Deck 36: The Islamic World, 1600-1917

Question 1

Defeats and losses of territory that took place in the early part of the 1700s convinced the grand viziers and Ottoman sultans that their best course of action was to

A) welcome the Europeans, thereby paying lip service to the outsiders but managing to secure their faith from interference.
B) immediately raise a new army and try to attack the Europeans unexpectedly.
C) dramatically reform Ottoman society so as to be more acceptable to the "invaders."
D) build up and improve their military structure, but modernize as conservatively as possible.
E) carry out reforms by bringing in European teachers and curriculum.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Dar al-Harb is the Arabic word for

A) the community of God.
B) religious warriors.
C) merchants.
D) teaching of the imams.
E) unbelievers.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The term "Sick Man of Europe" applied to

A) Safavid Persia.
B) Habsburg Austria.
C) Ottoman Turkey.
D) Romanov Russia.
E) Elizabethan England.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Describe the last days of the Safavid and Mughal Empires in India. What replaced them when they were gone? How did that happen?

Question 5

Describe and discuss British and French intervention in the affairs of Egypt. Which of the two eventually came to occupy Egypt? Describe that situation, as well as efforts by the Egyptians to occupy neighboring Sudan.

Question 6

It is most accurate to say that the Safavids were

A) tribal in nature.
B) the most successful of the empires.
C) very successful in expanding their empire.
D) the creators of a highly successful bureaucracy.
E) successors to the Qahars.

Question 7

The first Europeans to arrive in India were the

A) British.
B) Spanish.
C) French.
D) Dutch.
E) Portuguese.

Question 8

One of the most destructive forces on the Ottoman Empire was the sultan's decision to

A) send his sons abroad to further their educations.
B) keep the Janissaries from having families.
C) have their sons raised in the harem rather than with the military.
D) adopt Western technology.
E) stop competing with Europe for markets.

Question 9

Islam's decline as a driving force throughout the world in the last 1800s occurred mainly because

A) most ordinary Muslims feared contamination by the West.
B) Ottoman sultans formed a pact and refused to let their people become educated.
C) the Muslim world rejected, for the most part, Western science and education.
D) Islam became so fundamentalist that converting people to the faith had become problematic.
E) Ottoman sultans were distracted at home by subjects who were rebelling against the new religious extremism.

Question 10

Egyptian and Iranian attempts at modernization in the 1800s were centered mostly in what sphere?

A) religious
B) military
C) political
D) educational
E) architectural

Question 11

Describe the development of the fundamentalist sect of Islam known as Wahhabism. How did the Salafi Movement differ from Wahhabism?

Question 12

Which statement below describes the situation in the major Muslim countries by the 1880s?

A) Britain controlled India and Persia.
B) The Ottomans were still maintaining a precarious hold on North Africa.
C) The Anglo-Ottoman Alliance held Egypt.
D) The Ottomans controlled only some portions of the Middle East.
E) The Ottomans had been soundly defeated by the French in Europe, and the French also controlled North Africa.

Question 13

Evaluate the strengths and the weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire as it existed in the 1700s and 1800s. Analyze the factors that led to the empire's decline and eventual destruction.

Question 14

The driving force behind the expansion of Islam up to the 18^th century was

A) the belief in Muslim superiority.
B) the need for markets among true believers.
C) the belief that spreading the faith and establishing God's earthly kingdom was a tenet of the faith.
D) the desire to stamp out Christianity.
E) the desire for Western technology.

Question 15

Which of the following was still a strength of the later Ottoman Empire?

A) the arts and literature
B) architecture
C) religious tolerance even for unbelievers
D) an international language
E) dependence on a military that at length let the empire down

Question 16

The event that gave Britain control of most of India was

A) the Battle of Lepanto.
B) the Seven Years' War.
C) the destruction of the sultan's Janissary corps.
D) the British seizure of control of Egypt.
E) the Treaty of Karlowitz.

Question 17

From the 1600s onward, the Ottomans responded to technological change by

A) adopting all technology they could.
B) ignoring it as much as possible.
C) demanding change in their own country.
D) turning away from their military background.
E) adopting Western scientific methods.

Question 18

Describe and discuss the Islamic reforms attempted under Sultan Selim III and Abdul Mejid. Compare and contrast the two. What was the response of the group known as the "Young Ottomans"?

Question 19

The Ottoman Empire had one attribute that was very unusual compared to other Muslim areas at the time, before a reaction to that characteristic set in. That was its

A) military equipment
B) leadership
C) cultural development
D) religious toleration
E) religious over secular education

Question 20

Which of the following was not a Muslim response to outside pressures in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

A) Arab nationalism
B) open warfare
C) grudging acceptance
D) accommodation
E) Islamic fundamentalism

Question 21

The 18^th century was for the Ottomans a century of

A) lost wars and confiscated territories.
B) learning valuable lessons from the way Europeans shared their knowledge in many subjects.
C) great upheaval as various reform movements failed and several leaders were overthrown.
D) successful efforts to build a formidable army that Europe came to respect.
E) reinforcing their Muslim belief system and incorporating that even more strongly into their governments.

Question 22

Sultan Abdul Aziz would best be described as

A) a liberal reformer.
B) a conservative who wanted to move slowly toward modernization.
C) a reactionary who tried to stop the reform movement.
D) independent and out of touch with the majority will.
E) a nationalist who Westernization would encourage nationalism.

Question 23

Military problems worsened for the Ottoman Empire after the ____________________ were allowed to settle down in one place and marry.

Question 24

Wahhabism emerged as a form of Islam whose adherents believed that

A) Islam was destined to overcome all the assaults against it, and with all Muslims coming together as brothers.
B) the only acceptable model for Islam is the primitive Islamic community as it existed in Mecca during Muhammad's time.
C) Islam could only continue to exist if its followers adhered strictly to the Qur'an and the oral traditions concerning Muhammad.
D) every person outside Arabia must be either converted or killed.
E) Sufis caused even more problems for Islam than did the infidels of the West.

Question 25

In the early 1900s, leaders of the Pan-Arab movement went into hiding temporarily after being persecuted by the secret police of

A) Sultan Abdul Hamid.
B) Muhammad Abdul.
C) Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.
D) Ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
E) Shah Muzaffar.

Question 26

The original objective of Britain's East India Company in India was to

A) study native customs.
B) use India as a base for further Asian conquests.
C) conquer and convert the Hindus to Christianity.
D) colonize southern India for the British Crown.
E) control the tea and cotton trade with Europe.

Question 27

The Salafi movement took its name from a word that meant

A) true believers.
B) traditionalists.
C) eternal searchers.
D) rebels.
E) pious ancestors.

Question 28

Wahhabism got its start in

A) Arabia.
B) Egypt.
C) Iran.
D) Iraq.
E) Jordan.

Question 29

The ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ in America and Europe gave ____________________ control of India.

Question 30

An important event took place in 1869 when

A) British businessmen first invested in Egypt.
B) Muhammad Ali came to power in Egypt.
C) the Suez Canal opened.
D) Egypt occupied the Sudan.
E) the Mahdist Rebellion began.

Question 31

Fundamentalist Muslims believe that the main task of the civil government is to

A) punish infidels.
B) protect the believers from persecution.
C) ensure that the Koran is the basis of all law.
D) establish Allah's kingdom on earth.
E) provide support for Muslim religious schools.

Question 32

A naval victory at ____________________ in 1571 gave the Habsburgs and their ____________________ allies the upper hand in the Mediterranean.

Question 33

The British in the Sudan had to overcome formidable opposition from

A) Mahdists.
B) Boers.
C) Zulus.
D) Bantu.
E) Hottentots.

Question 34

By the mid-1800s, Persia had for the most part been divided between ____________________ and ____________________.

Question 35

The concept of Pan-Arabism began to gain strength in the 19^th century, most often among Christians in

A) Egypt and Syria.
B) Sudan and Ethiopia.
C) Lebanon and Jordan.
D) Egypt and Lebanon.
E) Palestine and Egypt.

Question 36

In 1807, an uprising of the ulama and the janissaries

A) deposed Selim and temporarily set back reforms.
B) brought Mahmud II to power.
C) brought on the Tanzimat Reforms.
D) ended in the Rose Chamber Rescript.
E) all of the above

Question 37

Abdul Hamid is noted for having initiated an alignment between his empire and

A) Germany.
B) France.
C) Austria-Hungary.
D) Russia.
E) Britain.

Question 38

Beginning with Selim the Sot, sultans began to have major problems with their ____________________ and with ____________________ intrigues.

Question 39

Muhammad Ali Pasha's Egyptian reforms were modeled on what society?

A) French
B) British
C) American
D) German
E) Austrian

Question 40

In more recent times, most Muslim ulama have

A) continued to ignore innovations.
B) spoken out against fundamentalism.
C) moved to integrate religious and civil affairs.
D) become more lenient.
E) advocated some degree of modernization.

Question 41

As rector of the most renowned university in Egypt, ____________________ ____________________ encouraged moderate reforms and some new subjects for their education.

Question 42

Under Muhammad Ali Pasha, ____________________ ____________________ played a major role in Egypt's modernization.

Question 43

Zealots following the admonitions of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab captured ____________________ and ____________________ in 1803.

Question 44

Mahmud II did away with the ____________________ corps, banned ____________________ brotherhoods and seized funds from the ulama.

Question 45

To impress the Europeans, Muhammad Ali enlisted ____________________ to compose ____________________ for the opening of the Suez Canal.