Deck 13: The Self-System and Motivation

Question 1

Kenneth and Mamie Clark are famous for what series of studies?

A) randomly assigning students from stigmatized groups to take a test under stigmatizing conditions or a control condition
B) inducing fear of acting White in students and investigating their achievement
C) presenting brown and white dolls and asking "Give me the doll that you like best"
D) investigating whether schools in the South held lower standards than schools elsewhere

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true?

A) If you have high self-efficacy you almost surely have high self-esteem.
B) If you have high self-esteem you almost surely have high global self-concept.
C) If you have high English self-concept you almost surely have high math self-concept.
D) If you have high global self-esteem you almost surely have high self-efficacy.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When Ms. Tavernari learns that DiShawn, who is Black and from a low income background, scored very high on the SAT, she congratulates him but is clearly surprised that he did so well. Which of the following concepts is illustrated?

A) Flynn effect
B) Stereotype threat
C) Big-fish-little-pond effect
D) Microaggression

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following thoughts is the clearest example of self-esteem?

A) "I think that I am worthless and no one could like me."
B) "I am not confident that I can learn math."
C) "I am not a good student."
D) "I don't think I am good looking."

Question 5

Let's say that African American students who took the same test performed better if they thought it measured problem solving ability than when they thought it measured intelligence. Which of the following is most relevant to understanding the different average test scores?

A) attribution theory
B) stereotype threat
C) implicit prejudice
D) ethnic identity

Question 6

According to research, in which domain do boys have much greater self-concept than girls?

A) conduct
B) academic
C) social
D) appearance

Question 7

Laxmi was not confident that she could learn to program a computer. When she found out that 2 girls with similar GPA in her class were expert programmers her confidence improved dramatically. The influence on her self-efficacy that is most relevant to her change in confidence is

A) previous success and failure.
B) vicarious experience.
C) persuasion.
D) ethnic identity.

Question 8

To reduce prejudices among students, teachers should

A) avoid drawing attention to the history of race relations and discrimination
B) minimize contact between different ethnic/racial groups in the classroom
C) act color blind and not acknowledge racial differences in the classroom
D) promote students' participation in activities where students often have equal status, like extracurricular activities and sports

Question 9

Johnny thinks that if he puts on a dress, he might become a girl. Johnny lacks

A) gender.
B) gender constancy.
C) gender ability.
D) gender identity.

Question 10

According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the major influences on self-efficacy?

A) previous experience
B) vicarious experience
C) persuasion
D) ethnic identity

Question 11

Sally thinks that she has no ability for math and will never be able to pass more advanced math courses. Which view of her own ability does she have?

A) growth mindset or incremental
B) fixed mindset or entity
C) self-efficacy
D) vicarious

Question 12

Research on the big-fish-little-pond effect tends to show which of the following?

A) Being a high achiever tends to make you feel like the school is small.
B) The achievement level of fellow students has little effect on one's academic self-concept.
C) Being in a high achieving school tends to increase one's academic self-concept.
D) Being in a high achieving school tends to lower one's academic self-concept.

Question 13

Which of the following is Erikson's psychosocial stage for adolescence?

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) identity versus identity confusion
C) industry versus inferiority
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 14

What happens to student interest in and motivation for school across the school years?

A) It declines
B) It increases
C) It declines until about 9 ^th grade when low achievers drop out of school, and then increases
D) It declines for boys and increases for girls

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true about ethnic identity?

A) Few African American youth report experiencing racial insults before they are finishing high school.
B) Most 11-year-olds are able to understand racial stereotypes that are common in a society.
C) Preschoolers cannot correctly label their racial groups.
D) Perceptions of stigma due to race are common in elementary school.

Question 16

Which age group tends to have the most inflated self-assessment?

A) early childhood
B) middle childhood
C) adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 17

Alex insists that when he grows up he will be a mommy. He has not yet achieved

A) gender ability.
B) gender constancy.
C) penis envy.
D) Oedipus complex.

Question 18

A graph like the one below most likely represents which of the following?

A) language ability
B) perceptions of competence
C) Erikson's psychosocial stages
D) gender constancy

Question 19

Stereotype threat refers to which of the following?

A) a desire to stereotype out-groups
B) a feeling that your in-group is the target of discrimination
C) a fear that one's performance might confirm a negative stereotype of one's group
D) a desire to avoid stereotyping out-groups that makes one overcompensate by giving extra leeway to the out-group

Question 20

It is generally best if students make attributions for successes and failures in school to their

A) entity view of intelligence.
B) task difficulty.
C) ability.
D) effort.

Question 21

What achievement goal emphasizes learning the material and mastering new skills and does not focus on how other students are performing?

Question 22

Why might users of self-determination theory object to the use of reinforcement to influence student learning?

A) It results in behavior change.
B) It is too externally controlling.
C) It does not take into account cultural differences.
D) It could lead to learned helplessness.

Question 23

When people experience learned helplessness, they think that their low ability for some skill or activity is

A) fixed and unchangeable.
B) changeable through effort.
C) higher for girls than for boys.
D) attributable to the low quality of instruction they have received.

Question 24

Which of the following is most under teacher control?

A) situational interest
B) personal interest
C) self-esteem
D) ethnic identity

Question 25

What generally happens to motivation as students transition from elementary to junior high school?

A) motivation increases for students who are in honors classes
B) motivation declines for girls but not boys
C) motivation increases for students
D) motivation declines for students

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT one of the text's suggestions regarding the types of models that should most improve your students' performance?

A) peer models
B) multiple models
C) coping models
D) unsuccessful models

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT good advice for the use of goal setting?

A) use specific goals
B) tell students to do their best
C) give feedback to students
D) be sure that students are committed to the goals

Question 28

Which group tends to have higher self-esteem: African American youth or White youth?

Question 29

What does it mean to show a discrepancy in order to foster student interest?

A) Provide feedback regarding correct and incorrect answers.
B) Show students that their exam responses are wrong.
C) Show students that what they think is true about a topic is false.
D) Demonstrate to students the difference between situational and personal interest.

Question 30

Which one of the following students clearly has a performance approach goal?

A) Jorge wants to be with his friends.
B) Celia wants to become more skilled at the material that is on the exam.
C) Christina wants to avoid work.
D) Jackson wants to do better than his classmates on the exam.

Question 31

Which of the following is most likely to foster self-determination?

A) extrinsic rewards
B) controlling statements
C) evaluation
D) choice

Question 32

Learned helplessness results when children

A) learn that, by acting helpless, they can get their parents to do things for them.
B) whose parents are responsive to crying learn to cry more often.
C) come to enjoy pretending to be helpless.
D) become passive in situations where they have learned that their actions do not influence events.

Question 33

What does it mean to say that students have a need for self-determination and autonomy?

Question 34

Do boys or girls tend to have higher interest in school?

Question 35

What 1954 Supreme Court decision repudiated the doctrine of "separate but equal"?

Question 36

Stereotype threat has to do with race and ethnicity, not with gender.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of situational interest rather than personal interest?

A) Adam finds the Guinness Book of World Records for the first time and is intrigued by the strange people it describes.
B) Blaine can't think of anything he would rather do than play poker with his friends.
C) Martha plays basketball, reads about basketball, watches basketball live and on TV, and talks about basketball with her friends.
D) Merrell wants to be rich and starts investing in the stock market while in high school.

Question 38

Ms. Ocampos avoids comparing students to each other, uses errors as opportunities for instruction, and emphasizes effort as the cause of learning and success. She is emphasizing which kind of goal?

A) mastery
B) performance approach
C) performance avoidance
D) social

Question 39

Which type of goal tends to result in the worst outcomes?

A) performance avoidance
B) performance approach
C) mastery
D) social