Deck 2: Understanding Human Sexuality: Theory and Research

Question 1

Behavior theory is to operant conditioning as humanistic theory is to _______________.

A) psychosexual development
B) aversion therapy
C) self-actualization
D) physiology

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The influence of law and religion and the impact of economic conditions on sexual behaviors are stressed most by which theory?

A) Sociological
B) Behavioral
C) Humanistic
D) Queer

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What statement best fits with queer theory?

A) It is important for research to uncover the cause of homosexuality.
B) Sexuality education should focus on teaching gender differences.
C) Sexual orientation categories lead to limited views of sexuality.
D) Research findings should be separated based on sexual orientation.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What statement best fits with feminist theory?

A) The social construction of sexuality is based on power.
B) Women are no longer seen as subordinate and submissive in the U.S. culture.
C) Sexuality is governed by biological gender differences more than other factors.
D) The social construction of sexuality is based on the media.

Question 5

A person says he or she grew up with the message that only promiscuous people engage in oral sex. The first time he or she had oral sex he or she did not enjoy it. He or she now feels bad because his or her current partner would like to have oral sex, but he or she cannot stand the thought of it. Which theory would be most likely to look at the external and internal factors impacting this person?

A) Psychoanalytical
B) Social learning
C) Feminist
D) Behavioral

Question 6

Which theory would state that the biggest sexual organ is the brain?

A) Humanistic
B) Cognitive
C) Social learning
D) Evolutionary

Question 7

All of the following are criticisms of Freud's theory except _______________.

A) the unconscious is extremely difficult to study
B) the theory is unscientific
C) Freud studies mainly "sick" people
D) he relied on correlational methods.

Question 8

What was the primary focus of sexual research in the 19th century?

A) Woman and orgasms
B) Male sexual response
C) Contraceptive development
D) Atypical and unhealthy sexuality

Question 9

According to evolutionary theory, we enter a sexual relationship to _______________.

A) fulfill societal expectations to marry and start a family
B) exert power over another person
C) receive physical gratification
D) pass on our genes.

Question 10

What is TRUE about Evelyn Hooker's research?

A) There was an unusually high rate of STIs among lesbian subjects in her study.
B) Her research confirmed that homosexuality was a mental illness.
C) She found no fundamental psychological differences between gay and straight men.
D) She did the first comprehensive study of bisexuality in women.

Question 11

Who conducted most sexuality research in the late 19th century?

A) Biologists
B) Sociologists
C) Physicians
D) Psychoanalysts

Question 12

The first time Anna had sex she was 16, and her mom walked in on Anna and her partner, resulting in great embarrassment. Now years later, married and living in her own home, Anna is only able to relax in a sexual situation if the door is locked. Which theoretical perspective does this demonstrate?

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Behavioral
C) Humanistic
D) Cognitive

Question 13

According to sociological theory, what is the first factor that influences our values about what is sexually right or wrong?

A) Peer pressure
B) Family
C) Cultural expectations
D) Media

Question 14

Which theory emphasizes the structure of the personality on the unconscious nature of sexuality?

A) Psychoanalytical
B) Behavioral
C) Social learning
D) Queer

Question 15

Accepting our faults and weaknesses will lead everyone toward _______________.

A) self-actualization
B) physiology
C) sexual development
D) self-degradation

Question 16

What was a primary motivation for the early sexuality research in the United States?

A) A belief that sex was natural and should be approached from an educational perspective
B) A concern that sexuality transmitted infections would negatively impact family life
C) New information that found sexual orientation is a biological aspect of sexuality
D) A desire to change the repressive laws on sexuality at the turn of the century

Question 17

Children who grow up with unconditional positive regard will _______________.

A) ignore undesirable traits in themselves
B) accept their faults
C) not improve their weaknesses
D) not accept their faults

Question 18

According to Sigmund Freud, someone who has frequent casual sexual encounters and refuses to commit long-term to a partner because it would get in the way of his or her own goals would be stuck in the _____ stage of development.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) thanatos

Question 19

According to which theory does human sexuality emphasize that sexual behavior is primarily biological?

A) Psychoanalytical theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Biological theory
D) Queer theory

Question 20

Which theory puts forth that everyone strives to develop themselves to the best of their abilities and to achieve self-actualization?

A) Learning theory
B) Biological theory
C) Humanistic theory
D) Evolutionary theory

Question 21

What is a major limitation of the case study method of research?

A) The results cannot be generalized to a larger group of people.
B) It is impossible to get informed consent from the subjects.
C) Researchers cannot guarantee anonymity.
D) They are the most costly of all research methods.

Question 22

What is a potential criticism of the research of Masters and Johnson?

A) They did not use random sampling.
B) They did not use measurable assessments.
C) They focused solely on the sexual behaviors of men.
D) They focused only on the experiences of incarcerated women.

Question 23

Which of the following is controlled physiologically?

A) Ovulation
B) Abortion
C) Nonsexual functioning
D) Death

Question 24

To understand sexual behavior in humans, which of the following groups of theorists studied animal sexual patterns?

A) Evolutionary theorists
B) Feminist theorists
C) Queer theorists
D) Behavioral theorists

Question 25

Considering the credibility of data collected for sexuality research, what method is thought to elicit more responses on sensitive questions?

A) Computer-assisted self-interviews
B) Case studies
C) Face-to-face interviews
D) Focus groups

Question 26

According to your text, who is considered the most influential sex researcher of the 20th century?

A) Havelock Ellis
B) Clelia Mosher
C) Alfred Kinsey
D) Virginia Johnson

Question 27

What was an important finding from Masters and Johnson's research?

A) Sexual desire diminishes significantly in old age.
B) Women are capable of multiple orgasms.
C) Vaginal orgasms are more intense than clitoral orgasms.
D) Males are more likely to experience sexual dysfunction.

Question 28

What was one reason that Morton Hunt's research results from the 1970s were not considered generalizable?

A) His study included only adolescents.
B) His study included only heterosexual males.
C) He only included students enrolled in his courses.
D) He only included people with listed phone numbers.

Question 29

Freud is to case study as Masters and Johnson are to _______________.

A) questionnaire
B) interview
C) experiment
D) observation

Question 30

A couple comes to a lab and has sexual intercourse first with no one observing, then comes back and has sex while hooked up to a variety of instruments to measure changes in erection and vaginal lubrication. This couple might have been participants in a study done by which researcher(s)?

A) William Masters and Virginia Johnson
B) Alfred Kinsey and Clelia Mosher
C) Alan Bell and Martin Weinberg
D) Evelyn Hooker and Morton Hunt

Question 31

Who was the first researcher to ask Americans about their sexual behavior, finding in his or her study that most of the U.S. women surveyed thought sexual intercourse was for pleasure and reproduction?

A) Clelia Mosher
B) Havelock Ellis
C) Albert Moll
D) Alfred Kinsey

Question 32

According to your text, what is one reason the results from the National College Health Assessment study may not be generalizable to all college students?

A) The study is only conducted with students who go to publicly funded colleges and universities.
B) Students from community colleges are not represented in the study.
C) Schools pay to be included in the study.
D) Students complete the survey upon graduation.

Question 33

Acceptance of anyone without restriction on his or her behaviors or thoughts is called _______________.

A) unconditional positive regard
B) conditional love
C) evolutionary love
D) self-actualization

Question 34

A sexologist teaching at a university offers students the option of writing a term paper or participating in a sexuality survey. What challenge would this pose for findings from the survey?

A) Over generalizability
B) Interviewer bias
C) 100% sampling bias
D) Volunteer bias

Question 35

What is one of the findings from the 2013 National College Health Assessment study?

A) The majority of males reported three or more sexual partners in the last year, while the majority of females reported only two.
B) Nearly 25% of students reported engaging in anal sex within the past 30 days.
C) The majority of students reported having only one or zero sexual partners in the previous year.
D) Over 60% of heterosexual students reported that they or their partner did not use contraception during their last sexual encounter.

Question 36

Results from the 2010 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB) are not generalizable to which of these groups?

A) Gay men
B) Bisexual men and women
C) Individuals living in long-term care facilities
D) All of these

Question 37

How did Alfred Kinsey obtain most of his research data?

A) Laboratory observations
B) Interviews
C) Case studies
D) Online surveys

Question 38

A university student spent hours answering hundreds of questions asked by an interviewer. The questions were easy to understand and the student was assured that all responses would remain confidential. The student might have been a participant in a study done by which researcher(s)?

A) William Masters and Virginia Johnson
B) Alfred Kinsey
C) Alan Bell and Martin Weinberg
D) Katherine Bement Davis

Question 39

Fulfillment of an individual's potentialities, which include aptitudes and talents, is called _______________.

A) evolutionary theory
B) cognitive theory
C) sociological theory
D) self-actualization

Question 40

All of the following statements are true of the 1990s National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS), except _______________.

A) a significant factor that led to the design of this study was the HIV/AIDS crisis that began in the 1980s
B) original funding included support for 20,000 participants; however, the final study was limited to approximately 3,500 participants
C) this study was funded through government dollars
D) this study was funded through private sources

Question 41

Queer theory was developed in the _____________.

A) 1970s
B) 1980s
C) 1990s
D) 1950s

Question 42

Who claimed that it is culture that most influences our sexual desire?

A) D. S. Marshall
B) Leonore Tiefer
C) Catherine MacKinnon
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 43

According to evolutionary theorists, which of the following statements is false?

A) Individual sexuality is designed to maximize the chances of passing on one's genes.
B) Sexuality exists for reproducing the species.
C) Sexual activities are not evolved to ensure the survival of the species.
D) Qualities such as monogamy, honesty, and sensitivity would help a partner be reliable.

Question 44

Which of the following factors is not a focus of queer theory?

A) Mismatches between desire
B) Mismatches between gender
C) Mismatches between wealth
D) Mismatches between sex

Question 45

Who suggested in 1987 that male-dominated views of sexuality have resulted in a society that believes that "what is sexual gives a man an erection"?

A) D. S. Marshall
B) Leonore Tiefer
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Catherine MacKinnon

Question 46

Which of the following best fits the findings of cross-cultural studies?

A) Those with a written language have the lowest rates of masturbation.
B) Sexual intercourse is most common when couples wake up in the morning.
C) Women usually initiate foreplay in heterosexual relationships.
D) Female orgasmic ability varies greatly from culture to culture.

Question 47

What is a disadvantage of correlational research?

A) The results cannot be generalizable to a larger group of people.
B) It is difficult to get informed consent.
C) It provides no information about causation.
D) It is the most time-consuming of all research methods.

Question 48

A researcher wants to study people's behavior on first time dates, so he or she joins an Internet dating service. What type of research method would this be?

A) Correlational
B) Internet-based
C) Participant observation
D) Experimental

Question 49

Which person is MOST likely to participate in a sexuality research study?

A) Someone who is sexually inexperienced and has conservative views
B) Someone who is sexually inexperienced and has liberal views
C) Someone who is sexually experienced and has liberal views
D) Someone who is sexually experienced and has conservative views

Question 50

Which of the following can be defined as conditional acceptance of another, with restrictions on their behaviors or thoughts?

A) Unconditional positive regard
B) Unconditional love
C) Sexology
D) Conditional love

Question 51

According to feminist theory, which of the following has a strong influence on our ideas about sexuality?

A) Religion
B) Economy
C) Family
D) Society

Question 52

According to feminists, sexology in the United States has been dominated by which of the following?

A) White, middle-class, heterosexist attitudes
B) White, upper-class, heterosexist attitudes
C) Black, lower-class, heterosexist attitudes
D) Black, middle-class, heterosexist attitudes

Question 53

In what area(s) is there currently a lack of sexuality research?

A) Development of sexual identity
B) Childhood sexual development
C) What makes couples happy long term
D) All of these

Question 54

According to feminist researchers, which of the following most affects the women respondents during interviews about their sexual experiences?

A) A researcher's choice of language
B) A researcher's choice of subject
C) A researcher's choice of day for interview
D) A researcher's choice of place for conducting the interview

Question 55

You are a 21st-century sexuality researcher concerned about the sustainability of your work. What is likely the most effective strategy moving forward?

A) Encourage pharmaceutical companies to fill the void in financial support caused by decreased federal funding for research.
B) Quietly conduct your research on normal, healthy sexuality, using minimal research funds and not overpublicizing any controversial findings.
C) Collaborate with researchers across multiple disciplines to gain government funding for sex research and network with them to share resources and knowledge.
D) Collaborate with members of the Traditional Values Coalition to obtain funding from the federal government.

Question 56

According to sociological theory, which of the following factors is the first that influences our values about sexuality?

A) Law
B) Religion
C) Economy
D) Family

Question 57

A researcher doing in-depth interviews often asks the same questions in different ways during the interview to assure accurate and honest responses. How does this impact the results?

A) It reduces volunteer bias.
B) It reduces interviewer bias.
C) It increases validity.
D) It increases reliability.

Question 58

Although the media has become more inclusive over the past few years with regard to sexuality, against which of the following is the media still biased when it comes to acceptance of sexuality?

A) Attractive adults
B) Young people
C) Heterosexuals
D) Elderly adults

Question 59

A researcher who wants to study sexual behavior of adults in the U.S. uses a college-level human sexuality class to get participants. What sample method is the researcher using?

A) 100% sampling
B) Random sampling
C) Sample of convenience
D) Sample of variance

Question 60

According to queer theorists, which of the following categorizations are abandoned while constructing a variety of sexualities?

A) Black/heterosexual
B) White/heterosexual
C) White/homosexual
D) Homosexual/heterosexual

Question 61

In 1950s when ________ published his work, several politicians believed that asking people about their sexual lives in a nonjudgmental way like he did was immoral.

A) J. H. Jones
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Alfred Kinsey
D) Havelock Ellis

Question 62

A stage in which the genital region is the primary erogenous zone and in which the Oedipus or Electra complex develops is the ___________.

A) oral stage
B) fixation stage
C) anal stage
D) phallic stage

Question 63

Children who have experienced conditional love will try to ______________.

A) ignore their traits
B) ignore other people
C) ignore their friends
D) ignore their faults and weaknesses

Question 64

In which year did academic programs specializing in human sexuality begin?

A) 1960s
B) 1950s
C) 1940s
D) 1970s

Question 65

In the early 1920s, American society was traditionalist and considered "sex impulse" as ______________.

A) a potential threat to societal stability
B) sacred
C) harmless fun
D) criminal

Question 66

Most of the sexuality research during the Victorian period was _______.

A) successful
B) thwarted
C) useful
D) None of these are correct

Question 67

Sexuality research has helped remove __________ related to discussing human sexual behavior.

A) sexual exploitation
B) ignorance and fear
C) sexually transmitted diseases
D) All of these are correct

Question 68

Which physician is considered the actual forefather of sexuality research?

A) Hippocrates
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Havelock Ellis
D) Alfred Kinsey

Question 69

According to which of the following researchers are the women on the island of Mangaia in the South Pacific very sexually assertive and often the initiators of sexual activity?

A) Leonore Tiefer
B) Catherine MacKinnon
C) D. S. Marshall
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 70

In which century did the study of sex begin focusing the more on bizarre, dangerous, and unhealthy aspects of sex?

A) 18th century
B) 16th century
C) 17th century
D) 19th century

Question 71

In 1921, several European doctors set up an organization for sexual research called the ______________.

A) Committee for Research in Problems of Sex
B) European Board of Sexology
C) European Federation of Sexologists
D) Foundation for the Scientific Study of Sexuality

Question 72

A psychosexual stage in which libido and sexual interest are repressed is called the _________.

A) operant conditioning stage
B) behaviorist stage
C) genital stage
D) latency stage

Question 73

The tying up of psychic energy at a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in adult behaviors characteristic of the stage is ________.

A) the phallic stage
B) fixation
C) erogenous zone focus
D) the Oedipus complex

Question 74

Sexual functioning, hormonal release, ejaculation, pregnancy, and birth are controlled ______________.

A) sexually
B) physiologically
C) behaviorally
D) sociologically

Question 75

Early traditionalist groups believed that research on adolescent sexuality encouraged ______________.

A) sexuality without love
B) homosexuality
C) young people to have sex
D) None of these are correct

Question 76

Psychopathia Sexualis was written by a Russian physician named Kaan in year 1846. This book presented a classification of what he termed as ______________.

A) sexuality without love
B) sexual mental diseases
C) homosexuality
D) All of these are correct

Question 77

Which of the following refers to the scientific study of sexuality?

A) Philosophy
B) Zoology
C) Biology
D) Sexology

Question 78

A psychosexual stage that defines the mouth, lips, and tongue as the primary erogenous zone is the _________.

A) oral stage
B) anal stage
C) genital stage
D) phallic stage

Question 79

Pharmaceutical companies have been accused of creating and promoting ______________.

A) medicalization of certain sexual problems to create a need for medication
B) criminal sexual behavior
C) pharmaceutical price fixing
D) None of these are correct

Question 80

During early sexuality studies, why was sexuality research protected?

A) Because the research was confidential
B) Because the research had discovered many secrets
C) Because it was considered as a part of medical research
D) All of these are correct