Deck 41: Modern Science and Its Implications

Question 1

During the first half of the 20^th century,

A) scientific and mathematical theory caught up with and surpassed the arts in public schools.
B) Western universities spent millions of dollars racing each other to develop new technology.
C) Studying about and trying to explain the process of human life became much more accessible for the ordinary person.
D) universities in the West gained recognition as the intellectual centers of the world.
E) as the sciences became more specialized, they became more difficult for the lay person to understand.

Answer 1

as the sciences became more specialized, they became more difficult for the lay person to understand.

Question 2

B.F. Skinner and William James worked during the 20^th century to supplement and expound on the studies of

A) Marie Curie.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) Carl Jung.
D) Sigmund Freud.
E) Herbert Spencer.

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov.

Question 3

Twentieth-century physics

A) has fulfilled the dreams of earlier physicists to unlock the mysteries of the universe.
B) has contributed to a widening gap between educated laypeople and professional scientists.
C) has led to a number of unsettling results.
D) both a and b
E) both b and c

Answer 3

both b and c

Question 4

His General Theory of Relativity ended the dominance of Newtonian physics:

A) Rutherford
B) Planck
C) Mach
D) Einstein
E) Roentgen

Question 5

Analyze the ways in which religion has responded to the challenges of science, liberalism, global war, and Marxism. How effective has religion been in facing these challenges?

Question 6

The heart of the Darwinian theory was the notion of

A) natural selection.
B) a mechanistic God.
C) racial superiority.
D) secularism.
E) atheism.

Question 7

List some of the more significant developments in the physical sciences during the 20^th century, and evaluate the degree to which they impacted the world.

Question 8

Pavlov's earliest work in behaviorism was done with

A) dogs.
B) cats.
C) children.
D) monkeys.
E) rats.

Question 9

Describe the modern debate over the origins of the universe. How have 20^th century astronomical revelations affected the nature of the controversy?

Question 10

Freud believed that he had completed the destruction of the traditional view of mankind begun by

A) Copernicus and Darwin.
B) Aristotle and Comte.
C) Newton and Darwin.
D) Darwin and Marx.
E) Aristotle and Newton.

Question 11

Modern insecurity and uncertainty have been most emphatically advanced by

A) sociology and anthropology.
B) psychology and physics.
C) religion and archaeology.
D) politics and economics.
E) sociology and physics.

Question 12

One of the most disturbing aspects of modern specialized scientific study is that

A) the ordinary person can never truly comprehend what goes on in a scientist's mind.
B) science has become so specialized that not enough people choose that field, thus eroding the number of discoveries made.
C) scientists can use their positions of authority to wheedle astronomical amounts of money from the federal government for their studies.
D) students in our public schools and universities find it very difficult to break into the field of science at all.
E) because the field of science is so advanced member of Congress who have the oversight of federal tax dollars might fund something dangerous without knowing what they are doing.

Question 13

Analyze the ideas of Auguste Comte. To what degree is sociology considered "the culmination of all science"?

Question 14

The underlying concept behind 20^th century physics is that

A) man can know only what his senses tell him.
B) it is possible to predict the possibility of certain events occurring through the study of physics.
C) the world is a machine that will continue to operate regardless of what humans do.
D) it is impossible to apply philosophical logic to physical matter.
E) by studying matter quantitatively, one should be able to determine what matter is and does.

Question 15

Alfred R. Wallace and Gregor Mendel contributed to

A) Ernst Mach's work in physics.
B) Darwin's theory of natural selection.
C) Einstein's work on space as a fourth dimension.
D) Newton's theory known as the "uncertainty principle."
E) Marie Curie's laboratory experiments with radium.

Question 16

Relate the advent of the Darwinist theory to changes in societal attitudes and practices.

Question 17

Mach's most significant contribution to 20^th century physics pertained to

A) quantum theory.
B) X-rays.
C) the Uncertainty Principle.
D) the theory of relativity.
E) interchangeability of matter and energy.

Question 18

Darwin's theory of natural selection suggests that

A) people choose their life partners based on mutual respect and a shared background.
B) people naturally choose to live where they can be most comfortable.
C) there is no need for protecting certain species; if they are strong enough to survive they will, and if they are not strong enough, the earth does not need them.
D) animals are able to adapt to changes more easily than are plants.
E) plants adapt to change easier than do animals.

Question 19

The most significant debate in astronomy today concerns

A) the possibility of life on other planets.
B) how the universe was created.
C) how life on earth will end.
D) whether space travel should be undertaken.
E) the size of the universe.

Question 20

In the Darwinian scheme, God was to be

A) affirmed.
B) ignored.
C) considered supreme.
D) denied.
E) downgraded.

Question 21

In his book ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, Darwin placed human beings right in the midst of the evolutionary scheme.

Question 22

Which of the following was true for most churches in the later years of the 1800s?

A) The Catholic peasants in France, grateful for their improved lifestyle, attended church regularly.
B) One of the few pleasures of the European working class was attending church services on their one day off.
C) Marxists, though they did not see any need for religion, also saw no reason to disrupt church services just to make a point.
D) Because of the various attacks on the churches, many members of the middle classes were no longer tithing and had little respect for the local clergy.
E) Unlike the English, the French urban workers felt that being a part of an organized church was extremely important.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about 19^th century religion is accurate?

A) The church's most faithful followers were urban conservatives.
B) Intellectuals rejected the claim of the clergy that, because of their religious work, they were closer to a higher being than most people.
C) Marxists believed that religion had a minor role to play while socialism first gained a foothold.
D) Liberals began to assert forcefully that God was dead.
E) The largest group to remain true to the Christian faith was the middle class.

Question 24

Einstein asserted that time itself was not an independent concept, but rather a ____________________ ____________________ of space.

Question 25

Cultural relativism asserts that

A) there is no one correct way to accomplish something; many cultures have succeeded and do succeed in different ways.
B) most cultures believe that their methods are the only correct ones.
C) all cultural traits are inherited.
D) it is not necessary to belong to a culture to be able to understand that culture.
E) most people know relatively little about their ancestors and, furthermore, they don't care to know.

Question 26

Which of these disciplines developed, if indirectly, because of Darwinian biology?

A) anthropology
B) sociology
C) psychology
D) both a and b
E) both b and c

Question 27

The ____________________ ____________________ theory proposes that a colossal explosion was involved in creating the universe.

Question 28

The eventual result of Bismarck's attacks on the Catholic Church was

A) a stronger church.
B) an increase in church membership.
C) the banding together of various religious groups to fight his attacks.
D) a decline in the number on the church rolls, because many Germans no longer felt a need for religion.
E) the establishment of a political party founded by the Church.

Question 29

The civic culture of both America and the European continent underwent a major change by the late 1800s, as many educated people

A) unexpectedly began to join evangelical churches.
B) decided in favor of state-run educational systems rather than religious training for their young.
C) joined political parties that had religious agendas.
D) began to attend church regularly again after years of being in services only sporadically.
E) removed their children from the public schools and enrolled them in schools run by the various religious denominations.

Question 30

Freud's theories of psychiatric treatment of mental problems is known as ____________________.

Question 31

The philosophy behind the briefly popular Social Darwinism practiced in the late 1800s and early 1900s could best be summed up in which of these statements?

A) "If it works to our benefit, we will use it."
B) "He who dies with the most toys wins."
C) "Cast your bread upon the waters."
D) "Don't rock the boat."
E) "Live and let live."

Question 32

World War I dealt a heavy blow to

A) Marxism by drafting soldiers in an equitable way.
B) science, because new technology was used to kill humans in ever greater numbers.
C) religion, because church officials blessed the troops and then blanched at the war's savagery.
D) progressivism, because Europe's landscapes and economies would need decades to mend.
E) patriotism, because those who fought became disillusioned and refused to ever fight again.

Question 33

During the 19^th century, both Catholics and Protestants were often viewed as

A) too passionate about spreading their faith.
B) too pessimistic in their views about the future.
C) unpleasant anti-progressives.
D) on the cutting edge of using new technologies.
E) thoughtful ethicists willing to adopt new ideas.

Question 34

Ernest Rutherford's discoveries included ____________________ and ____________________.

Question 35

In the encyclical, Rerum novarum , the Catholic Church affirmed its support of

A) laissez-faire in thought.
B) creationism in schools.
C) liberalism in politics.
D) social justice for all classes.
E) labor unions for factory workers.

Question 36

The British Christians who did not accept the Anglican credo were known as

A) Unitarians.
B) Methodists.
C) Quakers.
D) Nonconformists.
E) Each of these groups rejected Anglicanism.

Question 37

Freud's theories of psychology

A) encouraged the belief in rational planning as an answer to misery.
B) were supported most ardently in his home city of Vienna.
C) were thought to be insulting by many of his colleagues.
D) were based on the study of behavior of animals.
E) built on Darwin's theories of evolution.

Question 38

Auguste Comte believed that

A) sociology was less important than psychology.
B) sociology was the social science that would bring the greatest concrete changes to society.
C) Karl Marx was the greatest 19^th century figure.
D) sociology was the culmination of all the sciences.
E) truth could not be obtained without using the senses.

Question 39

Sociology is based on the premise that

A) humans are social animals whose behavior can be studied to the point of predicting future behavior.
B) if one studied social behavior sufficiently, one could figure out how to alter behavior in positive ways.
C) all humans are capable of distinguishing between right and wrong, if the right approach is used with each individual.
D) the study of anthropology will help one predict future human social behavior.
E) the best reason for studying humanity en masse is to determine which social groups are most compatible with each other.

Question 40

The Uncertainty Principle refers to modern

A) psychology.
B) physics.
C) history.
D) economics.
E) sociology.

Question 41

____________________ ____________________ founded the Behaviorist school of psychology.

Question 42

____________________ hold to the Christian belief that an Intelligent Being created the cosmos and all within it.

Question 43

A notable feature of social sciences in the 20^th century has been the spread of ____________________ relativism.

Question 44

British ____________________ were Protestants who did not accept the credo of the Anglican Church.

Question 45

Mendel's work with ____________________ contributed to the development of the study of ____________________.