Deck 23: Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894

Question 1

By 1914, what percentage of Britain's population lived in cities?

A)80 percent
B)50 percent
C)10 percent

Answer 1

80 percent

Question 2

A rise in female prostitution in European cities during the later nineteenth century can best be attributed to which of the following?

A)Heavy migration to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival
B)Greater public toleration of sex workers and abandonment of all municipal efforts to police the trade
C)The acceptance by clergymen of the sex trade as an economic necessity for poorer women

Answer 2

Heavy migration to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival

Question 3

The upper classes in the late nineteenth century included all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)The landed aristocracy
B)The professional classes, including lawyers, doctors, and engineers
C)The upper middle classes

Answer 3

The professional classes, including lawyers, doctors, and engineers

Question 4

Initially, trade unions in the first half of the nineteenth century functioned primarily as what kind of groups?

A)Political parties
B)Militant anarchist societies
C)Mutual aid societies

Question 5

How are the middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe best described?

A)They were composed mostly of shopkeepers and manufacturers who barely lived above the poverty line.
B)The offered little opportunity for women in improving their lot.
C)They were very concerned with propriety and shared values of hard work and Christian morality.

Question 6

Between 1890 and 1914, how are family patterns among the working class best described?

A)They emphasized child labor as an important necessity for family survival.
B)They required all women to work outside the home.
C)They allowed for dependence on the income of husbands and the wages of grown children.

Question 7

Between 1850 and 1910, what happened to the European population?

A)It increased from 270 million to 460 million.
B)It actually decreased slightly.
C)It increased from 140 million to 190 million.

Question 8

Which of the following issues brought socialists together in the nineteenth century?

A)An urgent need to respond to nationalism
B)The desire to improve working and living conditions for most workers
C)A conviction that military action alone could achieve better living conditions

Question 9

Which one of the following did NOT account for the increasing population in Europe between 1850 and 1880?

A)A rising birthrate
B)The development of vaccinations
C)The eradication of polio

Question 10

During the Second Industrial Revolution, working-class organizations increasingly viewed women as "naturally" suited for which role primarily?

A)Doctors
B)Teachers
C)Housewives

Question 11

Which one of the following was NOT a part of the emergence of the late nineteenth-century mass society?

A)The extension of voting rights to the lower classes
B)Diminishment of the conditions of the lower classes
C)A better standard of living for the lower classes

Question 12

How are the European middle-class families during the late nineteenth century best described?

A)They were more concerned with displaying the work ethic than in displaying wealth and following proper decorum.
B)They stressed functional knowledge for their children to prepare them for their future roles.
C)They prided themselves on doing the housework and cooking for their families.

Question 13

Reforms in urban living included all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)The development of pure water and sewerage systems
B)A successful effort to clean up all polluted rivers and lakes
C)The demolition of old, unneeded urban defensive walls, replaced by wide avenues

Question 14

Early anarchists believed all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)People were inherently good.
B)State and society were responsible for corrupting people.
C)Violence was the best means of achieving true freedom.

Question 15

Octavia Hill's housing venture was designed to accomplish which of the following?

A)To give the poor an environment they could use to improve themselves
B)To give the poor charity since they could never help themselves
C)To let the wealthy know what it was like to be poor

Question 16

Which state had the most successful socialist party in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century?

A)Britain
B)France
C)Germany

Question 17

Which state dominated the market for dye-stuffs by 1900, controlling 90 percent of the market?

A)Britain
B)India
C)Germany

Question 18

How is the trade union movement prior to World War I best described?

A)It was strongest in France after the dissolution of the Second International in 1890.
B)It occurred despite trade unions being banned by most governments.
C)It varied from country to country but was generally allied with socialist parties.

Question 19

The largest segment of European society in the nineteenth century was composed of which of the following groups?

A)Skilled artisans such as cigar makers and cabinet makers
B)Peasant landholders, unskilled day laborers, and domestic servants
C)Semiskilled laborers such as carpenters and bricklayers

Question 20

Emigration from Europe was spurred by which of the following?

A)Economic opportunities in the Americas
B)Expensive fares for transatlantic passages
C)Decline of organized religions

Question 21

What was the result of the Reform Act of 1884 in Britain?

A)Enfranchised women who met property requirements
B)Gave British agricultural workers the right to vote
C)Increased the size of the British electorate but not dramatically

Question 22

Which of the following was a major development in British politics before 1914?

A)The continual growth of political democracy
B)The peaceful and successful settlement of the "Irish question"
C)The transformation of the Fabians into the Conservatives

Question 23

Which of the following statements best applies to Austria-Hungary before World War I?

A)Both Austria and Hungary had working parliamentary systems.
B)The Magyars dominated politics in Austria under Emperor William II.
C)The nationality problem remained unresolved.

Question 24

What type of new energy source powered the Second Industrial Revolution?

A)Coal
B)Electricity
C)Natural gas

Question 25

Why did the European population grow so rapidly in the late nineteenth century?

Question 26

How did governments use tariffs during the late nineteenth century? Was it effective?

Question 27

The Second Industrial Revolution saw the advent of which new product?

A)Textiles
B)Steel
C)Coal

Question 28

How did cartels influence late nineteenth-century industrialization?

Question 29

How was Louis Napoleon's Second Empire brought to an end?

A)France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War
B)The emperor's financial policies, which led to bankruptcy
C)His abdication after a brief but bloody revolt in Paris

Question 30

Thomas Cook was a pioneer in which activity?

A)Organizing professional team sports
B)Mass tourism
C)Building dance halls

Question 31

How did the growth of socialist parties affect late nineteenth-century industrialization?

Question 32

How did the second industrial revolution affect the quality of life in Europe?

Question 33

How are the divisions between the French working and middle classes best described?

A)They were further widened by the brutal suppression of the Paris Commune in 1871.
B)They enabled the Third Republic to elect a new monarch in 1875.
C)They led to a strong parliamentary system of government.

Question 34

By 1900, how are most European educational systems best described?

A)They were free and compulsory at least at the primary level.
B)They were expensive to operate and charged high tuition.
C)They were backward and lacked good teachers.

Question 35

During the reign of Alexander III, ethnic Russians constituted what percentage of the population of the Russian Empire?

A)They were a large majority.
B)They were a large minority.
C)Virtually everyone in Russia was an ethnic Russian.

Question 36

Charles Parnell, the leader of the Irish representatives in Parliament, called for which of the following?

A)Ireland's complete separation from Britain
B)The partition of Ireland into two states, one of which would be fully independent and the other of which would be joined to Britain
C)Irish self-government through a separate parliament but not complete independence

Question 37

Which Liberal political leader introduced two Irish home rule bills?

A)William Gladstone
B)Benjamin Disraeli
C)Edward Fitzgerald

Question 38

How did patterns of work change in the late nineteenth century?

Question 39

What products characterized the Second Industrial Revolution?

Question 40

Under the chancellorship of Bismarck, Germany's government followed which policy?

A)It realized the growth of a real democracy through universal male suffrage.
B)It passed social welfare legislation to woo workers away from the Social Democrats.
C)It engaged in the Kulturkampf or crusade to make Catholicism Germany's national religion.

Question 41

Why was the beginning of salaries for MPs so important in early twentieth-century British politics?

Question 42

Which of the following is the best description of a cartel?

A)A vertically integrated company worked to monopolize all business in its industry.
B)Independent enterprises worked together to control prices and fix production quotas.
C)Independent associations of grocers cooperated to artificially drive down prices.

Question 43

What short-term and long-term results did the growth of Europe's population have?

Question 44

What was the Kulturkampf?

Question 45

What was the relationship between economic growth and living conditions in late nineteenth-century Europe?

Question 46

What were the consequences of the assassination of Tsar Alexander II?

Question 47

Describe the efforts of housing reform movements.

Question 48

Why did so many Europeans emigrate during the late nineteenth century?

Question 49

What effect did smaller family sizes have on working-class households?

Question 50

On what points did the international socialist movement diverge? What were the results of this divergence?

Question 51

What new media arose as mass society developed?

Question 52

What was the outcome of the Franco-Prussian War in France?

Question 53

Is it appropriate to call the industrial development of the late nineteenth century a "Second Industrial Revolution"? Why or why not?

Question 54

What were the consequences of increased literacy?

Question 55

How did cities change to reflect the priorities of European governments? Were these changes primarily made to improve living conditions or the ease of governance?

Question 56

How did Henry Ford revolutionize industry?

A)By developing the conveyor belt model of production
B)By inventing the Model T
C)By creating the first internal combustion engine

Question 57

What was the purpose of family planning initiatives?

Question 58

How did late nineteenth-century industrialization benefit countries that had not yet industrialized? How did already industrialized countries benefit from the spread of industrialization in the late nineteenth century?

Question 59

How had family life changed by the end of the nineteenth century?

Question 60

How did men's and women's experiences of mass society differ?

Question 61

How had developments in the late nineteenth century allowed for the invention of "childhood"? Was childhood then more similar to childhood today or childhood of the 1700s?

Question 62

How did changing expectations about childhood affect working class families? Why?

Question 63

"Sweating" jobs for women involved which of the following?

A)The subcontracting of piecework, usually in the tailoring trades
B)Working as a domestic servant
C)Hard physical labor on farms in the countryside

Question 64

How did mass support for nationalisms affect European politics? Discuss at least two examples in your response.

Question 65

How had women become increasingly dependent upon men by the late nineteenth century?

Question 66

In late nineteenth-century Europe, increased competition for foreign markets and the growing importance of domestic demand for economic development led to which of the following?

A)The elimination of trade restrictions like tariffs
B)A strong reaction against free trade and imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations
C)Greater economic instability and a sequence of ever deeper economic depressions

Question 67

Which was the most important new media of mass society, newspapers, dance halls, or department stores? Why?

Question 68

Industrialization in Japan was the result of which of the following?

A)Private investment and initiative
B)European colonization
C)Government planning and initiative

Question 69

How did European mass society differ from the social orders that had come before? In what ways were they similar?

Question 70

How similar were political developments in Prussia, Austria, and Russia in the late nineteenth century? What important differences existed between them?

Question 71

Which of the following states was the leading industrial power in Europe after 1870?

A)France
B)Germany
C)Italy