Deck 8: Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Realism, Positivism, Darwinism, and Social Criticism

Question 1

The preeminent literary genre for realist writers was

A)lyrical poetry.
B)epic poetry.
C)the riddle.
D)the short story.
E)the novel.

Answer 1

the novel.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a good match?

A)Comte and positivism
B)Karl Marx and Marxism
C)Balzac and Social Darwinism
D)Ludwig Feuerbach and theology ​
E)Gustave Courbet and realism

Answer 2

Balzac and Social Darwinism

Question 3

Gustave Courbet's genius was expressed as a/an

A)court painter of the French Empire.
B)landscape artist for rural nobility.
C)artist of everyday life.
D)innovator in pigmentation and color.
E)portrait artist.

Answer 3

artist of everyday life.

Question 4

The H.M.S . Beagle may be associated with

A)the transport of Courbet's artistic work to the London Exposition.
B)interest in a voyage to the North Pole.
C)Charles Darwin's trip to collect specimens of plant and animal life.
D)laying of the transatlantic cable.
E)Émile Zola's novels.

Question 5

Émile Zola probed all of the following except

A)slums.
B)brothels.
C)professional classes.
D)mining villages.
E)cabarets of France.

Question 6

How could the illustration in the text, Child Mine Labor, Report of Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry, 1842 be related to the Marx?

A)Capitalism reduces the proletariat to a laboring beast.
B)It strengthens the theory of Social Darwinism.
C)It emphasizes the need to protect the small business man.
D)It destroys the goals of nationalism.
E)Socialist parties were seen as useless tools of the lower classes.

Question 7

Erasmus Darwin and Charles Lyell both

A)demonstrated that the earth was far older than the Biblical account of creation suggested.
B)provided funding for Charles Darwin's voyage on the Beagle.
C)attempted to calculate the age of the earth based on radiocarbon dating.
D)were Anglican clergymen.
E)proved mathematically the circumference of the earth.

Question 8

The law of the three stages involved the theological, the metaphysical, and the ____ stages.

A)scientific
B)humanistic
C)teleological
D)astronomical
E)geological

Question 9

Ivan Turgenev's Sketches describes

A)conditions in rural Russia.
B)the life of the Saint Petersburg aristocracy.
C)a big-game hunting expedition in Siberia.
D)rowing on the Moscow River.
E)the rough life in Afghanistan.

Question 10

Honoré de Balzac's novels directed attention to

A)how social and economic forces might influence people's lives.
B)the need for uplifting art to cheer people.
C)the extravagance of aristocratic society.
D)the decline of the landed aristocracy both in wealth and in morals.
E)how the aristocracy oppresses the poor.

Question 11

Charles Lyell wrote about

A)fighting contagion in the cities.
B)the age of the earth.
C)the antiseptic theory.
D)economic liberalism.
E)the circumference of the earth.

Question 12

Referring to the primary source in the text, The Descent of Man , by Darwin which of the following is NOT used to prove his theory?

A)Information from the Bible that can be interpreted to prove his theory of evolution.
B)Similarity of species.
C)Geographical distribution of specie.
D)Physical construction,
E)Modern scientific knowledge.

Question 13

Darwin's theory of evolution challenged traditional Christian beliefs in all of the following ways except that it

A)contradicted the account of creation in the Old Testament book Genesis.
B)deprived man of the privilege of being God's special creation.
C)suggested that the human race had evolved as the result of random natural processes.
D)undermined the infallibility of scripture and the conviction that of the Bible was indeed the Word of God .
E)was incompatible with the notion of a divine creator.

Question 14

That a woman may leave her husband for a more fulfilling life is the conclusion in

A)Madame Bovary .
B)Pride and Prejudice .
C)Anna Karenina .
D)A Doll's House .
E)Bleak House .

Question 15

How would opponents to women's rights react to the illustration in the text, Poster Published by the Artists' Suffrage League?

A)Married life is a woman's profession.
B)Concerned that family life would be jeopardized.
C)Women have little power to reason.
D)Women are unable to calculate consequences.
E)All of these statements were part of the opponents to woman's rights.

Question 16

Which of the following is not a good match?

A)Turgenev and Sketches
B)Leo Tolstoy and War and Peace
C)Charles Dickens and Bleak House
D)Flaubert and Madame Bovary
E)Henrik Ibsen and Hard Times

Question 17

Henrik Ibsen's Pillars of Society was a critique of

A)the corrupt Lutheran clergy.
B)conventional marriage.
C)peasant revolts.
D)Swedish rule over Norway.
E)hypocritical bourgeois.

Question 18

Which following thinker would have most agreed with the statement , "Human affairs operate with precise laws just as science understands the physical world".

A)Tolstoy
B)Fourier
C)Courbet
D)Flaubert
E)Comte

Question 19

Realist writers and artists

A)focused on common people, laborers, and the downtrodden.
B)sought to minimize the emotions of their subjects.
C)focused on the natural world rather than on people.
D)valued emotional involvement with the subjects of their work.
E)focused on the bourgeoisie.

Question 20

What is the theme of the illustration in the text, A Caricature of Darwin?

A)Man evolved from Adam and Eve.
B)Man reverted back to inferior specie.
C)The history of the specie of the ape, involved the evolution of man.
D)It is being used by creationists to picture man as a savage animal.
E)God designed both the ape and man separately.

Question 21

Social Darwinists did all the following except

A)undermined Enlightenment tradition.
B)divided humanity into racial superiors and inferiors.
C)sought humanitarian solutions to inequality.
D)regarded racial and national conflict as a biological necessity.
E)promoted territorial aggrandizement and military buildup.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in describing the similarities between liberals and Marxists?

A)Both believed in social progress and valued human talents
B)Both called for abandoning old ideas and creating a new harmonious society.
C)Both believed in the goodness and perfection of human nature and that these beliefs were founded on rational thought.
D)Both looked to the Enlightenment for inspiration.
E)Both believed that violence and revolution was necessary to achieve their goals.

Question 23

Advocates of Social Darwinism were generally politically

A)conservative.
B)liberal.
C)Marxist.
D)anarchist.
E)socialist.

Question 24

Darwin adopted ____ idea that population produces faster than the food supply, causing a struggle for existence.

A)Strauss's
B)Smith's
C)the Ricardian
D)Owens'
E)the Malthusian

Question 25

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Auguste Comte

Question 26

One may correctly say of John Stuart Mill's work On Liberty that

A)it influenced Marx's Communist Manifesto .
B)it referred to liberty as a supreme good.
C)it expressed a fear of anarchism if people were not somehow restricted.
D)the state should restrict citizens' beliefs to Biblical morality.
E)citizens can develop their moral and intellectual potential in an authoritarian state.

Question 27

According to Marx, the engine of historical change was

A)class struggle.
B)Absolute Spirit.
C)the masses' envy of the wealthy.
D)long-term fluctuations in the price of basic foods.
E)racial conflict.

Question 28

Of the following, who stood strongly for female equality?

A)Rousseau
B)Mill
C)Darwin
D)Byron
E)Marx

Question 29

__________ referred to religion as "a product of people's imagination and feelings, consolation for the oppressed ."

A)Marx
B)Bakunin
C)Feuerbach
D)Spencer
E)Malthus

Question 30

Who wrote, "The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural....rights of man and woman"?

A)de Gouges
B)Grimke
C)Shelley
D)Wollstonecraft
E)Zola

Question 31

Jeremy Bentham was a/an

A)lawyer.
B)industrialist.
C)political scientist.
D)scientist.
E)social theorist.

Question 32

Which of the following does NOT support Darwin's evolutionary theory?

A)Food must be plentiful in order for a population to avoid survival.
B)Special features in an individual or group determines the chance to survive a myriad of dangers.
C)Exact duplications between generations guarantees survival.
D)Over generations, some offspring will acquire special traits favorable to survival.
E)Over time, natural selection causes the death of old and less adaptable species.

Question 33

Which of the following statement is TRUE in describing the shift from laissez faire to a social-liberal democracy by liberals?

A)Government should have the right to censor.
B)The growing concern for the welfare of labor should be acted on by worker associations.
C)Government cannot be trusted to provide for the welfare of the lower classes
D)Laissez-faire approach doomed many to poverty.
E)A return to religious piety was seen as a major part of reform .

Question 34

Social Darwinist thought was generally

A)confined to Germany.
B)confined to Germany and Great Britain.
C)confined to Russia.
D)widespread in Germany, the United States, and Great Britain.
E)confined to France.

Question 35

Who argued for state intervention to promote individual self-development?

A)Mill
B)Marx
C)Hobhouse
D)Herwegh
E)Green

Question 36

The alleviation of poverty through state agencies and social reform was encouraged by

A)Marx.
B)Gaskell.
C)Green.
D)Bakunin.
E)Engels.

Question 37

Historians would agree that Social Darwinism

A)led some to believe that the extinction of so-called "inferior races" was a good thing.
B)contended that through evolution, states would eventually eliminate war.
C)applauded the cosmopolitanism of the philosophes.
D)continued Enlightenment traditions.
E)strengthened Christian belief.

Question 38

Unlike what Marx had predicted, Western workers improved their lives due to increased productivity, reform-minded governments, and which of the following?

A)Socialist revolutions
B)Efforts by labor unions
C)Rivalries among workers
D)Peasant revolts
E)Bourgeois sympathy

Question 39

In describing positivism, which of the following statements would NOT be correct?

A)Knowledge based on concrete facts would provide useful insights.
B)Social sciences were not applicable to positivism.
C)Comte is considered the father of positivism.
D)Science is the highest achievement of the human mind.
E)Plato's metaphysics was rejected by positivists.

Question 40

Which of the following statements would NOT be associated with Social Darwinists?

A)Failure was associated with inferior human hereditary endowments.
B)War is a biological necessity.
C)Humanity is divided into racial superiors and inferiors.
D)Anglo Saxon superiority supported imperialism
E)Biologically, Africans and Asiatics are equal to Europeans.

Question 41

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
realism

Question 42

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Sarah Grimke

Question 43

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Gustave Courbet

Question 44

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Erasmus Darwin

Question 45

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Laissez faire

Question 46

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Malthusian

Question 47

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
"law of the three stages"

Question 48

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Albert J. Beveridge

Question 49

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Leo Tolstoy

Question 50

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
John Stuart Mill

Question 51

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Seneca Falls

Question 52

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Thomas Hill Green

Question 53

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Positivism

Question 54

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
proletariat

Question 55

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Gustave Flaubert

Question 56

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Social Darwinism

Question 57

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
natural selection

Question 58

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
War and Peace

Question 59

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Pillars of Society

Question 60

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Friedrich Engels

Question 61

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Anna Karenina

Question 62

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Charles Darwin

Question 63

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Origin of the Species

Question 64

Briefly define realism and naturalism . Referring to specific writers and their works, comment on the nature of the impact of these movements.

Question 65

It could be said that European elites in the second half of the nineteenth century were "discovering the masses" in a way that previous elites had not. Elites saw the masses as a problem, perhaps because of their increased political mobilization. Discuss the various solutions proposed by the thinkers described in this chapter.

Question 66

Describe the feminist movement in the nineteenth century. How did feminists use the same natural rights arguments to support their quest for women's rights?

Question 67

Can you discover similarities in Marxist and liberal thought of the late nineteenth century? Was there a major difference in their approaches?

Question 68

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
A Doll's House

Question 69

How did Marx explain that capitalism would be destroyed?

Question 70

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Karl Marx

Question 71

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).


On a map of Europe, designate with arrows where the work of each of the following was undertaken: Thomas Hill Green, D. G. Ritchie, and John Stuart Mill; Charles Lyell and Charles Darwin; and Hermann von Helmholtz and Heinrich. Next to each grouping, place a heading showing with what type of endeavor the individual was associated.

Question 72

How would you describe the relationship of Social Darwinism to Enlightenment thought?

Question 73

According to Karl Marx, how does history unfold?  How is the movement of history connected to Marx's larger view of human society?

Question 74

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Madame Bovary

Question 75

Trace the sources of Darwin's major concepts. Why were his ideas considered potentially injurious to the religious establishment?

Question 76

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
capitalism

Question 77

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Émile Zola

Question 78

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).


On a blank map of Europe, designate with arrows where each of the following persons' revolutionary theories originated: Auguste Comte, Charles Darwin, and Karl Marx.

Question 79

What were the arguments against Marxist theory?

Question 80

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Ivan Turgenev