Deck 12: The East Is Red: China Under Communism

Question 1

By the end of the 1980s, all of the following were contributing to dissent in China except which?

A)Fear of American nuclear attack
B)Economic inflation, which was reducing the real wages of salaried workers
C)Student demands for greater democracy

Answer 1

Fear of American nuclear attack

Question 2

After coming to power, Deng Xiaoping adopted which policy?

A)He concluded that ideological correctness was more important than economic progress.
B)He authorized democracy in China's cities but not in the countryside.
C)He became convinced that economic performance was more important than Marxist-Leninist doctrine.

Answer 2

He became convinced that economic performance was more important than Marxist-Leninist doctrine.

Question 3

Deng's reforms failed to achieve the "fifth modernization," which was which of the following?

A)Nationalism
B)Democracy
C)Capitalism

Answer 3

Democracy

Question 4

Under the land reform program of New Democracy, the number of peasant households receiving land was approximately what number?

A)One-tenth
B)One-quarter
C)Two-thirds

Question 5

All of the following were part of Deng's economic reform program except which?

A)Bureaucratic controls were reduced over state industries.
B)People were encouraged to establish private businesses such as restaurants and repair shops.
C)Special economic zones were established in China's interior provinces in order to revitalize the rural countryside.

Question 6

As a result of Deng's pragmatic approach, during the 1980s, the per capita income in China experienced which of the following changes?

A)It increased 100 percent.
B)It increased 50 percent.
C)It increased 75 percent.

Question 7

Which Chinese leader was most sympathetic to student demands during the Tiananmen Square demonstrations?

A)Zhao Ziyang
B)Deng Xiaoping
C)Jiang Zemin

Question 8

As an alternative to the fading appeal of Marxism, to hold China together in the uncertain times of the early twenty-first century, the Communist leadership has encouraged which of the following?

A)The revival of Buddhism
B)Nationalism and patriotism
C)Materialism and making money

Question 9

In order to thwart the appeal of Western ideas and institutions, in the 1990s China's Communist leaders adopted which policy?

A)They rehabilitated Confucianism as a nonreligious humanistic guide for morals and values.
B)They ended all capitalistic and private enterprise endeavors in China.
C)They banned foreign tourists and foreign investors.

Question 10

After the Tiananmen Square incident, the Communist government responded with what reforms?

A)It ordered Marxist-Leninist ideology to be removed from school curriculums.
B)It demanded that Marxist-Leninist ideology be taught in schools.
C)It allowed dissidents within the intellectual communist society to publicly criticize Marxist-Leninist practices as long as they did so peacefully.

Question 11

Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution because he believed in which of the following principles?

A)Ideological considerations were more important than economic progress.
B)Educated specialists were to be given a free hand to rebuild the lagging Chinese economy.
C)Given the crises facing China, "experts" would have precedence over "reds."

Question 12

When Deng Xiaoping came to power, he took which of the following stances?

A)He condemned the traditional ways of the peasants and their obsession with the "four olds."
B)He ordered a renewed commitment to socialism and the "fifth modernization."
C)He urged policies that, regardless of ideology, would "create wealth for the people."

Question 13

How did the Chinese government respond to the 1989 demonstrations in Tiananmen Square?

A)Were encouraged by the Communist Party as a tribute to the dead Mao Zedong
B)Were tolerated by China's leaders and eventually the demonstrations quietly ended
C)So frightened the Communist Party leaders that they had the army violently disperse the demonstrators

Question 14

The Chinese province of Xinjiang in the West experienced considerable unrest because of the demands of which sizable minority?

A)Tibetan nationalists
B)Buddhists and Taoists
C)Muslims

Question 15

China's "socialist legality" during the Deng regime refers to which of the following?

A)The equalization of wealth
B)Greater economic support for the rural areas, which had benefited less than the coastal urban areas
C)Ending the arbitrary punishments associated with the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Question 16

Mao Zedong's New Democracy had what intent?

A)It attempted to make a clean break with capitalism to limit the damage such a transition might cause.
B)It attempted to slowly transition from capitalist to communist economic systems, minimizing instability.
C)It attempted to promote wealth generation and industry through several years of intensive capitalism.

Question 17

What initiative was one response to Deng's attempt to restore "socialist legality" in reaction to the arbitrary punishments of the Cultural Revolution?

A)The Great Leap Forward
B)The Four Modernizations
C)Beijing's "Democracy Wall"

Question 18

The "Four Modernizations" included all except which of the following?

A)National defense
B)Family planning
C)Technology

Question 19

In addition to the years of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, the "ten lost years" refers to which of the following?

A)The years after 1949 when China was largely isolated from the West and its technology
B)The 1920s when the Chinese Communist Party was allied to Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Party
C)The decade after Mao's death when the economy experienced a disastrous depression

Question 20

An example of Communist China's increasing activism in its foreign relations with its neighbors is its controversial claim to authority over what region?

A)Port Arthur
B)Hokkaido
C)The South China Sea

Question 21

Why did peasants side with Communist forces in the Chinese civil war?

Question 22

Which of the following best described the experiences of the New Democracy land reforms?

A)Some landlords and rich farmers lost their lives, and many were innocent of any crimes.
B)Many landlords and rich farmers lost their lives, but they were guilty of serious crimes.
C)Some lives were lost among the poorest peasants.

Question 23

By the end of the 1990s, the private economic sector in Communist China was producing what percentage of the Chinese economy's goods?

A)One percent of the gross domestic product
B)Five percent of the gross domestic product
C)Over ten percent of the gross domestic product

Question 24

What was the Great Leap Forward?

Question 25

How are agricultural "work points" best described?

A)They were abolished by Mao Zedong when he came to power.
B)They were awarded to the head of the family during the era of the agricultural communes.
C)They were given to the individual during the period of the communes whereas earlier they had awarded to the head of the family.

Question 26

In 1955, the Communist Party ordered that all agricultural land be collectivized for what reason?

A)Because by then the five-year plan had provided a surplus of tractors and reapers
B)To increase food production and thus release labor and capital for industrialization
C)In order to reduce urban poverty and crime

Question 27

How are women's statuses in Communist China best described?

A)They possess equal rights as men.
B)They are forbidden to divorce their husbands except for desertion as the result of the Marriage Law of 1950.
C)They are allowed to vote but are forbidden to become active in politics.

Question 28

Deng Xiaoping's "rural responsibility system" had what result?

A)It encouraged rural peasants to move to urban areas.
B)It demanded that farmers join agricultural communes.
C)It allowed peasants to lease land from agricultural collectives and sell their surpluses on the private market.

Question 29

What was the role of "joint enterprises" in the making of the early PRC?

Question 30

It is estimated that at the end of the twentieth century, the income of China's farmers was about what level?

A)Equal to that of urban workers
B)Greater than that of urban workers because they had their own plots of land
C)Half that of urban workers

Question 31

What was the aim of the Communist Party after coming to power in 1949?

A)Destroy the traditional family system of dependency.
B)Abolish marriage, substituting in its place the practice of communal relationships.
C)Restore the traditional family system, which had suffered during the stresses of the 1930s and World War II.

Question 32

Overall, the economic modernization policy of Deng Xiaoping and his successors had what results?

A)It was a disaster, which led to a great depression in the mid-1990s.
B)It was successful, helping most Chinese to achieve a higher living standard.
C)It was a failure in that the living standards for most Chinese declined from the Mao years.

Question 33

What was the Cultural Revolution?

Question 34

What was New Democracy, and why was it important?

Question 35

Describe the differences between Homo erectus and Homo habilis.

Question 36

What percentage of urban Chinese owned a colored TV, a refrigerator, and a washing machine by the end of the twentieth century?

A)More than 10 percent
B)More than 20 percent
C)More than 80 percent

Question 37

The five relationships included all except which of the following?

A)Subordination of son to father
B)Subordination of wife to husband
C)Subordination of older brother to younger brother

Question 38

How is Chinese Communist Party population policy best summarized?

A)It placed severe limitations upon population growth.
B)It encouraged peasants to have more children to assist in agricultural production.
C)It allowed no more than three children per family.

Question 39

What is the best description of Xi Jinping's policies?

A)They have focused entirely on strengthening China's regions through large development projects.
B)They have placed a large emphasis on China's relationship with the world via the Belt and Road Initiative.
C)They have sought to return China to the principles of late Maoism.

Question 40

The "literature of the wounded" refers to which of the following?

A)It reflects the era of the Chinese civil war of the late 1940s.
B)It described the brutal character of the Cultural Revolution.
C)It related stories of Communist heroism against Japan in World War II.

Question 41

How did Mao approach the transition from capitalist to socialist economy immediately after the Chinese civil war? What did he do similarly and differently to the Soviet Union?

Question 42

What was the rural responsibility system, and why was it significant?

Question 43

What are the Four Modernizations?

Question 44

What is the "Chinese dream," and why is it significant?

Question 45

Mao Zedong believed all of the following about China's peasants except which?

A)They had to be compelled and coerced to work.
B)They were naturally revolutionary in spirit.
C)They were like a blank piece of paper, ready for the words socialism and communism to be written upon it.

Question 46

Which was more successful, the Great Leap Forward or the Cultural Revolution? Why?

Question 47

Why did Deng Xiaoping retire?

Question 48

Why did Deng Xiaoping decide to move away from Mao's policies? What results did his direction have?

Question 49

Why is population growth such a large concern to Chinese leadership?

Question 50

Why did pragmatic reformers seek to rehabilitate Confucius in the late twentieth century?

Question 51

Were Hu Jintao's policies and objectives more similar to Mao's or to Deng's? Why?

Question 52

What was China's experience of the 2008 global financial crisis?

Question 53

What was the difference between market socialism and market Leninism?

Question 54

How were Deng Xiaoping's and Mao Zedong's approaches to ideology different?

Question 55

What is "socialist legality," and why is it important?

Question 56

The Great Leap Forward had what result?

A)It was a great success, producing both agricultural and industrial surpluses.
B)It was a disaster, costing as many as 15 million lives due to starvation.
C)It was immediately followed by the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.

Question 57

What effect did the failure of the Great Leap Forward have on the early PRC?

Question 58

Why was Ding Ling persecuted?

Question 59

Why was Confucianism a regular target of Maoist reformers?

Question 60

Describe Xi Jinping's foreign policy.

Question 61

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was most similar to which of these historical events?

A)The French Revolution's Reign of Terror
B)The Bolshevik takeover of Russia in 1917
C)The Chinese civil war, won by the Communists in 1949

Question 62

What effect has the growing urban middle class had on Chinese politics, society, and the economy?

Question 63

The "four olds" included all except which of the following?

A)Old buildings
B)Old thoughts
C)Old culture

Question 64

To what extent was China dominated by Mao Zedong? Why?

Question 65

What was the intent of the rural responsibility system? What were the results? Did the policy achieve its goals?

Question 66

By 1966, Mao differed with many of his colleagues over his belief in which of the following?

A)Uninterrupted revolution
B)Nationalization of the means of production
C)The validity of Marxism and Leninism

Question 67

In what ways have Xi Jinping's policies continued on a similar course to Hu Jintao's? In what way are they different?

Question 68

By 1966, Mao believed which of the following?

A)The peasants would never be revolutionaries.
B)That too many Chinese functionaries were "taking the capitalist road."
C)Further reform must come from the top down.

Question 69

Why has Confucianism been at one time an enemy and at another time an ally of the PRC's policies?

Question 70

What was the significance of the 2008 Olympics in providing a new image of a new China to the world? How successful was that project?