themselves.
C) drew analogies between the state and the human body.
D) concluded that ordinary citizens had to be restrained by laws and the authority and kept in their ranks.
E) All of these

Question 68

As the new science gained in prestige and became increasingly professional

A) women scientists found themselves marginalized.
B) women scientists became somewhat more prominent.
C) women remained totally irrelevant.
D) women scientists remained important but only in Scandinavia.
E) education for women was severely restricted by religious tradition.

Question 69

The chief scientific contribution of Isaac Newton was

A) writing the first history of science.
B) mathematical computation of the laws of gravity and planetary motion.
C) resolving all remaining questions about matter and motion.
D) successfully changing metals into gold.
E) the study that proved that laws of motion did not apply to the solar system as thought by the Greeks.

Question 70

Scientific investigation in seventeenth-century England was

A) greatly retarded by civil war and political upheaval.
B) of little interest to influential people.
C) limited to military technology.
D) caught up in and stimulated by religious and political controversy.
E) personified by the life of Robert Boyle who was mainly interested in astronomy.

Question 71

Referring to the chapter feature, "The Visual Record: Modern Maps," all of the following are true except

A) changes in mapping were the result of innovations learned from Renaissance art.
B) early maps were often decorated with pictures of ships and sea monsters.
C) linear prospective was not adaptable to map making.
D) Rhumb lines helped to navigate between two points.
E) information can be gained from maps.

Question 72

As the first modern, systematic skeptic, Pierre Bayle believed that

A) faith was more important than reason.
B) all human knowledge, both scientific and religious, is flawed.
C) silence is the only honest act a person can perform.
D) religion was flawed and truth lay only in science.
E) only Christians were moral beings.

Question 73

The work of Harvey

A) represented a complete break with Galenic tradition.
B) continued Boyle's experiments with air pressure.
C) focused on the circulation of the blood and the heart as a pump.
D) inspired no new research.
E) was represented in a new technique that allowed for the study of tiny capillaries.