Deck 18: The Age of Enlightenment: Reason and Reform

Question 1

Eighteenth-century philosophes were

A)traditional philosophers who opposed new ideas.
B)particularly those clergymen whose duty it was to protect the faith from philosophical wrangling.
C)leaders of Enlightenment thought who supported tolerance, rationality, and freedom.
D)the university professors who debated issues of the Enlightenment.
E)the modern equivalent of ancient sophists.

Answer 1

leaders of Enlightenment thought who supported tolerance, rationality, and freedom.

Question 2

Pierre Bayle's skepticism

A)aimed at undermining the Newtonian synthesis.
B)became the guiding principle behind the Encyclopédia .
C)dealt a serious blow to revealed religion and pointed in the direction of natural religion.
D)led to his expulsion from France and execution in Geneva.
E)gained the support of a number of Calvinist clergymen.

Answer 2

dealt a serious blow to revealed religion and pointed in the direction of natural religion.

Question 3

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that

A)was inspired by the Scientific Revolution.
B)reacted against monarchical and clerical absolutism.
C)benefitted from a new freedom of printing in some countries.
D)has been characterized as the Age of Reason.
E)all of the above

Answer 3

all of the above

Question 4

In relation to religion, philosophes

A)often argued that Church doctrines were illogical and irrelevant.
B)launched the first attack on Christianity conducted by the educated.
C)condemned religious fanaticism that has led to so much bloodshed.
D)criticized the Church's otherworldliness for acting as a barrier to social improvement and justice.
E)all of the above

Question 5

In general the philosophes attacked all of the following EXCEPT

A)the clergy.
B)slavery.
C)the scholastic learning of the universities.
D)secularism.
E)slavery

Question 6

The success of the philosophes was the result of all of the above

A)the growing literacy of urban men and women.
B)a new prosperity that made books affordable.
C)an atmosphere of sociability where new ideas were discussed.
D)the resentment of the reading population against traditional privileges.
E)all of the above

Question 7

Which of the following statements was true concerning freedom of expression during the seventeenth century?

A)Even in the Netherlands, those who opposed the Calvinist clergy could be detained without a time limit for release.
B)The publishing industry was still strictly controlled toward the end of the eighteenth century.
C)The liberality professed at Oxford University offered students the chance to express heretical ideas.
D)Those who professed Enlightenment principles hoped for more social freedom but were unwilling to attack political institutions in print.
E)Freedom of expression was practiced only in English-speaking countries.

Question 8

According to David Hume

A)the universe does not prove God's existence.
B)all religion results from human fears and superstitions.
C)the order apparent in the universe may be more in a person's mind than in reality.
D)religion is a social convention.
E)all of the above

Question 9

Immanuel Kant insisted that

A)individuals must conform to knowledge presented by authority.
B)each individual should reason independently.
C)education and critical thought were indispensable for the overthrow of the aristocratic order.
D)there was no conflict between reason and faith.
E)a person should be enlightened by an "inner light."

Question 10

All of the following characterized civil society and the public sphere in Enlightenment Europe EXCEPT

A)mixing of aristocrats with other social classes.
B)restriction to a few major cities.
C)membership based on common interests and curiosity rather than religion, kin, or occupational affiliation.
D)most of the members had some surplus wealth.
E)informal training in self-governance, self-education, and social criticism.

Question 11

Enlightenment thinker Immanuel Kant lived in

A)Austria.
B)Russia.
C)France.
D)Prussia.
E)Italy.

Question 12

All of the following are identified in the text as venues  for the production and sharing of Enlightenment ideas EXCEPT

A)coffee houses.
B)Masonic lodges.
C)scientific academies.
D)salons.
E)Catholic monasteries and cathedrals.

Question 13

The text  states that most leaders of the Enlightenment sought to

A)return society to the freedoms of ancient Athenian democracy.
B)restructure society according the Christian humanist principles.
C)impose an ordered freedom on social and political institutions.
D)enlighten society through the universal education of both sexes.
E)overthrow unenlightened political systems through revolutions, violent if need be.

Question 14

Among those admitted to Masonic lodges were

A)working stonemasons.
B)middle-class men.
C)aristocratic men.
D)some women.
E)all of the above

Question 15

The term freethinking , as applied to individuals in the eighteenth century, suggested

A)their readiness to criticize church dogmas.
B)willingness to move to political action.
C)their clubs would not be confined to one topic.
D)their thoughts would not be stifled by a monarch.
E)unstructured reflection.

Question 16

The text refer s to salons as

A)regular receptions devoted to intelligent, egalitarian conversation, often hosted by women.
B)the last stronghold of aristocratic privileges.
C)a place where culture and traditional fashions still held sway.
D)the place where the French king retired when his public duties were finished.
E)businesses catering to the emerging consumer societies of Western Europe.

Question 17

The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 resulted in

A)the expulsion of students from the Oxford University for unorthodox ideas.
B)imprisonment of heretics in the Dutch Republic.
C)forced conversion, imprisonment, or exile for French Protestants.
D)forcible baptism of Jewish children in the Papal States.
E)increased censorship of scientific materials throughout Europe.

Question 18

The scientific societies that flourished throughout Europe

A)had their members perform experiments, listen to scientific papers, and collect samples of rarities.
B)permitted only men of wealth, position, and social rank to dabble in science or try to become a scientist.
C)developed exclusively in large political centers.
D)were uniform in their emphases, functions, and membership.
E)allowed aristocratic women to join as full members by the 1660s.

Question 19

The center of the Enlightenment was

A)Amsterdam.
B)London.
C)Paris.
D)Berlin.
E)Budapest.

Question 20

The unnamed author of The Treatise of the Three Imposters demonstrated which of the following positions?

A)atheism
B)deism
C)agnosticism
D)Catholicism
E)Calvinism

Question 21

For the history of the Enlightenment, Madame de Châtelet's greatest accomplishment was her

A)French translation of Newton's Principia .
B)close friendship with Bayle.
C)hosting of and participation in salons.
D)position as consort to Louis XV.
E)association with Rousseau.

Question 22

John Locke's ideal form of government can best be described as a

A)constitutional state based on the consent of the governed and respectful of each person's natural rights except for Catholics and atheists.
B)absolute monarchy guided by the principles of the Enlightenment.
C)constitutional state based on the consent of the governed and respectful of everyone's natural rights.
D)divine right monarchy.
E)constitutional state guided by the general will defined as the consensus of well-informed citizens.

Question 23

The modern notion of government divided into branches was most clearly articulated by

A)Hobbes.
B)Locke.
C)Montesquieu.
D)Rousseau.
E)Leszczy

Question 24

Enlightenment thinkers of which country took the lead in attacking slavery?

A)Britain
B)Spain
C)France
D)the Dutch Republic
E)the Papal States

Question 25

The term tabula rasa relates most to the concept that

A)economic tables of the law of supply and demand should be kept by modern states.
B)no ideas are innate.
C)slavery was part of the chain of being.
D)original sin must be removed by baptism.
E)tyranny breaks the social contract and society returns to the state of nature.

Question 26

Enlightenment philosophes

A)advocated the abolition of slavery.
B)had mixed attitudes towards slavery.
C)believed that slavery was a necessary evil.
D)thought slavery was not a pressing problem.
E)coupled slavery with the institution of private property.

Question 27

All philosophes agreed that

A)the people should govern themselves.
B)torture should be eliminated.
C)a person should completely subordinate himself to reason.
D)enlightened despotism was the best form of government.
E)the existing criminal justice system was generally beneficial.

Question 28

All of the following accurately describe Mary Wollstonecraft EXCEPT

A)she made a living as a translator.
B)she traveled to France during the Revolution.
C)she was one of the founders of modern feminism.
D)she received a formal education under the tutelage of professors at Oxford.
E)she knew British-born American radical Thomas Paine.

Question 29

Thomas Hobbes appealed to Enlightenment thinkers by his

A)concept of a state of nature superseded by a social contract.
B)belief that self-interest is not a valid reason for political activity.
C)support for the absolute power of the state.
D)view that human nature is greedy and warlike.
E)all of the above

Question 30

Criticism of slavery first appeared in early modern Europe among the

A)Franciscans.
B)Jesuits.
C)Lutherans.
D)Quakers.
E)philosophes.

Question 31

Cesare Beccaria advocated a justice system that

A)sought to rehabilitate the criminal.
B)was integrated with the church.
C)did not take into account the causes of crime.
D)linked crime and sin together.
E)all of the above

Question 32

That "Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains" was the stirring pronouncement of

A)Rousseau.
B)Locke.
C)Diderot.
D)Jefferson.
E)Beccaria.

Question 33

Hobbes 's major work of political theory was

A)Two Treatises of Government.
B)Leviathan.
C)The Social Contract.
D)The Spirit of the Laws.
E)Letters Concerning the English Nation.

Question 34

Which of the following statements concerning women and the Enlighten is correct?

A)By 1789, about 20 percent of the women in France were literate.
B)Kant stated that for a woman "her philosophy is not to reason but to sense."
C)Mary Wollstonecraft published The Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792.
D)It appears that the Enlightenment was quite inconsistent in its attitudes toward women.
E)all of the above

Question 35

Who wrote both Candide and Micromegas ?

A)d'Holbach
B)Helvetius
C)de Montesquieu
D)Voltaire
E)Bayle

Question 36

The text states that no Enlightenment philosopher was more dangerous to the Old Regime than which champion of democracy?

A)Rousseau
B)Locke
C)Voltaire
D)Hume
E)Kant

Question 37

Locke's theory of education

A)questioned the Christian belief in a sinful human nature.
B)indicated that nurture is more important than nature.
C)held that a person must test knowledge with his own sense experience.
D)assumed all knowledge ultimately comes from the senses.
E)all of the above

Question 38

Voltaire believed all the following EXCEPT

A)​only ideas received from the senses should be believed.
B)​superstition and blind obedience to religious authority are unacceptable.
C)​the people should be allowed to govern themselves.
D)​constitutional monarchy is the best form of government.
E)​the rule of law, religious tolerance, and the humane treatment of criminals was possible.

Question 39

In Émile , Rousseau recommended

A)that children receive a rigorous education in the sciences.
B)a solid background in the classics as essential for a modern education.
C)that intellectual and moral instruction should come after the development of the senses.
D)a state-run education system to rid society of superstition and ignorance.
E)an education provided in the home under the guidance of the clergy.

Question 40

The imposters referred to in The Treatise of the Three Imposters are

A)Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin.
B)Bacon, Descartes, and Newton.
C)Machiavelli, Spinoza, and Hobbes.
D)the kings of England, France, and Spain.
E)Jesus, Moses, and Muhammad.

Question 41

Philosophes of the High Enlightenment were increasingly

A)academic in their discourses.
B)isolated in society.
C)revolutionary in their views.
D)religious in their outlook.
E)elitist.

Question 42

Enlightenment economic thought included

A)acceptance of self-interest as something good.
B)praise for entrepreneurship and free markets unencumbered by governments.
C)the inevitability of progress in capitalism.
D)the belief that the laws of economics could be discovered.
E)all of the above

Question 43

The diplomatic revolution of 1756 involved

A)a France-Austria alliance.
B)Prussia's support of Austria in the Seven Years' War.
C)France's diplomatic aid for Prussia.
D)the severing of ties between Spain and Austria.
E)the reconciliation of Britain and the Dutch Republic.

Question 44

Which of the following countries did NOT  have enlightened despotism in the eighteenth century?

A)England
B)Austria
C)Spain
D)Prussia
E)Russia

Question 45

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
civil society

Question 46

The international situation in the mid-eighteenth century included

A)amicable cooperation between Austria and Prussia for control of central Europe.
B)a declining role for the aristocracy.
C)an intense rivalry between France and Britain in northern Europe and North America.
D)a prolonged period of peace on the continent.
E)a rejection of Prussian militarism by all of the philosophes.

Question 47

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
deism

Question 48

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
skepticism

Question 49

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
philosophes

Question 50

The first tract advocating the decriminalization of homosexuality was written by

A)Rousseau.
B)Bentham.
C)Beccaria.
D)Voltaire.
E)Diderot.

Question 51

The most powerful conflict between Austria and Prussia in the eighteenth century was over

A)religion; Austria was Catholic and Prussia Protestant.
B)the Prussian seizure of Silesia.
C)unification of the Holy Roman Empire.
D)the potential division of the Ottoman Empire.
E)Austrian claims to northern Italy.

Question 52

The text refers to which of the following as the most important book of the Enlightenment?

A)Wealth of Nations
B)Encyclopedia
C)Social Contract
D)Vindication of the Rights of Man
E)Two Treatises on Government

Question 53

England drove the French from North America as part of which conflict?

A)t he War of Spanish Succession
B)t he Seven Years' War
C)t he War of Polish Succession
D)t he Great Northern War
E)t he War of Austrian Succession

Question 54

The American Revolution succeeded because of

A)the superior leadership of Washington.
B)substantial French aid.
C)a lack of commitment by the British.
D)a tradition of self-government and an idealized understanding of English liberties.
E)all of the above

Question 55

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Freemasons

Question 56

Which of the following statements is NOT  accurate? In the eighteenth century

A)the Enlightenment and the French Revolution sparked a movement for Hungarian nationalism.
B)Hungary rapidly modernized , and its population doubled.
C)Poland expelled the Jesuits in 1793 and instituted educational reform.
D)Prussia, Russia, and Austria participated in the partitioning of Poland.
E)the Enlightenment had a similar impact in all of the countries of Eastern Europe.

Question 57

After Bayle's Dictionary, t he first successful encyclopedia was published by

A)Denis Diderot.
B)Ephraim Chambers.
C)Chevalier Ramsay.
D)Jean d'Alembert.
E)Voltaire.

Question 58

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
atheism

Question 59

All of the following were true of Austria EXCEPT

A)a dynamic, innovative central administration.
B)a concentration on its eastern non-German territories.
C)consolidated control of the German parts of the Holy Roman Empire.
D)acquisition of the southern Netherlands, later called Belgium.
E)a progressive mother-son imperial partnership.

Question 60

In historical perspective, the Enlightenment

A)culminated the evolution away from the medieval worldview begun by the Renaissance.
B)strongly contributed to the democratic revolutions that followed.
C)developed Western ideals of human rights, religious tolerance, and progress.
D)was a direct outgrowth of the Scientific Revolution.
E)all of the above

Question 61

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
social contract

Question 62

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
humanitarianism

Question 63

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
High Enlightenment

Question 64

Instructions: Please use this outline map of the world to answer the question(s).
Locate and label the areas belonging to  the following colonial empires in 1750: Spanish, Dutch, French, and British.

Question 65

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
laissez faire

Question 66

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
enlightened despotism

Question 67

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
epistemology

Question 68

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
freethinker

Question 69

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and label the following sites:   the original home of the Freemasons, the location of the Grand Lodge of the Freemasons, and the country of origin of the Encyclopedia.

Question 70

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
general will

Question 71

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and label three of the states said to be practitioners of enlightened despotism.

Question 72

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Discuss the Enlightenment as part of the broader intellectual history of the West.

Question 73

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
state of nature

Question 74

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and label the  home country of the following: Bayle, Locke, Hume, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot, Beccaria, and Kant.

Question 75

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
diplomatic revolution ​

Question 76

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Which characteristics of the philosophes illustrate a new way of looking at the world? List three major philosophes , and discuss  their major contributions.

Question 77

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
natural rights

Question 78

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
tabula rasa

Question 79

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
socialist

Question 80

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
salons