Deck 4: Information Processing, Memory, and Problem Solving

Question 1

Which one of the following instructions is most likely to encourage students to elaborate as they study new material about the transcontinental railroad? Ask them

A) to find Ogden, Utah, site of the golden spike, on the map.
B) which Native American tribes lived along the railroad route.
C) what was the chief crop of Nebraska.
D) how the transcontinental railroad might have affected the economy of Utah.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sometimes the chemistry class takes its exams in the lecture hall where the professor lectures, and sometimes in the testing center. Which of the following explains why test scores tend to be better in the lecture hall?

A) Retrieval failure
B) Keyword method
C) Encoding specificity
D) Fuzzy traces

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Why are people's mental maps often inaccurate?

A) Mental maps tend to be stored with straight boundaries.
B) Human memory has trouble storing images.
C) Map knowledge is stored in dual-code networks.
D) Mental maps are stored in hierarchies, which tend to be inaccurate.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Ms. Sally Mae begins teaching a unit on the Civil War. She asks her students to think of all the Civil War battle sites, movies, and memorials they can think of. Sally Mae is doing which of the following?

A) reciprocal teaching
B) metacognitive monitoring
C) activating prior knowledge
D) rehearsal

Question 5

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the information processing model discussed in the text?

A) The sensory register has very small capacity.
B) Information that must be remembered for a long time goes directly from the sensory register to long-term memory; less important information is stored in working memory.
C) Visual images are stored in working memory.
D) Information from the outside world that enters long-term memory must first pass through the sensory register.

Question 6

You give a three-year-old some cards depicting two shapes (e.g., dogs and cookies) that are drawn in two colors (e.g., black and yellow). Ask the child to first sort by color. After sorting several cards, ask to switch tasks and sort by shape. This is best described as a test of what?

A) processing speed
B) metacognition
C) long-term memory
D) inhibitory control

Question 7

William is trying to remember his new nine-digit social security number, and he does so by thinking of it as three groups of three digits each. William is demonstrating

A) storage in the sensory register.
B) retrieval from working memory.
C) maintenance rehearsal.
D) chunking.

Question 8

The textbook points out that ADHD is linked with which of the following?

A) mother's use of tobacco or alcohol during pregnancy
B) father's use of tobacco or alcohol during pregnancy
C) high income
D) mothers who were athletic before pregnancy

Question 9

Which of the following best illustrates a script? A child knows that

A) a person can be a man and a father at the same time.
B) on school days, we get up, shower, eat breakfast, make lunch, and wait for the bus.
C) she has a bad memory for remembering what her mother told her to do.
D) a word can only refer to one object or class of objects.

Question 10

Which of the following is true of memory?

A) Teens have more false memories than younger children because teens have lived longer and have heard more stories that they incorporate into their memories falsely.
B) Children in early childhood have more false memories than older children.
C) It is very difficult to influence children to believe false memories.
D) Source monitoring errors are primarily errors of executive functions.

Question 11

The graph shown below depicts children's improvement in what mental capacity?

A) letter recognition
B) long-term memory
C) processing speed
D) IQ

Question 12

The Stroop test is primarily a measure of

A) processing speed.
B) metacognition.
C) long-term memory.
D) inhibitory control.

Question 13

According to the book, what is one reason why medication is a controversial treatment for ADHD?

A) gives children with ADHD an advantage over other children
B) medications have negative side effects
C) expensive for schools
D) only improves academic achievement, not behavior

Question 14

Which of the following is true of memory?

A) Long-term memory can get so full that it is difficult to encode new things.
B) The more you know the easier it is to encode new things.
C) Low ability students have trouble learning, even in domains in which they have a lot of prior knowledge.
D) Scripts are an example of rote memorization, such as a list of the presidents.

Question 15

Sally is reading her history textbook and realizes that she is using a poor strategy for remembering what she has read. What has been activated?

A) sensory register
B) metacognition
C) long-term memory
D) working memory

Question 16

You give a three-year-old some cards depicting two shapes (e.g., dogs and cookies) that are drawn in two colors (e.g., black and yellow). Ask the child to first sort by color. After sorting several cards, ask the child to switch tasks and sort by shape. What is the child likely to do?

A) sort by color
B) sort by shape
C) mix cards without paying attention to shape or color
D) switch back and forth between shape and color

Question 17

Which of the following is the LEAST advanced encoding method?

A) rehearsal
B) organization
C) elaboration
D) encoding specificity

Question 18

The information processing component that shifts attention and suppresses responses is

A) executive function.
B) working memory.
C) mnemonic strategies.
D) sensory register.

Question 19

Boys are diagnosed with ADHD more than girls.

Question 20

An advantage of knowing some skills so well that they are automatic is that when mental processes are automatic, it

A) lessens working memory load for tasks involving those skills.
B) lessens storage in long-term memory.
C) facilitates the meaningful learning of those skills.
D) decreases capacity of the sensory register.

Question 21

There is evidence that learners may need how many high quality exposures to new material before they will remember it?

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 22

Which of the following is true of preschoolers' math knowledge?

A) Low income children and middle income preschoolers are equally likely to play cheap board games that build math skills.
B) Compared to middle income children, low income children are less skilled at math, even during preschool years.
C) Reading skill at entry to kindergarten is better than math skill for predicting later academic achievement.
D) Because of core knowledge, it is not useful to directly teach math skills to preschoolers.

Question 23

Which of the following is good testing policy?

A) give only a few tests in order to reduce test anxiety
B) test frequently to foster spaced practice
C) test over the most recent material, NOT cumulatively
D) let students think about the test for several days before providing feedback

Question 24

Research suggests that if you want to remember something for several years, you should space your practice by

A) a day.
B) a week.
C) several weeks.
D) several months.

Question 25

A key point of the overlapping waved model is that children's strategy use

A) improves mainly through direct instruction from adults.
B) follows stages in which children give up less effective strategies as they adopt more effective strategies.
C) includes more and less effective strategies at the same age, gradually moving toward more effective strategies.
D) improves mainly through discovery of what works for them.

Question 26

For early elementary students, ability to estimate where numbers fall on a number line predicts what?

Question 27

Which of the following is the most effective learning strategy?

A) Copy topic sentences from paragraphs in order to create summaries.
B) Take notes on intriguing details.
C) Write summaries and take notes on the big ideas that are presented.
D) Underline several sentences in each paragraph that you study.

Question 28

What is metacognition?

Question 29

Which of the following is true of the effects of testing on memory?

A) Testing causes stress and interferes with memory.
B) Multiple choice tests tend to be best for enhancing memory.
C) Testing only the current material is better than using cumulative tests.
D) Testing can be more effective for memory than re-reading or reviewing material.

Question 30

A study of Brazilian children who worked as  street vendors found that the children could

A) give correct change but could not do math problems like those in school.
B) seldom give correct change.
C) give correct prices on orders that required multiplication just as quickly as schooled children.
D) count money but not numbers.

Question 31

Which approach dominates current national standards for math instruction?

A) direct instruction
B) overlapping wave approaches
C) constructivist approaches
D) memorization

Question 32

Describe two strategies preschool teachers and parents can use to foster mathematical thinking in preschoolers.

Question 33

Which of the following is true of spaced practice?

A) It results in a greater illusion of solid learning than massed practice.
B) It is more effective than doing all studying at once.
C) It emphasizes setting aside a specific space for studying, like a desk in a bedroom.
D) It emphasizes sharing the studying tasks with other students.

Question 34

What is a core domain?

Question 35

Which component of the information processing model generally holds the least amount of information for the shortest length of time?

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of the keyword method?

A) Ladrillo means brick in Spanish, so when I hear "ladrillo," which sounds sort of like ladder, I intentionally imagine a ladder leaning against a brick wall.
B) "HOMES" helps me remember the Great Lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior.
C) I want to remember what to buy at the store, so I picture a giant container of oatmeal at my front door, next to a screeching cat, (cat food), batting at a giant sausage hanging over the open door.
D) I use flash cards to memorize the times tables.

Question 37

Name a key executive function.

Question 38

Studies of infants and monkeys observing possible and impossible events with toy mice suggest that

A) infants and monkeys can count to 10.
B) infants and monkeys can do simple multiplication and division.
C) number sense develops through modeling and experience with concrete objects.
D) number sense is a core domain.

Question 39

A three-year-old figured out that his father was gone because the father's car was gone and the mother's car was in the garage. The child was using what form of reasoning?

A) inductive
B) deductive
C) analogical
D) metacognitive

Question 40

As children grow older and become more skilled in math, they

A) rely more on memorized facts.
B) count all the numbers instead of counting on from the largest number.
C) must switch from multiplicative reasoning to additive reasoning.
D) have a little more trouble remembering doubles like 3+3 and 7x7.