Deck 1: The Origin of the Ocean
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Deck 1: The Origin of the Ocean
1
The ocean originated from ____.
A)water vapor produced by cellular respiration in early living organisms
B)radioactive heating of Earth's interior, and the heating of the surface by meteorites striking and melting the outer layers of Earth
C)capture by Earth's gravity of water molecules in space
D)volcanic gases, radioactive heating of Earth's interior, and a barrage of icy comets or asteroids striking and melting the outer layers of Earth
A)water vapor produced by cellular respiration in early living organisms
B)radioactive heating of Earth's interior, and the heating of the surface by meteorites striking and melting the outer layers of Earth
C)capture by Earth's gravity of water molecules in space
D)volcanic gases, radioactive heating of Earth's interior, and a barrage of icy comets or asteroids striking and melting the outer layers of Earth
D
2
The death of a star is characterized by a massive release of energy called a ____.
A)nebula
B)protostar
C)supernova
D)comet
A)nebula
B)protostar
C)supernova
D)comet
C
3
The world ocean ____.
A)plays a minor role in the weather and shape of landmasses of Earth
B)does not influence the way organisms live on land
C)dramatically influences weather, nurtures life, and provides crucial natural resources
D)has an average depth that represents over half of Earth's radius
A)plays a minor role in the weather and shape of landmasses of Earth
B)does not influence the way organisms live on land
C)dramatically influences weather, nurtures life, and provides crucial natural resources
D)has an average depth that represents over half of Earth's radius
C
4
Volcanic venting of substances including water vapor is called ____.
A)outgassing
B)fissure
C)fusion
D)condensation
A)outgassing
B)fissure
C)fusion
D)condensation
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5
Evidence suggests the universe began about 13.7 billion years ago in a ____.
A)slow accretion of atoms
B)very large galaxy
C)cataclysmic expansion of energy and matter
D)protostar
A)slow accretion of atoms
B)very large galaxy
C)cataclysmic expansion of energy and matter
D)protostar
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6
About ____ percent of Earth's water is found in the ocean.
A)97
B)71
C)67
D)30
A)97
B)71
C)67
D)30
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7
During its initial formation by the accretion of particles, the young Earth was ____.
A)shrouded in a thick atmosphere
B)density stratified with a core, mantle, and crust
C)likely chemically homogenous throughout
D)completely covered by an ocean
A)shrouded in a thick atmosphere
B)density stratified with a core, mantle, and crust
C)likely chemically homogenous throughout
D)completely covered by an ocean
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8
What theory best explains how the universe was formed?
A)condensation theory
B)scientific method
C)outgassing theory
D)big bang theory
A)condensation theory
B)scientific method
C)outgassing theory
D)big bang theory
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9
In the scientific method, scientific theories must be ____.
A)tested and consistently supported by observations or experiments
B)verified by the leading authorities in the field
C)consistent with previous, universally accepted scientific concepts
D)consistent with the fact that the ocean is of great age
A)tested and consistently supported by observations or experiments
B)verified by the leading authorities in the field
C)consistent with previous, universally accepted scientific concepts
D)consistent with the fact that the ocean is of great age
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10
Which statement is true about the formation of our solar system and planet?
A)As a nebula contracts, stars are formed along the outer edges of the spinning disc of gas and dust.
B)Planets form as gases and materials condense.
C)The Big Bang occurred about 5.6 billion years ago.
D)Gaseous planets form in the innermost regions of the solar system.
A)As a nebula contracts, stars are formed along the outer edges of the spinning disc of gas and dust.
B)Planets form as gases and materials condense.
C)The Big Bang occurred about 5.6 billion years ago.
D)Gaseous planets form in the innermost regions of the solar system.
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11
Our sun and its family of planets were formed about _____.
A)6,000 to 10,000 years ago
B)5 billion years ago
C)45 million years ago
D)40 billion years ago
A)6,000 to 10,000 years ago
B)5 billion years ago
C)45 million years ago
D)40 billion years ago
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12
The average depth of the ocean is approximately ____.
A)760 meters (2,500 feet)
B)3,700 meters (12,000 feet)
C)200 meters (650 feet)
D)1,200 meters (4,000 feet)
A)760 meters (2,500 feet)
B)3,700 meters (12,000 feet)
C)200 meters (650 feet)
D)1,200 meters (4,000 feet)
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13
Which statement is most consistent with the scientific method?
A)Hypotheses cannot be revised after they are proposed.
B)Hypotheses are tested through observation and controlled experiments.
C)Scientific laws always arise fully formed and in correlating groups.
D)Theories cannot be modified after they are tested.
A)Hypotheses cannot be revised after they are proposed.
B)Hypotheses are tested through observation and controlled experiments.
C)Scientific laws always arise fully formed and in correlating groups.
D)Theories cannot be modified after they are tested.
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14
The inner core of Earth is primarily made of ____.
A)magnesium
B)water
C)iron
D)silicates
A)magnesium
B)water
C)iron
D)silicates
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15
On a planetary scale, the ocean comprises about ____ of Earth's mass.
A)8%
B)71%
C)20%
D)0.02%
A)8%
B)71%
C)20%
D)0.02%
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16
The primary physical process responsible for the formation of Earth's layers, the inner and outer core, mantle, and crust is ____.
A)density stratification
B)radioactive decay
C)outgassing
D)mass
A)density stratification
B)radioactive decay
C)outgassing
D)mass
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17
What is the most abundant form of matter in the universe?
A)water molecules
B)planets and planet-like bodies
C)dust and debris
D)hydrogen
A)water molecules
B)planets and planet-like bodies
C)dust and debris
D)hydrogen
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18
Oxygen first began to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere as a result of ____.
A)biosynthesis
B)cellular respiration
C)methane synthesis
D)photosynthesis
A)biosynthesis
B)cellular respiration
C)methane synthesis
D)photosynthesis
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19
A galaxy is a huge rotating aggregation of stars, dust, gas and other debris held together by ____.
A)nebulae
B)gravity
C)moons
D)vapor
A)nebulae
B)gravity
C)moons
D)vapor
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20
The temperature of the ocean about four billion years ago was ____.
A)about the same as today's ocean
B)much colder than that of today's ocean
C)extremely hot compared with today's ocean
D)only slightly warmer than today's ocean
A)about the same as today's ocean
B)much colder than that of today's ocean
C)extremely hot compared with today's ocean
D)only slightly warmer than today's ocean
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21
Scientists predict that our planet in its current form will exist for about another ____.
A)5 billion years
B)1 million years
C)500 million years
D)13 billion years
A)5 billion years
B)1 million years
C)500 million years
D)13 billion years
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22
Saturn's moon, Titan, is known to possess liquid hydrocarbons on its surface.
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23
There is convincing evidence that water once flowed on the surface of Mars.
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24
The universe began to form around 13 billion years ago.
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25
Which phrase best describes biosynthesis?
A)The discovery of organic molecules in space
B)The evolution of living organisms from simple organic building blocks
C)The evolution of inorganic molecules in seawater
D)Experiments that show that early organisms lived in an oxygen-free environment
A)The discovery of organic molecules in space
B)The evolution of living organisms from simple organic building blocks
C)The evolution of inorganic molecules in seawater
D)Experiments that show that early organisms lived in an oxygen-free environment
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26
Evidence suggests that the first living molecules may have formed near ____.
A)the continents
B)subduction zones
C)the surface of the ocean
D)mineral-rich seeps on the ocean floor
A)the continents
B)subduction zones
C)the surface of the ocean
D)mineral-rich seeps on the ocean floor
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27
To recreate an environment for biosynthesis, scientists included which element in their experiments?
A)extremely cold temperatures
B)oxygen
C)ocean water
D)mixtures of dissolved compounds and gases thought to be similar to Earth's early atmosphere
A)extremely cold temperatures
B)oxygen
C)ocean water
D)mixtures of dissolved compounds and gases thought to be similar to Earth's early atmosphere
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28
Life on Earth probably evolved in the ocean. Which statement supports this view?
A)The cellular makeup of all living organisms depends on saline water within their cells to dissolve and transport chemicals.
B)Biosynthesis cannot occur without high concentrations of free oxygen, similar to the condition of Earth's early atmosphere and ocean.
C)In laboratory experiments, complex life formed spontaneously in a solution similar to that of Earth's early ocean.
D)The oldest fossils yet found are remnants of land-based organisms.
A)The cellular makeup of all living organisms depends on saline water within their cells to dissolve and transport chemicals.
B)Biosynthesis cannot occur without high concentrations of free oxygen, similar to the condition of Earth's early atmosphere and ocean.
C)In laboratory experiments, complex life formed spontaneously in a solution similar to that of Earth's early ocean.
D)The oldest fossils yet found are remnants of land-based organisms.
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29
Based on supporting evidence of the Mars "ocean" hypothesis, which statement is true?
A)Mars has an ocean today.
B)Mars has an ocean, and it is probably hidden in vast caverns beneath the surface of the planet.
C)Mars may have had an ocean in the distant past, between 3.2 and 1.2 billion years ago.
D)Mars may have had an ocean until very recently.
A)Mars has an ocean today.
B)Mars has an ocean, and it is probably hidden in vast caverns beneath the surface of the planet.
C)Mars may have had an ocean in the distant past, between 3.2 and 1.2 billion years ago.
D)Mars may have had an ocean until very recently.
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30
Carbon-based residues found in rocks near Greenland suggest that the first life forms on Earth may have arisen ____.
A)more than 3.8 billion years ago
B)at the same time as the formation of Earth
C)relatively recently - about 250,000,000 years ago
D)about 10,000 years ago
A)more than 3.8 billion years ago
B)at the same time as the formation of Earth
C)relatively recently - about 250,000,000 years ago
D)about 10,000 years ago
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31
Scientific hypotheses are never revised or updated.
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32
Planets other than Earth with liquid on or near the surface are ____.
A)nonexistent
B)less rare than we thought
C)extremely common but only in the form of water
D)extremely common but only in the form of ice
A)nonexistent
B)less rare than we thought
C)extremely common but only in the form of water
D)extremely common but only in the form of ice
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33
The ocean holds more than 97 percent of Earth's water.
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34
Deep-sea fossils suggest that life evolved within the last million years.
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35
The oldest known fossils were discovered in northwestern Australia and resemble modern-day ____.
A)bacteria
B)animals
C)fungi
D)viruses
A)bacteria
B)animals
C)fungi
D)viruses
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36
Gravity was important in the formation of our planet because it pulled dense metals such as iron and nickel inward, forming Earth's core.
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37
An example of another body in our solar system that has an ocean is ____.
A)the moon of Earth
B)Europa
C)Mars
D)Saturn
A)the moon of Earth
B)Europa
C)Mars
D)Saturn
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38
Marine science draws on information from disciplines of geology, biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering.
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39
The average land elevation on Earth is greater than the average depth of the ocean.
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40
Of all the planets in the solar system, Earth is the only planet to currently have large quantities of liquid water on its surface.
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41
Describe the general steps involved in the scientific method.
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42
Describe the basic processes and timeline that led to the formation of Earth and its ocean and atmosphere.
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43
Describe the big bang theory.
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44
What is meant by a "single world ocean"?
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45
Discuss the early atmosphere and how it could have lead to the evolution of life on Earth.
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