Deck 22: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871

Question 1

Real wages for British laborers between 1850 and 1870 increased by how much?

A)More than 25 percent
B)Approximately 50 percent
C)Nearly 100 percent

Answer 1

More than 25 percent

Question 2

Which of the following was a key political consequence of Disraeli's Reform Act of 1867?

A)The outbreak of mass strikes by industrial workers in Britain
B)A large increase in the number of voters and tighter organization of Liberal and Conservative political parties
C)The emergence of female suffrage movements in other European countries inspired by extension of the vote to British women

Answer 2

A large increase in the number of voters and tighter organization of Liberal and Conservative political parties

Question 3

How are the Russian zemstvos best described?

A)Radical, populist societies that supported all revolutionary causes
B)Local assemblies with limited self-governing powers
C)Agreements between peasants and landlords concerning work rules

Answer 3

Local assemblies with limited self-governing powers

Question 4

How was the Second Empire in France created in 1852?

A)Through the assassination of Louis Napoleon
B)When the army overthrew the Republic in a coup
C)When French voters overwhelmingly voted for the restoration of the empire

Question 5

What was the result of the Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867?

A)It created a loose federation of ethnic states within the Austrian Empire.
B)It created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
C)It made Austria part of the North German Confederation.

Question 6

The dispute that sparked the Franco-Prussian War centered on which of the following?

A)The candidacy of a member of the Hohenzollern dynasty to the Spanish throne
B)Bismarck's decision to invade Luxembourg
C)The French invasion of Alsace and Lorraine

Question 7

The reforms of Tsar Alexander II centered around which of the following initiatives?

A)Government sponsorship of popular societies like the Bolsheviks
B)Improvements in the military
C)The abolition of serfdom

Question 8

Vera Zasulich's successful use of violence against the tsarist regime in Russia led to which of the following outcomes?

A)Karl Marx wrote positively about the role of women in revolution.
B)She was publicly denounced by the reform group Land and Freedom.
C)Radicals from a group known as the People's Will assassinated Alexander II.

Question 9

As a consequence of its experience in the Franco-Prussian War, France had to do which of the following?

A)Pay an indemnity to Prussia of 5 billion francs
B)Abandon Nice and Marseilles
C)Agree to allow Prussia to control Luxembourg

Question 10

The Red Shirts fought for whom?

A)Bismarck
B)Cavour
C)Garibaldi

Question 11

As a statesman, how can Bismarck be best described?

A)He was a determined nationalist who planned every move toward German unification.
B)He was a populist and a traitor to his aristocratic class.
C)He was an opportunist capitalizing on unexpected events and manipulating affairs to his favor.

Question 12

During the Franco-Prussian War, which of the following events proved decisive?

A)Napoleon III successfully defended the French homeland.
B)The French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Sedan.
C)Bismarck allowed the Prussian army to fall into a subordinate position.

Question 13

Prussian leadership of German unification meant which of the following?

A)A new era of peaceful European relations and economic cooperation had begun.
B)Authoritarian and militaristic values had triumphed over liberal constitutional values in the new German state.
C)Austrian bureaucrats would have new opportunities to shape the political culture of the new German Empire.

Question 14

Bismarck goaded the Austrians into war in 1866 with the occupation of which of the following regions?

A)Lorraine
B)Schleswig-Holstein
C)Saxony

Question 15

Otto von Bismarck belonged to which of the following classes?

A)The working class
B)The industrial middle class
C)The Junker class

Question 16

The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 after which of the following events?

A)The Red Shirts defeated the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
B)Savoy was defeated with the aid of Prussian troops.
C)Rome became the capital city following the withdrawal of French troops.

Question 17

As chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck followed which of the following policies?

A)He instituted vital liberal land reforms to win poor peasants over to support him.
B)He largely bypassed parliament in pursuing his political goals of military modernization.
C)He favored the general staff because he was totally dependent on the Prussian military.

Question 18

Which of the following was among Napoleon III's great domestic projects?

A)The building of the Eiffel Tower
B)The rededication of the Cathedral of Notre Dame
C)A reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities

Question 19

How is Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification, best described?

A)He instituted the Zollverein, the German customs union that drove industrial development.
B)He practiced Realpolitik in conducting domestic and foreign policy.
C)He was a liberal from lower-class origins who used politics to achieve his reform goals.

Question 20

How is the Zollverein best described?

A)It was the German states' customs union dominated by Prussia.
B)It was a conservative German nationalist group bent on unification of the country.
C)It was the lower house of the Prussian parliament.

Question 21

Describe the key principles of Realpolitik.

Question 22

Why was Piedmont the paramount power in Italy?

Question 23

The belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideal was simply a result of physical forces is known as which of the following?

A)Realism
B)Nominalism
C)Materialism

Question 24

Of the following, under the Second Empire, Napoleon III was most interested in which of the following?

A)The industrial development of France
B)Avoiding wars and foreign adventures
C)Enhancing civil liberties like free speech

Question 25

In addition to examining everyday life, the literary Realists of the mid-nineteenth century were also interested in which of the following?

A)Completely avoiding romantic imagery, as shown in the works of Charles Dickens
B)Employing emotional and poetic language to cause social reform
C)Avoiding sentimental language by using careful observation and description

Question 26

Describe Garibaldi's nationalist movement and why he was successful.

Question 27

According to Karl Marx, the final result of the struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would be which of the following?

A)Equal amounts of property for everyone
B)A classless society
C)All political power transferred to the proletariat

Question 28

Canada largely gained its independence through which of the following acts?

A)1802 in the Provinces of Canada Act
B)1867 with the Dominion of Canada Act
C)1860 as a consequence of the American invasion of Ontario and Quebec

Question 29

How did Louis Napoleon become an emperor?

Question 30

The Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels is based on which of the following premises?

A)It claimed that all historical development was caused by class struggle.
B)The bourgeoisie and proletariat are natural allies in the fight against wage slavery.
C)The First International is the only legitimate government institution.

Question 31

England and France entered the Crimean War in 1854 because they feared which state's growing influence in the Mediterranean?

A)Russia
B)The Ottoman Empire
C)Prussia

Question 32

How is the First International best described?

A)It served as a type of umbrella organization for all European labor interests.
B)It became the largest working-class trade union in Europe in the nineteenth century.
C)It was rejected by Marx as a "bourgeois-dominated institution."

Question 33

When did Abraham Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?

A)1850
B)1863
C)1861

Question 34

How did foreign policy cause the downfall of Napoleon III's empire?

Question 35

The positivist Auguste Comte was responsible for which of the following?

A)Posing an evolutionary theory that supplanted Darwin's
B)Founding the discipline of sociology
C)Helping to remove theology as a subject from university curricula

Question 36

How is Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man best described?

A)It is filled with expressions of doubt and hesitancy over the new evolutionary theories.
B)It proposed the first theory of genetic mutations.
C)It argued for the animal origins of human beings, who had evolved by adapting to their environment over time.

Question 37

Which of the following statements best applies to Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory?

A)His ideas were readily accepted by religious fundamentalists and cultural conservatives.
B)His works were truly revolutionary in that they were the first to propose a theory of evolution.
C)His theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival.

Question 38

Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher Hegel's idea of the dialectic, meaning which of the following?

A)All progress is the result of clashes between directly antagonistic elements.
B)No real changes in society can occur before industrialization.
C)Dictatorship is the central political force in all history.

Question 39

Which of the following statements about the American Civil War (1861-1865)is true?

A)It was ended by the Missouri Compromise.
B)It was highly destructive due to the equal balance of forces between North and South.
C)It was a clear precursor of "total war" in the twentieth century.

Question 40

What was France's role in Italian unification?

Question 41

Why did the Tsar abolish serfdom in 1861?

Question 42

How was Marxism different from early socialism?

Question 43

What is the main argument of Darwin's On the Origin of Species?

Question 44

What role did the Zollverein play in the process of German unification?

Question 45

What was the cause of the U.S. Civil War?

Question 46

What were the consequences of the U.S. Civil War for U.S. politics?

Question 47

Describe the significance of the Ausgleich of 1867.

Question 48

Whose efforts were more important to Italian unification: the Count di Cavour's or Garibaldi's? Why?

Question 49

What was the significance of the completion of the Suez Canal?

Question 50

What are the key principles of Marxism?

Question 51

To what extent did the Ausgleich of 1867 solve the Austrian empire's problems? To what extent did it create new problems?

Question 52

How instrumental was Realpolitik to German unification? Why?

Question 53

What was the purpose of zemstvos?

Question 54

Describe Gladstone's Liberal Party and its platform. Who were its strongest supporters?

Question 55

Which of the following was an overall result of the Crimean War?

A)The reinforcement of the Concert of Europe until World War I
B)Continued Russian expansionism in Europe for the next two decades
C)The destruction of the Concert of Europe and the creation of opportunities for Italian and German national unification

Question 56

Why was war so important to German unification?

Question 57

What was more important to the downfall of Napoleon III's empire: internal problems or external problems? Why?

Question 58

What was the result of the 1867 Reform Act?

Question 59

What are the key principles of Materialism?

Question 60

In seeking unification, many Italian nationalists in the 1850s looked for leadership from whom?

A)The Pope
B)The Kingdom of Piedmont
C)The house of Habsburg

Question 61

Among the policies of Camillo di Cavour were all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)Encouraging the development of roads, canals, and railroads in Piedmont
B)Fostering business enterprise by expanding credit
C)Dramatically reducing government expenditures on the military

Question 62

Which of the following was the dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification?

A)France
B)Austria
C)Papal States

Question 63

How was the U.S. Civil War representative of broader trends in European political history? To what extent did it foreshadow the character of future political and military conflicts?

Question 64

Describe the changes to public health in Europe in the late nineteenth century. What was the cause of these developments, and what results did they have?

Question 65

Who among the following was the romantic nationalist who challenged Cavour for control of southern Italy?

A)Mussolini
B)Mazzini
C)Garibaldi

Question 66

How representative was the Suez Canal of the changes caused by nineteenth-century industrial capitalism?

Question 67

Why did Disraeli propose the 1867 reform bill? What results did it have, and who did ultimately benefit?

Question 68

Who among the following was the prime minister of Piedmont who organized the Italian unification movement?

A)Giuseppe Mazzini
B)Giuseppe Garibaldi
C)Camillo di Cavour

Question 69

Why did Marx argue that the only true group relationship was that between social classes?

Question 70

To what extent did the abolition of serfdom solve Russia's problems? To what extent did it create new ones?