Deck 15: European Expansion: Economic and Social Transformations

Question 1

In addition to a desire to expand abroad, Europe overseas expansion was made possible by

A)the technological advantages Europeans had over Muslim and Eastern civilizations.
B)the political unity furnished by the Holy Roman Empire.
C)the religious unity furnished by the papacy.
D)a sense of desperation caused by the Black Death.
E)all of the above

Answer 1

the technological advantages Europeans had over Muslim and Eastern civilizations.

Question 2

Portugal was particularly well-suited for overseas expansion for all the following reasons EXCEPT

A)the country possessed a long coastline and being hemmed in by Castile, it looked outward to sea for new opportunities.
B)its large nobility looked for new lands to conquer.
C)it already was Northern Europe's closest supplier of subtropical products like cork, fruit, wine, and olive oil.
D)a sunny climate encouraged ocean travel.
E)its monarchy sought to continue the Reconquista into a more general war against the Muslims.

Answer 2

its large nobility looked for new lands to conquer.

Question 3

Prince Henry the Navigator

A)was a younger son of the Portuguese king.
B)used the wealth of the crusading order that he headed to finance exploration.
C)sought to revive the anti-Muslim crusade.
D)sponsored nautical studies.
E)all of the above

Answer 3

used the wealth of the crusading order that he headed to finance exploration.

Question 4

A key technological development that facilitated Western overseas expansion was the

A)great-gunned sailing ship
B)galley
C)trebuchet
D)the stirrup
E)armillary sphere

Question 5

Among the motives for Portuguese expansion into Africa was

A)the desire for gold.
B)the expansion of Christianity.
C)the quest for Prester John.
D)the desire to find allies to crusade against Islam.
E)all of the above

Question 6

Within ten years of Columbus's arrival in the New World, the Portuguese had explored as far as

A)the Cape Verdi Islands.
B)the Gold Coast of Africa.
C)the mouth of the Congo River.
D)the southern tip of Africa.
E)India via the Cape of Good Hope.

Question 7

The Portuguese created a commercial empire in the fifteenth century that included all of the following products EXCEPT

A)sugar.
B)cloth.
C)tobacco.
D)slaves.
E)gold.

Question 8

A major obstacle for increased profit in medieval European trade with the Far East was

A)a fear of China, Japan, and India.
B)religious; Christian merchants were too devout to do business with non-Christians.
C)Venetian and Muslim middlemen.
D)a lack of demand for imported goods.
E)wars in Asia.

Question 9

The use of gunpowder in Europe

A)began as an import from China.
B)was initially concentrated on breaking down fortifications.
C)became more common with the development of handheld firearms.
D)became increasingly sophisticated due to frequent and protracted wars.
E)all of the above

Question 10

Encomiendas were

A)land grants.
B)royal grants of authority over Native Americans.
C)estates willed to younger sons of the Spanish nobility.
D)official letters from the Spanish king designating his chosen agents.
E)equivalent to estancias .

Question 11

Between 1450 to 1750, Western Europe entered a period of economic expansion that

A)resumed the growth pattern of the High Middle Ages and transformed it.
B)had little impact on people's values.
C)immediately improved the standard of living for the average person.
D)further contracted the supply of money.
E)restored the old feudal system.

Question 12

By 1750 the model Christian in northwestern Europe was

A)the selfless saint.
B)the learned humanist.
C)the enterprising businessman.
D)the secluded monk.
E)the pious priest.

Question 13

The text states that early modern Europe was comparable to an underdeveloped country today in that

A)elites were reluctant to invest abroad.
B)the church still controlled about one-third of the land.
C)there was a wide gap between a small, wealthy elite, and the general population, which was quite poor.
D)nationalism had not yet developed.
E)it was tied to tradition and lacked dynamism.

Question 14

The conquering ethos of the hidalgos class was evident in

A)its defeat of Granada in 1492.
B)its expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492.
C)its conquest of large parts of the Americas.
D)the activities of Cortés and Pizarro.
E)all of the above

Question 15

Which of the following is a match?

A)Leif Erikson and Mexico
B)Vasco da Gama and Japan
C)Cortés and California
D)Balboa and Peru
E)Magellan's crew and circumnavigation of the earth

Question 16

The first new areas settled by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century were

A)the Balearic Islands.
B)Tunisia and adjacent North African towns.
C)the Orkneys.
D)Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Azores.
E)Gibraltar and Algeciras.

Question 17

The most important factor in the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru was

A)the use of gun powder.
B)exploitation of indigenous rivalries.
C)European diseases.
D)the horse.
E)religion.

Question 18

European naval superiority was first demonstrated by the major Portuguese victor over a Muslim fleet off the coast of

A)Mauritania.
B)India.
C)Ceylon.
D)Java.
E)Arabia.

Question 19

Genoese trade with the Near East suffered as the result of the expansion of

A)the Holy Roman Empire.
B)Portugal.
C)the Ottoman Empire.
D)Hungary.
E)Venice.

Question 20

Expansion was attractive to the centralizing monarchical state because

A)those who established royal hegemony at home could extend their control overseas.
B)overseas expansion served as a means of competition among rivals.
C)gold and silver from abroad could finance royal government at home.
D)wealth and commerce funded war against rival dynasties abroad.
E)all of the above

Question 21

Copyhold refers to which of the following?

A)apprentice contracts
B)shopkeepers' accounts
C)shipping inventories
D)mining
E)land tenure

Question 22

Among the business innovations that contributed to the development of modern capitalism were all of the following EXCEPT

A)maritime insurance.
B)joint-stock companies.
C)the antecedent to the modern check.
D)the elimination of double-entry bookkeeping.
E)business techniques developed in southern Europe.

Question 23

According to the account of the unnamed slave trader in the text, all of the following were common ways for entrance into slavery EXCEPT

A)capture in war.
B)sale by countrymen in times of famine or want.
C)sale of children by parents.
D)punishment for crime.
E)none of the above

Question 24

Spanish American society

A)saw the marked decline of the church.
B)included a privileged elite and the impoverished masses.
C)was notable for its equality.
D)was characterized by small landowners.
E)increasingly privileged native landowners over royal officials .

Question 25

Between 1500 and 1600, the native population of the New World may have dropped from twenty million to

A)two million.
B)five million.
C)eight million.
D)twelve million.
E)none of the above

Question 26

Which two countries were in the forefront of European commercial expansion in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

A)the United Provinces and England
B)Spain and Portugal
C)France and Spain
D)Belgium and Italy
E)England and France

Question 27

The higher incomes that accompanied the price revolution

A)resulted in lower prices of bread.
B)created a rising demand for consumer goods.
C)never trickled down to the peasants.
D)stifled the production of non-food items.
E)negatively impacted the spice trade.

Question 28

Beginning in the 1540s, the position of the indigenous population in Spanish America improved because

A)the crown established the encomiendas .
B)crown officials assumed authority over the population.
C)Spanish control waned.
D)prices rose in Europe.
E)plantations were introduced.

Question 29

The domestic system of cottage industry did all the following EXCEPT

A)offer earnings opportunities for peasants who had been forced off the land.
B)help industrial capitalism develop.
C)help to convert the old master-apprentice relationship into an owner-worker relationship.
D)maintain the quality standards, high pay for producers, and good working conditions of the guilds.
E)tie local production to a larger market.

Question 30

The significant expansion of trade and commerce in the early modern period was fueled by

A)the price revolution.
B)the growth in population.
C)higher incomes for merchants, landlords, and some peasants.
D)the growth of the state.
E)all of the above

Question 31

Of the following, who were the earliest slave traders in Africa?

A)Muslims of the North Africa and the Near East
B)the Portuguese
C)the Spanish
D)the Dutch
E)the British

Question 32

Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes the fate of the eleven or twelve million Africans forcefully moved to the New World?

A)Some 13 to 30 percent died during the trans-Atlantic passage.
B)About 600,000 of these were sent to British North America; by 1830, though, North American slaves accounted for a third of all slaves in the New World.
C)Upon arrival, they were auctioned off naked and greased to improve their appearance.
D)In Brazil and the West Indies, slaves were worked to death and then replaced.
E)Generally, slaves worked eleven-hour days seven days a week.

Question 33

Which of the following CANNOT be associated with the price revolution?

A)expanding trade and industry
B)wide-ranging changes in agriculture
C)a general optimism and effective action by governments to control inflation
D)exceptionally rapid inflation of cereal prices
E)the influx of silver from the New World

Question 34

Bartolomé de Las Casas attacked the view on "natural slaves" articulated by which ancient intellectual?

A)Cicero
B)Plato
C)Marcus Aurelius
D)Aristotle
E)Polybius

Question 35

Which of the following had, by the eighteenth century, captured at least 50 percent of the slave trade?

A)France
B)Britain
C)Portugal
D)The Netherlands
E)Spain

Question 36

In the seventeenth century, the only region where the majority of the population lived in the cities was

A)northern Italian cities.
B)the Netherlands.
C)France.
D)England.
E)the Rhineland.

Question 37

The primary motive for the nobility to engage in enclosure was

A)the desire to convert their manors into profit making businesses tied to the market.
B)the need to protect environmentally sensitive land from peasant encroachment.
C)the desire to prevent peasants from leaving the land.
D)the need to more precisely define boundaries between manors.
E)to improve record keeping.

Question 38

The main cause of the price revolution in sixteenth-century Europe, according to the text, was

A)silver imported from new Spanish conquests in the Americas.
B)the growing population of Europe.
C)discovery of new silver mines in Bohemia.
D)the periodic reappearance of the plague.
E)the import of Montezuma's gold into Spain.

Question 39

Convertible husbandry

A)originated in France.
B)refers to the raising of animals to the exclusion of cereal crops.
C)maintained the three-field system but made it more productive.
D)played an essential role in the later process of industrialization.
E)all of the above

Question 40

As agriculture changed in England

A)peasants lost their hereditary rights to land and were forced either to rent, work as day laborer or leave.
B)the principle of primogeniture helped to keep properties intact and profitable.
C)yeoman became crucial as a class of profitable renters and productive farmers.
D)wages in cottage industries fell as labor became cheaper.
E)all of the above

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT true of early modern governments and investment?

A)Capitalism developed in all European states at the same pace, due to governmental support.
B)Government spending decreased during the early modern period.
C)State policies discouraged investment in all European states, encouraging traditional economic forms and structures instead.
D)Merchants who supplied governments prospered and reinvested because of the constancy of government demand.
E)Governments sought to augment their wealth by pursuing dependence on other states for goods not produced at home.

Question 42

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the elite

A)continued to participate in popular events.
B)were active patrons of popular culture.
C)believed they knew how to control and overcome popular unrest.
D)supported the expansion of literacy for all and believed learning was positive for the masses.
E)all of the above

Question 43

Which of the following would NOT be considered part of popular culture?

A)carnival
B)charivari
C)tournament
D)puppet shows and cockfights
E)religious pageants

Question 44

France benefited significantly from commercial and industrial expansion, but it fell behind the English mainly because

A)continuous wars sapped its economic resources.
B)guilds remained stronger, and the nobility were more contemptuous of commerce.
C)as a land power, France had fewer commercial opportunities.
D)France remained Catholic.
E)France experienced a bloody civil war between king and the parlements.

Question 45

Capitalism in early modern Europe required all the following EXCEPT

A)the ability of individuals to make the main economic decisions.
B)democracy.
C)a well-developed market.
D)the freedom to obey the law of supply and demand.
E)favorable conditions for risk-taking, that is, incentives to invest and reinvest.

Question 46

A modern explanation for why the majority of people accused of witchcraft were women holds that

A)witchcraft comes from women's insatiable carnal lust.
B)the abandonment of the cult of the Virgin Mary by the Protestants fanned misogyny.
C)the pressure of population growth led to a greater consumption of mind-altering substances.
D)the decline in the sense of communal responsibility for its weaker members led to suspicion and hostility.
E)contact with previously undiscovered societies in the New World led to a crisis in faith.

Question 47

A theme common to the carnival, the Feast of Fools and the charivari was

A)a rare celebration of abundance.
B)a world or situation turned upside down.
C)mockery of novelty.
D)dark supernatural forces.
E)mockery of the church.

Question 48

Emerging European global hegemony

A)decimated the population of the New World.
B)moved large numbers of Africans to the New World.
C)brought weapons and a new staple crop, manioc, to Africa.
D)contributed to a major African influence on culture, society, and politics.
E)all of the above

Question 49

Which of the following devised a new ship to handle bulky grain shipments at the lowest possible cost that allowed them to capture the Baltic trade?

A)the English
B)the French
C)the Dutch
D)the Spanish
E)the Portuguese

Question 50

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Amerindians

Question 51

Mercantilism effectively stimulated economic development by all of the following EXCEPT

A)drawing wealth into a country through a favorable balance of trade.
B)subsidizing new industries.
C)putting the poor to work.
D)growing foreign markets.
E)chartering overseas trading companies.

Question 52

The two outstanding successes of Dutch commerce in the seventeenth century were

A)domination of the wool trade with England and the spice trade with the East Indies.
B)the spice trade with the East Indies and the trade in sugar from the West Indies.
C)domination of the Baltic grain trade and the spice trade with the East Indies.
D)the spice trade from the East Indies and export products from domestic cottage industries.
E)the trade in sugar from the West Indies and domination of the Baltic grain trade.

Question 53

What was the significant shift in policy in the mid-seventeenth century that enabled the English to eventually take the lead in commerce from the Dutch?

A)The king and Parliament decided that English should concentrate on the lucrative slave trade.
B)The king decided to back policy more favorable to the business class.
C)After its revolution, Parliament adopted pro-business legislation.
D)Parliament imposed Puritanism on England.
E)England decided to directly attack the Spanish Empire in the New World.

Question 54

English trade in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries included which of the following items?

A)raw wool
B)woolens
C)ships
D)guns
E)all of the above

Question 55

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
encomenderos

Question 56

The greatest loss of economic potential during this period occurred in

A)northern Italy.
B)Spain.
C)the Netherlands.
D)France.
E)the Baltic region.

Question 57

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
hidalgos

Question 58

According to the text, which country became the first great consumer society by practicing widespread conspicuous consumption of non-essential goods?

A)United Provinces
B)Italy
C)France
D)England
E)Germany

Question 59

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

A)Witchcraft had been a part of traditional village life.
B)Traditional witchcraft was divided into two varieties: white and black.
C)In the Middle Ages, the church began to associate witchcraft with submission to the Devil.
D)As printed material became more available, persecution of witches decreased.
E)Witches were thought to sacrifice infants.

Question 60

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
royal hegemony

Question 61

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
carnival

Question 62

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
capitalism

Question 63

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
enclosure

Question 64

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
primogeniture

Question 65

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. How did the slave trade operate? Why had the demand for slaves grown so large by the eighteenth century, and what were the consequences of that demand and the slave trade itself?

Question 66

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. The text states that "the transformations considered in this chapter were among the most momentous in the world's history." What were those transformations, and why were they momentous? Do you agree with the text's assessment?

Question 67

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
skepticism

Question 68

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
price revolution

Question 69

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
convertible husbandry

Question 70

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
charivari

Question 71

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Explain the changes in the New World resulting from contact with Europe.

Question 72

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
mercantilism

Question 73

Instructions: Please use this outline map of the world to answer the question(s).
Trace the routes of Columbus, Da Gama, and Magellan.

Question 74

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. What factors influenced European expansion, and why?

Question 75

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and label at least three towns that had a population of 30,000 or more and two cities of at least 200,000.

Question 76

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
consumerism

Question 77

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
open-field system

Question 78

Instructions: Please use this outline map of the world to answer the question(s).
Locate and label the following: Europe, the Aztec Empire, the Inca Empire, Africa, India, and China.

Question 79

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and label the most urbanized area of Europe during the Renaissance; locate and label the most urbanized area of Europe during the seventeenth century.

Question 80

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
copyhold