Deck 12: Language and Literacy

Question 1

Cooing and babbling occur among deaf infants. What does this suggest might be the cause of cooing and babbling?

A) genes
B) social learning
C) operant conditioning
D) culture

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to behaviorists, humans learn language through

A) a language acquisition device.
B) experience that reinforces language use.
C) their experience with core knowledge.
D) grammatical inference.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of infant cooing?

A) mama
B) rrrr, sssss
C) ooh, ahhh
D) gimme wawa

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A child wants the door opened so he can go out. He says "Wanna" and points to the door. This is an example of

A) code-missing.
B) syntax.
C) nativism.
D) holophrase.

Question 5

Which of the following is a morpheme in the word predestined ?

A) pred
B) pre
C) e
D) st

Question 6

The rules for ordering and organizing words into phrases and sentences is called

A) syntax.
B) pragmatics.
C) phonology.
D) semantics.

Question 7

When researchers claim that language development is based upon core knowledge, they mean that

A) after a certain age, it is very difficult to learn another language.
B) language development is culture specific.
C) there are specific rules of language that are unique to each language.
D) humans are born with innate language ability.

Question 8

Which of the following refers to the sounds of a language?

A) syntax
B) pragmatics
C) phonemes
D) semantics

Question 9

During which period do most people learn the most words?

A) early childhood
B) middle childhood
C) adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 10

When figuring out how to respond to commands, toddlers give primacy to

A) speech.
B) gesture.
C) syntax.
D) voices.

Question 11

Moshe can understand his grandmother's Hebrew, but he cannot speak Hebrew well. Moshe is better at which of the following?

A) receptive language
B) expressive language
C) nonverbal language
D) private speech

Question 12

Utterances such as "Shaquille camed late"

A) are rarely if ever made by children.
B) are usually learned by imitation.
C) are examples of overregularization.
D) provide evidence that children code switch.

Question 13

Khan speaks to his friends using different words and tones than when he speaks to his teacher. This is an example of

A) syntax.
B) pragmatics.
C) phonology.
D) semantics.

Question 14

Jamie is listening to his parents talk. His father uses the word "lunatic" while talking about someone who acted erratically and dangerously. Jamie has never heard the word before, but based on the context, he guesses that it could mean something like wild or dangerous. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario?

A) syntactic bootstrapping
B) source monitoring
C) phonemic awareness
D) encoding specificity

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of child-directed speech, also referred to as motherese?

A) An adult speaks to an infant using simple language without articles like "the" and "a" spoken in a normal pitch.
B) An adult speaks to an infant using normal adult speech that has been slowed down to a very slow tempo.
C) An adult speaks to an infant using imitations of the infant's own sounds.
D) An adult speaks to an infant using higher pitch than usual, with exaggerated ups and downs and slow tempo.

Question 16

Fast mapping refers to the ability to learn new words

A) during sleep.
B) by observing a visual aid, called a "map."
C) after hearing the word defined three times.
D) through a single exposure.

Question 17

A baby hears the statements "we are going to the store. Do you want to go to the store? You love going to the store" and notices that the sound "store" is repeated, which means that it must be an individual word. The baby is reasoning using

A) a language acquisition device.
B) core knowledge.
C) statistics.
D) fast mapping.

Question 18

The claim that humans have language core knowledge is a claim that

A) children are programmed by nature to learn language through mere exposure to language.
B) children need explicit instruction to learn language.
C) operant conditioning is required for language development.
D) there is no genetic component to language development.

Question 19

When children can figure out that the plural of nonsense words like "seg" is "segs" it suggests that they

A) impose their own meaning on nonsense words.
B) ignore rules of syntax and grammar.
C) understand basic rules of semantics.
D) understand basic rules of syntax.

Question 20

Which of the following is most true of African American Vernacular English (AAVE)?

A) AAVE has the same syntax but different pronunciation compared to Standard English
B) AAVE has some syntax and pronunciation variations from Standard English
C) children who speak AAVE cannot understand Standard English
D) AAVE exists among Black French speaking immigrants and Carribean immigrants, but not among the majority of African Americans in the U.S.

Question 21

What is the difference between receptive and expressive language?

Question 22

One aspect of language mismatch for some non-native English speakers is

A) dysfunction of language as core knowledge.
B) that some languages have different verb tenses than others.
C) immigrant status.
D) lack of school-based instruction on how to speak their native language.

Question 23

Which of the following graphs illustrates the Matthew effect?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true about the education of ELL students?

A) Avoid using cooperative learning because ELL students have trouble talking in English-speaking groups.
B) Teach Standard English grammar and syntax explicitly.
C) Do not impose Standard English on ELL students, who have enough trouble learning their heritage language.
D) If children expand their heritage language skills, they are less likely to learn English .

Question 25

Which comes first, cooing or babbling?

Question 26

Jasmine, a preschool teacher, does not believe in teaching basic skills directly. She believes that if she provides a print-rich environment and uses hands-on activities her students will construct their own accurate understanding of print concepts. She reads aloud in class, and encourages her students to "write stories" on paper. Which of the following theories has influenced Deborah's teaching methods?

A) nativism
B) behaviorism
C) Piaget's theory of cognitive development
D) information processing theory

Question 27

While reading a book, Xena comes across the word "immersed," which is new to her. She uses  phonological awareness and breaks up the word into phonemes to learn how to pronounce it. Xena pronounces the word correctly. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario?

A) decoding
B) fast mapping
C) syntactic bootstrapping
D) morphemic awareness of phonemes

Question 28

Which of the following is a common intervention for dyslexia?

A) drugs used for ADHD
B) drugs used for depression
C) training in phonological awareness
D) training in spatial ability

Question 29

Which tends to be better for students academically?

A) subtractive bilingualism
B) additive bilingualism
C) monolingualism
D) nomolingualism

Question 30

Which of the following has NOT been found to promote phonological awareness?

A) have students figure out sounds that go with letters
B) use games and nursery rhymes to sensitize students to phonemes
C) teach spelling lists
D) read aloud to students

Question 31

In order to build students' vocabulary, it is useful to

A) avoid confusing students with uncommon words.
B) define each word that you use.
C) use uncommon words.
D) talk a lot.

Question 32

A preschooler understands that print represents words, that the words do not change, and that books are read from left to right. The child has developed

A) print concepts.
B) decoding skills.
C) metacognition.
D) phonetic skills.

Question 33

Which of the following statements about gesture-use during instruction is true?

A) Gestures tend to confuse students.
B) Gestures are mostly useful for students from African American or Mediterranean backgrounds (e.g., Greek, Italian).
C) Gestures help students learn, understand, and problem solve.
D) Gestures are especially useful for students who are advanced in their understanding.

Question 34

In communications class, Ron delivers a well-structured, formal talk about the Declaration of Independence. He does not use any slang or conversational language. Which of the following is Ron using?

A) comparison-contrast speech
B) descriptive language
C) expository talk
D) source monitoring

Question 35

Pygmalion in the classroom refers to

A) using the film My Fair Lady in classroom instruction.
B) using the George Bernard Shaw play Pygmalion in the classroom.
C) teacher expectations influencing student achievement.
D) using the principles of instruction espoused by ancient Greek philosophers.

Question 36

How would a behaviorist promote literacy development?

A) use discovery methods
B) teach skills in a hierarchical sequence
C) encourage collaborative group work
D) use apprenticeships

Question 37

Students who are bilingual tend to experience which of the following?

A) trouble mastering both languages and experience strong language delays.
B) improved executive functions and theory of mind compared to monolingual students.
C) loss of their original or heritage language.
D) improved mathematical reasoning compared to monolingual students.

Question 38

What is it called when adults speak to young children using exaggerated, high pitched speech?

Question 39

The reason why students would engage in code switching is primarily related to which of the following?

A) syntax
B) pragmatics
C) phonology
D) semantics

Question 40

Bobby and friends swear a lot more when they are talking with each other compared to when talking to their parents. Which of the five components of verbal language is most relevant?

Question 41

Which theorist is most linked with the nativist view of language development, and which is linked with the environmentalist view?

Question 42

Consider the 12^th grade writing sample provided below. What attributes of the writing mark it as coming from an adolescent and not from a younger child? What type of writing does it represent?
Athletes have been using enhancing substances for hundreds of years to improve their performance. Currently athletes still use substances to give them an edge over their competitors. With modern advances, there are many more products on the market. High school athletes have started taking advantage of such products. The hypothesis is that performance enhancing substances for student athletes are prevalent in high school. The rationale is that many students see professional athletes boosting their performance by taking such substances and the students assume that they would also improve. A survey will be administered to a sample population of students at a mid-west suburban high school. The survey will deal with sports, drugs, and performance enhancers.

Question 43

Discuss in general terms how children develop their ability to write with competence. What are some competencies that change? Start with preschool, and end with high school.