Deck 12: The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Dissolution

Question 1

The most dramatic clash between Philip IV and Boniface VIII was

A)the capture, release, and subsequent death of the pope.
B)the excommunication and repentance of the king.
C)the papacy's move to Avignon.
D)repeal of the encyclical Unam Sanctam.
E)conciliation at the Council of Constance.

Answer 1

the capture, release, and subsequent death of the pope.

Question 2

In 1381, English peasants rebelled in response to

A)rumors that King John II had entered into a secret conspiracy with the pope.
B)a sharp increase in grain prices.
C)Lollard agitation against the established church hierarchy.
D)new laws tying them to the land and increased taxes.
E)the continuing war with France.

Answer 2

new laws tying them to the land and increased taxes.

Question 3

The text identifies all of the following as features of the Late Middle Ages EXCEPT

A)there was crop failure, famine, starvation, war, and rebellion.
B)the population fell, many villages were abandoned, and there was much unemployment.
C)the synthesis of faith and reason in scholasticism began to fall apart.
D)representative institutions developed.
E)heresy declined.

Answer 3

heresy declined.

Question 4

The Black Death that struck Europe in the mid-fourteenth century probably originated in

A)Mongolia.
B)India.
C)Sicily.
D)the Near East.
E)Persia.

Question 5

Rebellions against the ruling oligarchy in the fourteenth century succeeded in

A)England.
B)Flanders.
C)Florence.
D)France.
E)none of the above

Question 6

The Black Death produced a demand for labor that led to an economic crisis for

A)artisans.
B)skilled workers.
C)peasants.
D)landowners.
E)all of the above

Question 7

The usual pattern in the High Middle Ages was for peasant rebellions to occur

A)in prosperous times when peasants felt particularly powerful and chaffed under the burden that still continued.
B)during economic troubles when nobles and kings broke with tradition and increased their demands.
C)at any time.
D)in areas adjacent to towns; town offered an example of freedom.
E)only in the less developed regions of Europe.

Question 8

The successes of the Avignon p opes include

A)internationalization of the church.
B)financial centralization.
C)a heightened spirituality.
D)greater clarity in church doctrine.
E)all of the above

Question 9

The shortage of silver in late medieval Europe led to

A)coin debasement.
B)inflation.
C)declining income from peasant dues.
D)increased war and plunder.
E)all of the above

Question 10

Papal authority was undermined in the Late Middle Ages by

A)the growing power of kings.
B)the embroiling of the papacy in European politics.
C)political theorists and clerical reformers.
D)the loss of support of pious Christians.
E)all of the above

Question 11

The consequences of the Hundred Years' War included

A)a strengthening of a sense of solidarity among the French but not the English.
B)the decline of the French monarchy.
C)the weakening of the English Parliament.
D)devastation of valuable farmland in England and the deaths of thousands of peasants.
E)the acceptance of gunpowder and heavy artillery in warfare.

Question 12

As a result of the battle of Agincourt in 1415

A)the English were finally driven from France.
B)the English won control over southern France.
C)it appeared that England would shortly conquer France and unite the two crowns.
D)French cavalry established their dominance over English archers.
E)Henry V was taken captive by French forces.

Question 13

Which of the following statements concerning peasant revolts is accurate?

A)Peasants objected to new obligations.
B)Nobles believed that the revolts were against the social order created by God.
C)Many peasants argued that since everyone is descendent from Adam and Eve, distinctions among people should be leveled.
D)Nobles suppressed revolts savagely.
E)all of the above

Question 14

The core argument of The Defender of the Peace by Marsiglio of Padua was that

A)the state ran according to religious commands originated in a higher realm.
B)the state was self-sufficient and needed no guidance from a high authority.
C)the king had the duty to be "Defender of the Peace," hence he had the ultimate spiritual authority in the land.
D)the king had the duty to aid the Pope in maintaining peace.
E)each individual should dedicate himself to imitating Christ, the Prince of Peace.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the Black Death?

A)The Black Death was an outbreak of the bubonic plague.
B)The Black Death swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351.
C)The Black Death was the worst disaster in recorded history caused by natural forces.
D)During its first outbreak, the Black Death killed about fifty million people in Europe.
E)Contemporaries viewed the Black Death as divine punishment.

Question 16

During the so-called Babylonian Captivity from 1309 to 1377

A)only Italian popes were selected.
B)the papacy lacked financial resources and so was forced to live in poverty.
C)popes resided in Avignon rather than Rome.
D)popes often pursued policies favorable to the Holy Roman Emperor.
E)all of the above

Question 17

Earlier medieval increases in agricultural production did not continue in the Late Middle Ages as the result of all of the following EXCEPT

A)the decline of animal husbandry.
B)prolonged heavy rain and frost.
C)depletion of nutrients from the topsoil.
D)the conversion of arable land to grazing land.
E)a serious shortage of manure.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

A)In the opening phase of the Hundred Years' War, the English inflicted terrible defeats on French knights at Crécy.
B)In the fourteenth century, the trend was toward longer wars.
C)The English were expelled from all French territory except the port of Calais at the conclusion of the war.
D)The French depended on a volunteer army during the Hundred Years' War.
E)Marauding soldiers in the countryside helped to spark the Jacquerie.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the urban revolts of the High Middle Ages? Generally, they

A)were not initiated by the poorest city dwellers but by those whose lot had improved somewhat.
B)were initiated by the guilds and were aimed as much against the other guilds as against the nobles.
C)occurred in the less developed regions of the continent.
D)occurred only in the newer towns where the social system was still in flux.
E)were successful, unlike peasant revolts.

Question 20

In the bull  Clericis Laicos, Pope Boniface VIII objected to

A)clerical taxation by secular rulers.
B)the heretical claims of John Wycliffe.
C)the treatment of war prisoners.
D)the first meeting of the Council of Constance.
E)the Conciliar Movement.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A)According to the medieval intellectual tradition, truth was all that was required to guide individuals.
B)Medieval thought accepted both revelation and reason as necessary to define the meaning of life and set standards for individuals.
C)Occasionally, the scholastic tradition followed a course that let philosophy and reason challenge faith.
D)Medieval thought accepted both revelation and reason as necessary to define the meaning of life and set standards for individuals and occasionally, the scholastic tradition followed a course that let philosophy and reason challenge faith.
E)In contrast to early Christians, medieval thinkers did not try to reconcile religion and philosophy.

Question 22

The vision of the Christian world commonwealth guided by the pope was destroyed forever by

A)the period known as the Babylonian Captivity.
B)the Great Schism.
C)the Protestant Reformation.
D)the failure of the Conciliar Movement.
E)the failure of popes to make claims of temporal power.

Question 23

Which of the following statements best conveys the text's view of the end of the Middle Ages?

A)"A dark age comparable to the three centuries following Rome's fall descended on Europe."
B)"Medieval society's economic and political institutions and technological skills underwent a prolonged period of decay."
C)"Medieval civilization began its decline in the thirteenth century; however, no dark age followed."
D)"The waning of the Middle Ages opened up possibilities for another stage in Western civilization: the modern age."
E)"The waning of the Middle Ages was curiously similar to the waning of the Greek Dark Age."

Question 24

In response to religious dissent in the Late Middle Ages, the church

A)deprived the Lollards of their priestly functions.
B)burned Jan Hus at the stake.
C)tried but failed to crush the dissenters' followers.
D)was unsuccessful at eradicating the teachings of Wycliffe and Hus.
E)all of the above

Question 25

Feudal traditions that lasted into modern times include all the following EXCEPT

A)the primacy of religion and the church in society.
B)aristocratic notions of duty, honor, loyalty, and courtly love.
C)domination of the officer corps by the nobility.
D)special privileges for the French nobility until the French Revolution.
E)aristocratic control of English local government until the nineteenth century.

Question 26

Lasting Christian influences on Western civilization include

A)belief in the sacred worth of the individual.
B)stress on human equality.
C)emphasis on a higher law that binds both the ruler and the ruled.
D)inspiration for social reform.
E)all of the above

Question 27

The Great Schism was resolved by

A)Gregory XI's restoration of the papacy to Rome.
B)the Council of Pisa.
C)the Council of Constance.
D)the Council of Basel.
E)the election of Clement VII by the College of Cardinals.

Question 28

Which of the following had their origins in the Middle Ages?

A)universities
B)English common law
C)bills of exchange
D)the middle class
E)all of the above

Question 29

According to Duns Scotus, human reason could not prove that

A)God is omnipotent.
B)God forgives sin.
C)the righteous are rewarded by God and the wicked are punished.
D)there is an immortal soul.
E)all of the above

Question 30

John Wycliffe preached all of the following EXCEPT

A)the sacraments were not necessary for salvation.
B)the wealth and worldliness of the clergy indicated they were anti-Christians.
C)Scripture, not the church, should be the final religious authority.
D)the complete separation of church and state.
E)the bread and wine in communion were not substance of Jesus' body and blood.

Question 31

Both Duns Scotus and William of Ockham were concerned with

A)healing the rift of the Great Schism.
B)writing tracts that supported papal authority.
C)exploring the relationship between faith and reason.
D)experimenting with grains to improve the food supply.
E)protecting the Jewish community from attack during the Black Death.

Question 32

Which of the following statements concerning ideas about the relationship between medieval kings and their subjects is correct?

A)Law should be imposed on inferiors by an absolute monarch.
B)Kings were not bound by the law.
C)Law required a collaboration between the king and his subjects.
D)Lords had no right to resist a monarch who violated his agreements.
E)The power of representative assemblies exceeded the power of kings.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT true of medieval law?

A)Medieval jurists argued for the replacement of trials by ordeals of fire or water.
B)Church jurists structured canon law into a coherent and rational system.
C)God's law was considered to be subordinate to state or national decrees.
D)English common law had its origins in the Middle Ages.
E)Medieval jurists insisted that marriages based on fraud or duress could be invalidated.

Question 34

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe medieval technology?

A)European technology developed, in part, because Medieval society did not share the extreme view in the ancient world that manual work was degrading.
B)Medieval technology in part stemmed from the Christian that God was above nature, not in it.
C)European technology benefited from the belief that God had made the earth to be exploited by humankind.
D)In the Middle Ages, Europeans began to take the lead in technology over the Byzantines, Muslims, and Chinese.
E)One of the major contrasts between the Middle Ages and modern times is the medieval aversion to technology.

Question 35

The modern view of knowledge resembles that of ancient classical thinkers and differs from the medieval theory of knowledge mainly in that

A)modern and ancient thought were based almost exclusively in Greek philosophy.
B)both in ancient and modern thinking, reason was independent; in medieval thought, it was dependent on faith.
C)the ancient and the modern theories of knowledge were uniform; the medieval were not.
D)all ancient and modern knowledge begins with sensory perception; medieval knowledge began with mysticism.
E)both ancient and modern knowledge stressed practical applications; medieval did not.

Question 36

Which of the following best describes William of Ockham's significance?

A)By challenging Aquinas' scholasticism, Ockham revived ancient mysticism.
B)By separating reason and faith, Ockham's philosophy encouraged a more empirical examination of the natural world.
C)As the basis of scholasticism was being undermined, Ockham reunited philosophy and reason in a new and original synthesis.
D)Ockham's challenges to church authority and his emphasis on the Bible encouraged new heresies.
E)Ockham was one of the leading scientists of the Late Middle Ages who successfully disproved Aristotle's theory of motion.

Question 37

At the core of the Conciliar Movement was the

A)attempt to turn the papacy into a constitutional system.
B)attempt to reconcile factions in the church.
C)concept that local parishes should be run by councils that included laymen.
D)attempt to establish monarchial control over the church.
E)hope of returning to the beliefs and practices of the Council of Nicaea.

Question 38

The feudal tradition contributed to later development of the idea of liberty because

A)vassals possessed personal rights that their lord was legally bound to respect.
B)lords enjoyed unlimited freedom of action vis-à-vis their vassals.
C)feudal thought gave later advocates of liberty and equality before the law something to react against.
D)of the Christian notion that God cared about the salvation of each individual soul.
E)nobles believed that their position freed them from accountability.

Question 39

In contrast to Thomas Aquinas, fourteenth-century thinkers

A)became less critical and more mystical in seeking religious revelation.
B)tried to separate reason from faith.
C)tried to show the basic agreement of philosophy and religion.
D)believed reason could demonstrate the truth of Christian doctrines with certainty.
E)believed a synthesis of Aristotelianism and Christianity could be achieved.

Question 40

To protect themselves from the arbitrary behavior of a king, feudal lords initiated what in modern times came to be called

A)feudal law.
B)medieval law.
C)family law.
D)government by consent and the rule of law.
E)canon law.

Question 41

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
hierarchy

Question 42

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
flagellants

Question 43

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Avignon

Question 44

As a whole, modern society rejects all the following medieval beliefs EXCEPT

A)law should be applied differently according to a person's social class.
B)public issues should be settled by appeals to religious beliefs.
C)technology can be used to exploit the earth.
D)the universe is divided into a lower and an upper sphere each with their own laws.
E)natural disasters are God's punishment for people's sins.

Question 45

John Wycliffe identified which of the following as Antichrist?

A)the Muslim sultan.
B)the patriarch of Constantinople.
C)the king of England.
D)the pope.
E)the Jews.

Question 46

John Wycliffe described the pope as

A)meek.
B)humble.
C)worldly.
D)patient.
E)forgiving.

Question 47

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
scholastic synthesis

Question 48

According to the text, the modern worldview differs from the medieval because

A)the modern universe no longer seems to have a built-in purpose.
B)the modern universe is much older and infinite.
C)in the modern view, God is no longer an active agent in human history.
D)in the modern view, the earth is not the center of the universe.
E)all of the above

Question 49

According to the text, the modern outlook

A)emerged abruptly at the end of the Middle Ages.
B)maintains the Christian tradition of the innate evil of human nature.
C)holds that mathematics makes the world comprehensible.
D)values tradition over reason.
E)all of the above

Question 50

Modern law differs from medieval law primarily because

A)medieval law was solely an oral tradition.
B)modern has an impersonal, objective quality; medieval law tended to be personal.
C)medieval law was strongly influence by Roman law; modern law is not.
D)medieval law was made by those in authority; modern law is made directly by the people.
E)modern law is seen as eternal and unchanging; medieval law changed frequently.

Question 51

Which of the following statements concerning Joan of Arc and the church is accurate?

A)Joan was tried by French clerics on the charges that she was a heretic and a witch.
B)Joan was burned at the stake in 1431.
C)In 1456 the church nullified Joan's conviction.
D)In 1920 the church declared Joan a saint.
E)all of the above

Question 52

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Hundred Years' War

Question 53

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
bubonic plague

Question 54

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Jacquerie

Question 55

All of the following are true statements about Joan of Arc EXCEPT

A)she was born to a noble family in northern France.
B)at age thirteen, she believed she was hearing voices of angels and saints.
C)at age sixteen, she believed that she had been sent on a sacred mission from God to raise the siege at Orléans.
D)in battle, she wore a full set of armor and carried a lance.
E)at a decisive moment in the battle for Orléans, she led a successful assault on the English fortress.

Question 56

Had the Treaty of Troyes (1420)been fully implemented

A)Hus' followers would have been granted full independence.
B)Chrétien de Troyes would have been crowned king of France.
C)a dual monarchy of England and France would have been created.
D)the English would have been forced to abandon Calais, their last possession on the continent.
E)the Great Schism would have not occurred.

Question 57

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Unam Sanctam

Question 58

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Conciliar Movement

Question 59

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Great Schism

Question 60

Which of the following wrote in support of the division of medieval society into orders, saying, "For inferiors owe it to their superiors to provide them with service"?

A)John Wycliffe
B)John Ball
C)John of Salisbury
D)John the Good of France
E)Jan Hus

Question 61

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. The fourteenth century is described as an age of adversity. What conditions make that description an accurate one?

Question 62

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. What was the Thomistic synthesis , and how did it begin to break down in late medieval Europe?

Question 63

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Explain the causes and consequences of the Hundred Years' War. How did the course of the conflict change the nature of war and state power in medieval Europe?

Question 64

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Describe some of the social and political effects of famine, disease, and inflation that occurred in the fourteenth century.

Question 65

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Identify and explain the ways in which the life and death of Joan of Arc can serve as a reflection of the values of medieval society.

Question 66

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and label the following areas of the medieval papacy: Rome and Avignon.

Question 67

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Discuss the status of the papacy in the fourteenth century. How did it represent a resolution to the medieval debate over the nature of authority, and what is the legacy of the decline of papal power?

Question 68

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
modernity

Question 69

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
secularism

Question 70

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
rule of law

Question 71

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Using specific examples, explain the ways in which the Late Middle Ages represented a time of challenge to the ideas of hierarchy that dominated the High Middle Ages.

Question 72

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Describe the causes of the Great Schism , and discuss how it offers evidence of a deep malaise within the Roman church.

Question 73

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. What threat did the ideas of John Wycliffe and Jan Hus pose to the traditions and functions of the medieval church?

Question 74

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. While the text values the continuities between the Middle Ages and modern times, it likewise stresses the importance of the discontinuities. In what ways is the modern world distinct from its medieval predecessor?

Question 75

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and label   the site of the following battles of the Hundred Years' War: Orléans, Poitiers, Crécy, and Agincourt.

Question 76

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Explain the continuities between the Middle Ages and modern times.