Deck 14: The Reformation: the Shattering of Christian Unity

Question 1

In Catholic practice at the beginning of the sixteenth century, indulgences referred to

A)excesses in the enjoyment of earthly pleasures.
B)decrees releasing rulers from having to pay homage to the pope in person.
C)cancellations of punishment for sins in return for cash payment.
D)tolerance of marginally heretical beliefs.
E)none of the above

Answer 1

cancellations of punishment for sins in return for cash payment.

Question 2

According to the text, the main reason why the church did not immediately condemn Luther was

A)​ political; the pope had to weigh the influence of the Elector of Saxony, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the kings of Spain, France, and England.
B)​ intellectual; the initial support that much of the Catholic clergy gave Luther.
C)​ Cultural; officials in Rome could not take the activities of a German monk seriously.
D)​ institutional; the internal weakness of the Church; the papacy was being challenged by the Conciliar Movement.
E)​ social; the limited impact Luther's ideas were having.

Answer 2

​ political; the pope had to weigh the influence of the Elector of Saxony, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the kings of Spain, France, and England.

Question 3

In his treatise,  The Freedom of a Christian Man , Luther called on Germans to

A)strive for true spiritual freedom through faith in Christ.
B)discipline themselves.
C)obey legitimate political authority.
D)perform good works according to the dictates of Christian love.
E)all of the above

Answer 3

all of the above

Question 4

The publication of the Ninety-Five Theses was prompted by the

A)activities of Tetzel.
B)excommunication of Luther.
C)need of Catholic authorities to respond to Luther.
D)public's desire to know the specific charges against Luther.
E)plot of Luther's enemies to get him in trouble.

Question 5

Which of the following would NOT be consistent with Luther's and Calvin's views on predestination?

A)God freely decides to whom he will grant faith and to whom he will not; only those to whom he has granted faith can go to heaven.
B)No matter how devout or how many truly good works a person has performed, he is predestined to hell if God has decided not to grant him faith.
C)Those predestined by God to go to heaven are the elect, the rest are the damned.
D)With proper piety and humility, a person may know with certainty whether or not he has been granted salvation.
E)God's omniscience and omnipotence requires the concept of predestination.

Question 6

Which of the following statements concerning humanists and religion is NOT correct?

A)Humanists called for reform and renewal of the church.
B)The Protestant Reformation originated in elite circles of humanistic scholars.
C)Humanists used their techniques to disprove the validity of documents that asserted papal authority.
D)The clergy's government of the faithful vexed the humanists.
E)The course of the Reformation brought a new form of Christianity, rather than the reform of the Catholic church from within, as humanists as advocated.

Question 7

When he became the leader of the German Reformation, Luther chose

A)to preserve the social order.
B)to reject the power of princes and magistrates.
C)to support the power of the Holy Roman Emperor.
D)to question the social hierarchy.
E)to abandon his millenarian beliefs.

Question 8

The followers of Luther, as a whole, believed that women

A)were in all respects equal to men since they, too, would die and "stand naked before their Creator."
B)should be given all the rights of men, except those in the public sphere.
C)should marry and be silent and obedient.
D)were less carnal than men.
E)none of the above

Question 9

According to Luther, the gulf between God and humans could only be bridged by

A)a priest.
B)the sacraments.
C)church ceremonies.
D)confinement in convents and monasteries.
E)a personal relationship with God.

Question 10

For Luther the final religious authority was

A)a church council.
B)an individual's conscience.
C)the local prince.
D)the Bible.
E)the consensus of the faithful.

Question 11

The two passages in the Bible that spoke to Luther concerning faith and grace both came from the book of

A)John.
B)Corinthians.
C)Acts.
D)Matthew.
E)Romans.

Question 12

Millenarianism (millenarian thinking)held that

A)the church's corruption is tied to the Antichrist and the whore of Babylon.
B)prophecies of divine intervention in the world were about to be fulfilled.
C)the millennium - a thousand-year rule of justice and peace - was at hand.
D)sin would be destroyed and paradise will arise.
E)all of the above

Question 13

The new religiosity in the Late Middle Ages included all of the following EXCEPT

A)mysticism and a widespread desire for a direct contact between God and the individual.
B)millenarian thinking.
C)Church condemnation of the devotio moderna .
D)communities of clergy and laity called the Brethren of the Common Life.
E)an application of humanism to Christianity.

Question 14

Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation was

A)issued by the papacy to gain support in its fight against Luther.
B)written by Luther to implore the nobility to suppress the 1525 German Peasants' Revolt.
C)issued by the Elector of Saxony to promote Luther's cause.
D)written by Luther to, among other reasons, remind the Germans about papal exploitation.
E)issued by Emperor Charles V announcing the condemnation of Luther.

Question 15

Which of the following is true of both John Wycliffe and Jan Hus?

A)Both were burned at the stake.
B)Both were masters at Oxford University.
C)Both attacked the wealth of the church.
D)Both were supported by members of the nobility and did not advocate political revolution.
E)all of the above

Question 16

Choose the correct sequence of events.

A)Luther's Ninety-Five Theses , Calvin's reformation in Geneva, French wars of religion, the beginning of the English Reformation
B)Luther's Ninety-Five Theses , the beginning of the English Reformation, Calvin's reformation in Geneva, French wars of religion
C)Luther's Ninety-Five Theses , French wars of religion, founding of the Society of Jesus, Presbyterianism in Scotland
D)German Peasants' Revolt, Luther's Ninety-Five Theses , the English Revolution, Anabaptist rule in Münster
E)beginning of the English R eformation, Luther's Ninety-Five Theses , Calvin's reformation in Geneva, French wars of religion

Question 17

Though they would have a long-term impact, Wycliffe's ideas were rejected in the fourteenth century mainly because

A)Wycliffe's arguments were too academic to have an impact on average people.
B)Wycliffe was not able to attract significant support from the English nobility.
C)the Peasant Revolt of 1381 had adopted many of his demands before it was defeated.
D)Wycliffe's charisma and confident leadership aroused distrust.
E)the church placed an interdict on England until his ideas were suppressed.

Question 18

Luther argued that the penalty of sin continues so long as

A)the buying of indulgences continues.
B)hatred of self continues.
C)the rule of the pope continues.
D)the wealth of the church continues.
E)the rule of princes continues.

Question 19

The founder of the Protestant Reformation was

A)the Frenchman, Peter Waldo.
B)the Englishman, John Wycliffe.
C)the Czech, Jan Hus.
D)the Dutchman, Desiderius Erasmus.
E)the German, Martin Luther.

Question 20

At the outbreak of the Reformation in the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church

A)was still accustomed to influence all aspects of European life despite its recent troubles.
B)had been criticized for centuries for neglecting its primary spiritual mission.
C)was criticized for being preoccupied with wealth and power.
D)was being challenged by humanists newly empowered by the success of the Renaissance.
E)all of the above

Question 21

Protestantism in Hungary was

A)limited to the German population.
B)strong among the nobility and townspeople and influenced the country's intellectual life.
C)largely eliminated by the Turkish invasion in 1526 that destroyed most of the Hungarian nobility.
D)eliminated when the Catholic Hapsburgs came to rule the country.
E)established during the Hussite movement in neighboring Bohemia.

Question 22

When Luther called upon the nobility to act as "both judge and executioner," he was condemning the

A)lords who did not convert.
B)radical Protestants who rebelled.
C)peasants who were in revolt.
D)clergy who still tried to collect fees for indulgences.
E)petty lawlessness in German society.

Question 23

Because strict obedience to God's law could signal salvation, Calvinists

A)were active in their churches.
B)fervently repressed their vices.
C)were determined to make others behave virtuously.
D)did challenge secular authority and when possible dominated government.
E)all of the above

Question 24

The history of Protestantism in France includes all the following EXCEPT

A)a brutal war with the Catholics beginning in 1562.
B)the slaughter of thousands of Huguenots in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
C)the succession of one of their leaders to the throne.
D)full religious tolerance in the Edict of Nantes in 1598.
E)the emigration of a quarter million French Protestants after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.

Question 25

In the sixteenth century, Protestantism made significant gains in all of the following EXCEPT

A)Scandinavia.
B)northern Germany.
C)the Netherlands.
D)Ireland.
E)Scotland.

Question 26

During the Lutheran Reformation, although the population of German was about 16 million, the number who could read was probably no more than

A)8 million.
B)4 million.
C)1.5 million.
D)400,000.
E)10,000.

Question 27

Katharina von Bora was

A)an Anabaptist preacher in northern Poland.
B)John Calvin's wife.
C)Martin Luther's wife.
D)wife of Frederick, Elector of Saxony, and an early convert to Luther's reforming views.
E)a mystic and a Zwinglian.

Question 28

The Swiss Ulrich Zwingli

A)was a second-generation reformer, born after Luther's death.
B)like Luther believed in the Bible as the key to divine will and law.
C)embraced Luther's view of Communion.
D)died peacefully despite being targeted by the Catholic church for execution.
E)married Katharine von Bora.

Question 29

Luther and Calvin were similar in the following EXCEPT

A)both had ambitious, upwardly mobile fathers.
B)both had legal training.
C)both were humanists.
D)they agreed about the relationship the state and the reformed church.
E)they accepted the concept of predestination.

Question 30

A historian's explanation of the failure of the Reformation to take hold in Italy and Spain would be

A)the Catholic church was not as corrupt in those countries as it was north of the Alps.
B)God has clearly predestined the Italians and Spaniards to damnation.
C)the Catholic church effectively eliminated the Reformation in those countries.
D)the culture of Protestantism only appealed to Germanic peoples.
E)the Reformation is associated with the growth of capitalism, and capitalism was very weak in Italy and Spain.

Question 31

In the Calvinist theocracy

A)older, pious male members of the community acted as governors.
B)church courts were independent of state institutions.
C)irreligious and sinful behavior was severely punished.
D)dress and business affairs were subject to strict discipline .
E)all of the above

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true of King Henry IV of France?

A)He was the Protestant bridegroom in the marriage that sparked the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572.
B)He was killed on the battlefield in the French wars of religion.
C)He issued the first document that attempted to institutionalize a degree of religious toleration.
D)He converted to Catholicism to attain the throne.
E)He established tentative peace in the French wars of religion.

Question 33

Transubstantiation refers to the

A)transformation of the Church after the issuance of the Ninety-Five Theses .
B)theory that in Communion the bread and wine become the substance of Christ's body and blood.
C)salvation that comes from faith.
D)holy order that converts a lay person to a member of the clergy.
E)the washing away of original sin in baptism.

Question 34

All the following factors pushed German peasants to revolt in 1524 EXCEPT

A)the greed and conspicuous wealth of the clergy.
B)Luther's preaching about freedom and his successful revolt against the church.
C)low wages paid by townspeople and domination by the nobility.
D)plague, disease, and famine.
E)severe inflation and growing poverty.

Question 35

Calvin presented God as

A)a loving, gentle father.
B)both Father and Mother to humanity.
C)as omnipotent, frightening being who hated sin and demanded absolute obedience.
D)primarily reachable through mysticism.
E)infinitely forgiving.

Question 36

The Peace of Augsburg temporarily stopped religious violence by

A)giving each person in the Holy Roman Empire the freedom to practice the religion of his choice anywhere he wished.
B)enforcing a ban on Protestantism.
C)giving each ruler the power to determine which religion would be allowed on his territory.
D)resolving the differences between Catholicism and Protestantism.
E)disarming the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 37

Which of the following was part of Henry VIII's reformation of the Church in England?

A)Henry VIII had no English anticlerical tradition from which to draw support for his religious changes.
B)Henry VIII did not involve Parliament in his religious policies.
C)Henry VIII disbanded monastic orders and confiscated their land.
D)Henry VIII had the Church in England adopt the views and practices of Calvin's Geneva.
E)Henry VIII refused to tolerate the continuation of Catholicism among sections of the English population.

Question 38

According to the text, Calvinism became a revolutionary ideology because it

A)was the first to publish cogent arguments for political revolution.
B)preached social revolution including the abolition of private property.
C)enlivened Lutheranism with a powerful intellectual vision.
D)challenged the Catholic church.
E)advocated the complete separation of the church and state.

Question 39

All of the following can be attributed to Katherine von Bora EXCEPT

A)a noble yet poor background.
B)a cloistered life in a convent.
C)hiding in empty herring barrels.
D)the statement "I will stick to Christ as a burr to a topcoat."
E)a highly publicized divorce.

Question 40

Calvinist ethics were most compatible with

A)merchants.
B)monasticism.
C)feudalism.
D)peasant communalism.
E)chivalry.

Question 41

Anabaptists believed in all the following EXCEPT

A)infant baptism was invalid.
B)Judgment Day was at hand.
C)spiritual purity required total abstinence from sex.
D)the light of conscience required the reform of all human institutions.
E)polygamy.

Question 42

Anabaptist control of the city of Münster resulted in

A)Catholic support for the reformers.
B)acceptance of Anabaptism into mainstream Protestantism.
C)confiscation of the property of all non-believers.
D)strictly enforced monogamy.
E)a new freedom in learning and a culture of reading humanist works.

Question 43

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
salvation by faith alone

Question 44

The Jesuits used all the following in their campaign against Protestantism EXCEPT

A)high quality education and the incorporation of humanism into reformed Catholicism.
B)doctrinal compromise with the Protestants.
C)a pragmatic theology that permitted "small sins."
D)influence through the office of confessors to kings and princes.
E)an awareness of Protestantism's limitations.

Question 45

In the debate on the relationship of Protestantism and capitalism

A)Marx argued that Protestantism grew out of capitalism while Weber argued that Protestantism help lead to the rise of capitalism.
B)both Marx and Weber believed there was a strong connection between the two.
C)Weber believed that the doctrine of predestination made Protestants into "worldly ascetics."
D)Protestantism is identified with self-discipline, self-reliance, hard work, thrift, and rationality.
E)all of the above

Question 46

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
millenarians

Question 47

The original occupation of Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuit order, was

A)lawyer.
B)priest.
C)professor.
D)soldier.
E)merchant.

Question 48

Which of the following is true of the Radical Reformation?

A)It went underground in the late sixteenth century.
B)It resurfaced in the English Revolution of 1640 to 1660.
C)It left a significant tradition of antihierarchical thought.
D)It helped shape modern democratic thought.
E)all of the above

Question 49

The Radical Reformation

A)was condemned by Luther but supported by Calvin.
B)inspired quietism in some as they waited for a better world to come.
C)appealed to the nobility and the wealthiest merchants.
D)used the Scriptures to argue against social revolution.
E)all of the above ​

Question 50

The term magisterial applied to Protestant reformers means that they

A)aimed to replace secular government with a government of ministers.
B)supported established political authorities.
C)had an almost royal self-assurance.
D)did not seek to increase their own wealth.
E)were townspeople rather than peasants.

Question 51

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
predestination

Question 52

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
devotio moderna

Question 53

Mathias Biró and Stephen Kis are best remembered for

A)the Anabaptist takeover of Münster.
B)spreading the Reformation to Poland and Lithuania.
C)preaching Luther's ideas in Hungary.
D)perishing in the Catholic massacre of Huguenots in 1572.
E)being among the first Jesuits.

Question 54

The Reformation ran counter to the development of modernity by

A)shattering the religious unity of the West.
B)contributing to the autonomy of the state.
C)its renewed stress on otherworldliness.
D)its anti-authoritarian tendencies.
E)its emphasis on the individual.

Question 55

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
transubstantiation

Question 56

Protestantism in Poland and in Lithuania was

A)largely unknown due to the power of the Catholic Church.
B)the state religion in 1573 but eventually insignificant under the influence of the Jesuits.
C)most influential in the Orthodox, eastern territories.
D)very popular, for a time, among the nobility.
E)established in the 1520 and remained a significant force until today.

Question 57

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
indulgences

Question 58

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
priesthood of all believers

Question 59

In the Counter Reformation, the Catholic church used all the following to battle Protestantism EXCEPT

A)the Inquisition and the Index of Prohibited Books .
B)a campaign of invigorated education and a new art style: the baroque.
C)the Council of Trent.
D)strict control over the daily lives of its priests.
E)the Society of Jesus.

Question 60

The Jesuits strove for an international movement to revive Christian universalism led by

A)kings.
B)bishops.
C)monks .
D)the papacy.
E)all of the above

Question 61

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Why could millenarianism be considered an anti-establishment movement?

Question 62

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Is it appropriate to characterize Martin Luther as a radical? Why or why not?

Question 63

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Mark the boundaries of the areas dominated by Lutherans, Calvinists, and the Church of England. Label each.

Question 64

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Mark the boundaries of the areas dominated by Roman Catholicism and by the various Protestant groups. Label each. Locate and label the homeland of Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin.

Question 65

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Why did Luther condemn the German Peasants' Revolt? What were the consequences of that condemnation?

Question 66

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Radical Reformation

Question 67

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and label the following important sites of the age of Reformation: Wittenberg; Worms; Geneva; Münster; Trent.

Question 68

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
cuius regio eius religio

Question 69

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. What was Luther's solution to his spiritual crisis concerning salvation? How and why did that solution have relevance to others?

Question 70

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
iconoclast

Question 71

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Explain major influences on Luther's development. Do you think a man with Luther's personality was likely to be a leader against Roman papal authority?

Question 72

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. What was mysticism? Why would church authorities be disturbed by claims of mystic experiences? Explain the appeal of mysticism, especially for women.

Question 73

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
inner light

Question 74

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Protestants

Question 75

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation

Question 76

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
quietism

Question 77

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. What were the grievances of Wycliffe and Hus? Did their religious challenges prefigure or influence the Protestant Reformation?

Question 78

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Compare and contrast the beliefs of Zwingli and Calvin. On what points did the reformers agree and disagree?

Question 79

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Discuss how political, economic, and social conditions of the sixteenth century exacerbated the unrest associated with the Protestant Reformation.

Question 80

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
theocracy