Deck 21: Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century

Question 1

According to the text, the central message of the romantics was that

A) the individual imagination was primary in artistic creation.
B) faith must be upheld.
C) imagination was important, but feelings were not.
D) poetry should not seek to philosophize.
E) the past, especially the Middle Ages, was fascinating.

Answer 1

the individual imagination was primary in artistic creation.

Question 2

For the romantics, cultivating emotions, intuition, and the imagination was the path to

A) political success.
B) reality and self-discovery.
C) economic prosperity.
D) religious comfort.
E) intellectual achievement.

Answer 2

reality and self-discovery.

Question 3

Étienne Condillac and other Enlightenment theorists of drama and poetry believed that

A) good drama and poetry were composed according to strict rules.
B) for drama and poetry to progress, they had to break with classical Greek and Roman models.
C) the individual artist should follow his or her imagination.
D) only aristocrats could compose truly great poetry and drama.
E) poetry had to plunge us into "the original chaos of human nature."

Answer 3

good drama and poetry were composed according to strict rules.

Question 4

The text refers to the preface of The Lyrical Ballads as

A) the death toll of Enlightenment rationality.
B) a cogent attack on Kantian philosophy.
C) the manifesto of romanticism.
D) a musician's response to the industrial age.
E) a door to the human soul.

Question 5

William Wordsworth stated that it was not mathematics and logic that yielded the highest truth but

A) idealism.
B) silence.
C) phenomenology.
D) poetry.
E) the dialectic.

Question 6

What did romantics seek in the study of history?

A) the uniqueness of historical moments
B) instructional lessons for improved behavior
C) general laws of human behavior
D) a better understanding of the present
E) none of the above

Question 7

The text describes romanticism as a reaction against

A) scholastic philosophy.
B) nationalism.
C) Enlightenment rationalism.
D) the cult of the Great Man in history.
E) the Renaissance.

Question 8

Which of the following challenged the Enlightenment stress on rationalism?

A) liberalism
B) nationalism
C) socialism
D) romanticism
E) idealism

Question 9

The romantic attitude toward the Middle Ages is best characterized as

A) denigration.
B) reverence.
C) incomprehension.
D) bewilderment.
E) revulsion.

Question 10

In 1815, conservatism included all of the following values EXCEPT

A) tradition over reason.
B) laissez faire over government involvement.
C) community over the individual.
D) hierarchy over equality.
E) a departure from the Enlightenment.

Question 11

One of the earliest literary expressions of the romantic sensibility, also associated with the Enlightenment was

A) Voltaire's Candide .
B) Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason .
C) Rousseau's Confessions .
D) Diderot's Regrets on Parting with My Old Dressing Gown.
E) Montesquieu's Persian Letters.

Question 12

The romantics criticized the philosophes for

A) reducing human beings to soulless thinking machines.
B) trying to fit all of life into a mechanical framework.
C) not penetrating to what really matters.
D) ignoring uniqueness.
E) all of the above

Question 13

The text identifies which of the following attractive to idealistic youth and intellectual seeking liberation through revolutionary struggle?

A) conservatism
B) liberalism
C) socialism
D) nationalism
E) romanticism

Question 14

The radical romantic painter and poet William Blake ​

A) conveyed tormented religious and political beliefs in his work.
B) was stimulated by Dante's  Divine Comedy.
C) wrote that reason was "an Incrustation [scab] over my Immortal Spirit."
D) completely rejected the artistic conventions of the past.
E) all of the above

Question 15

According to the textbook, the romantics' impact on European history included all the following EXCEPT romantics

A) were among the first to see the dehumanization caused by capitalism.
B) introduced a highly charged nonrational component into political life that, in the twentieth century, would contribute to Fascism.
C) shed light on a part of human nature neglected by the Enlightenment.
D) introduced a sensitivity and gentleness into society that prevented further revolution and bloodshed.
E) legitimized the study of human emotion.

Question 16

When English romantics referred to "dark satanic mills," the reference was to

A) factories.
B) mines.
C) poor houses.
D) tenement sweat shops.
E) the guild member's workshop.

Question 17

Romantics were ​

A) all conservatives. ​
B) all liberals. ​
C) all revolutionaries. ​
D) all deeply pious. ​
E) difficult to define because of their diversity. ​

Question 18

Concerning religion, the romantics

A) rejected the philosophes interpretation of God as the cosmic watchmaker.
B) believed that Christian moral conditions elevated human behavior.​
C) were inspired by Christian ceremonies and architecture.​
D) viewed God as the spiritual force that enriches life.
E) all of the above​

Question 19

In art, the romantics sought to depict all of the following EXCEPT

A) the fury and glory of nature.
B) the purity of reason and logic.
C) the elemental, dark side of the unconscious.
D) the spontaneous expressions of the imagination.
E) whatever intuition drove them to depict.

Question 20

After 1815, the proponents of the status quo had to contend with

A) the liberal ideal of the French Revolution that had penetrated European consciousness.
B) idealists struggling to redeem humanity through the freeing of nations.
C) a powerful new emphasis on emotion and personal expression.
D) a radical vision of economic and social justice through socialism.
E) all of the above

Question 21

In his Reflections on the Revolution in France , Edmund Burke

A) predicted the Terror two years before it occurred.
B) observed that the French had come to hate their heritage and this led to them to the folly of the Revolution.
C) stated that "when ancient opinions and rules of life are taken away, the loss cannot possibly be estimated."
D) claimed that fanaticism armed with abstract ideas divorced from historical experience leads to the evil of revolution.
E) all of the above

Question 22

The text identifies the most important of the radical Young Hegelians as

A) de Bonald
B) Fourier
C) Marx
D) John Stuart Mill
E) de Tocqueville

Question 23

The poet Percy Bysshe Shelley

A) was a political conservative.
B) had domestic tranquility that balanced his stormy literary career.
C) had great literary success during his lifetime.
D) wrote a famous pamphlet denouncing atheism
E) celebrated and compared himself to the natural world.

Question 24

Who wrote the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding?

A) Hume
B) Wordsworth
C) Blake
D) Kant
E) Fichte

Question 25

For Hegel, the supreme embodiment of Universal Reason in the world was

A) the state.
B) the church.
C) extraordinary individuals like Jesus.
D) the German volk.
E) the Zeitgeist.

Question 26

Central to Hume's skepticism is the belief that

A) only with divine inspiration can the human mind know anything.
B) since senses are flawed, they are not a legitimate source of knowledge.
C) our sense experiences can never prove cause and effect; perceived causes and effect are only the result of habit.
D) the pursuit of knowledge leads to pain and should be avoided.
E) unless something is proven to be useful it is not true.

Question 27

The term Young Hegelians refers to

A) the docents at the University of Berlin who followed their master teacher.
B) former students of Hegel who spread his ideas in the German gymnasia.
C) those who believed an understanding of the dialectic could lead to change in the world.
D) conservatives who accepted the world as it was because it was the result of a rational dialectic.
E) philosophers who acknowledged that their understanding had not yet reach Hegel's level.

Question 28

Who was referred to by de Maistre as one "into whose hands hell has given all its power"?

A) Rousseau
B) Robespierre
C) Voltaire
D) Bayle
E) Napoleon

Question 29

According to the text, the central premise of modern idealism is that

A) human consciousness builds the world and determines its form.
B) a person will only do his best when he is inspired by high standards regardless of how realistic they may be.
C) this world is only a shadow of a world of perfect eternal forms.
D) only the intellect matters in the human experience.
E) religion and modern culture are reconcilable on the level of general, self-evident ideas.

Question 30

German idealism developed in part as a response to the challenge posed by ​

A) industrialization.
B) empiricism.
C) liberalism.
D) Napoleon.
E) positivism.

Question 31

Hume's skepticism challenged modern science by

A) insisting on more rigorous experimentation to achieve certainty.
B) requiring that all scientific knowledge be expressed mathematically.
C) arguing that gravity is not a force but a quality of all matter.
D) denying that natural law − if it exists − can be grasped.
E) insisting that action, not knowledge, is what matters.

Question 32

Because Hegel believed that "the state is the Divine Idea as it exists on Earth," he concluded that

A) the individual must subordinate himself to the state.
B) the state is the pinnacle of freedom.
C) only through the state is a person truly conscious.
D) only through the state is a person truly moral.
E) all of the above

Question 33

The text points to which of the following as a "Copernican Revolution" in philosophy?

A) Hegel's idea of the Absolute Spirit
B) The romantics' primacy of emotion over reason
C) Byron's exaltation of the senses
D) Kant's idea that the knower is the active agent in knowledge, not the object being known
E) Coleridge's rejection of the watchmaker God of the philosophes

Question 34

Early nineteenth-century conservatives were likely to blame which of the following as the root of human malevolence?

A) irrational laws
B) poor education
C) human nature
D) a bad environment
E) oppressive governments

Question 35

Hegel's theories about the state praised

A) the undemocratic Prussian state.
B) the constitutional monarchy of Great Britain.
C) republican governments like the French Republic in the 1790s.
D) utopian socialism.
E) the United States.

Question 36

Romanticism helped shape modern nationalism by

A) rediscovering folk traditions, legends, and songs.
B) emphasizing the passions and irrational behavior that would eventually become part of modern nationalism.
C) rediscovering native, sometimes nearly forgotten, languages.
D) glorifying myth and the folk community.
E) all of the above

Question 37

According to Hegel​

A) history is a dialectical struggle of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, over and over again.
B) historical change often is due to individuals who unconsciously are agents of the Absolute Spirit.
C) history is the progression from potentiality to actuality.
D) history reveals a rational process progressing toward a final destination.​
E) all of the above

Question 38

Early nineteenth-century conservatives condemned the idea of all of the following EXCEPT

A) ​natural rights.
B) ​equality of all men.
C) ​the goodness of men.
D) ​perpetual progress.
E) ​tradition. ​

Question 39

Who synthesized romanticism, Kantian philosophy, and Enlightenment rationalism?

A) Marx
B) Hegel
C) Hume
D) Shelley
E) Hume.

Question 40

Which of the following can be associated with Kant?

A) One can actually know ultimate reality.
B) All knowledge derives from sense experience.​
C) The mind is a tabula rasa.
D) Kant supported Newtonianism and the scientific method.
E) The mind treats the world in an arbitrary and random way.​

Question 41

The state and other authorities were viewed by liberals as major threats to human freedom. Therefore, liberals in the nineteenth century demanded

A) constitutions that would guarantee basic freedoms of speech, religion, press, property, and security.
B) freely elected parliaments.
C) division and balance of powers in the government.
D) minimal governmental interference in the economy and in people's private lives.
E) all of the above

Question 42

Which of the following does NOT apply to liberalism in the decades after 1815?

A) Enhancement of individual liberty was liberalism's primary concern.
B) Individuals are basically good, endowed with inalienable rights, and capable of shaping their own identities and destinies.
C) Liberalism was a direct descendent of the American and French Revolutions.
D) The belief that unfettered by tyranny and ignorance, the mind can eradicate age-old evils.
E) The government should directly manage the economy to guarantee everyone access to adequate resources and equal opportunities.

Question 43

Conservatives such as Burke believed all the following to be true EXCEPT

A) human nature and social relations are too complex to be subject to social engineering.
B) the Enlightenment and revolutionaries had reduced people to abstractions divorced from their historical environment.
C) individuals have only limited intelligence and must rely on "the general bank and capital of nations and of the ages."
D) beneficial institutions need not be rational or intellectually elegant.
E) society is a complex mechanism that should be overhauled.

Question 44

French liberal theorist Benjamin Constant warned against the danger of

A) absolute monarchy.
B) constitutional monarchy.
C) unlimited popular sovereignty.
D) the political power of the Catholic Church.
E) the state's application of Enlightenment reason.

Question 45

Liberals supported all of the reforms of the French Revolution EXCEPT

A) the destruction of the special privileges of the aristocracy.
B) the drawing up of a declaration of rights and a constitution.
C) governmental control of the economy.
D) the establishment of a parliament.
E) the opening of careers to talent.

Question 46

Considered a reactionary, de Maistre

A) denounced the Enlightenment of the philosophes as an "insurrection against God."
B) condemned any kind of religious or political liberalism.
C) regarded the Revolution as satanic evil.
D) claimed that everything connected with the Revolution, including its roots, must be expunged from the soil of Christian Europe.
E) all of the above

Question 47

The nobleman de Tocqueville argued that in a democracy

A) one might eventually develop vulgar hedonism, an interest in possessions rather than interest in the public good.
B) the majority would retain its concern for protecting the individual and the individual's beliefs.
C) local government will remain secure, for citizens would rarely have occasion to surrender their power to the central government.
D) one need not be concerned about the tyranny of the majority.
E) natural privileges are ignored much to the detriment of society.

Question 48

The most significant difference between early socialists and Marx was

A) early socialists did not advocate class warfare; Marx did.
B) early socialists could be religious; Marx believed that religion was simply a tool for exploitation.
C) early socialists sought the good of the workers; Marx did not.
D) early socialists did not want to change the existing social order; Marx did.
E) all early socialist were workers; Marx was an intellectual.

Question 49

According to the text, the English radical (democratic) tradition acquired all the following from Thomas Paine EXCEPT

A) a faith in reason and the basic goodness of people.
B) a deep respect for organized religion.
C) a belief that the goal of government is the happiness of ordinary people.
D) admiration for the society being created in the United States.
E) skepticism towards established institutions.

Question 50

Nineteenth-century bourgeois liberals​

A) advocated property requirements for voting.
B) called for officeholding to be restricted to men of property.
C) believed that government should be in the hands of an educated middle class.
D) hoped that their desired form of goverment would prevent revolution.
E) all of the above

Question 51

During the nineteenth century, socialists and liberals would have agreed on which of the following points?

A) A scientific approach to problems is good for science, but not for society.
B) Supporting individualism would be the key to reform.
C) Abolishing private property would solve societal injustice.
D) There must be a rational analysis of society in order to make improvements.
E) Only government action can solve the worst of society's problems.

Question 52

One may correctly say that nineteenth-century liberals

A) were inevitably followers of de Tocqueville.
B) never engaged in revolutions.
C) were concerned that revolution would spread to the masses.
D) called for universal manhood suffrage with only age qualifications as a limitation.
E) shared de Tocqueville's recognition that the move towards democracy is inevitable.

Question 53

How did the liberal British government handle the Irish famine that killed about 1.5 million people in the 1840s?

A) The liberal government did nothing because it was unaware of the famine.
B) The liberal government did very little because it feared government intervention would promote dependence.
C) The liberal government acted very energetically to save lives, but the task was overwhelming.
D) The liberal government financed transportation for all those who were willing to emigrate to the United States, Australia, and South Africa.
E) The liberal government did very little because it was voted out of office early in the famine.

Question 54

For conservatives, the only legitimate sources of political authority were

A) the people and popular will.
B) reason and the mechanics of the state machine.
C) constitutions and laws.
D) God and history.
E) emotion and experience.

Question 55

The "iron law of wages" associated with Malthus and Ricardo held that

A) the natural price of labor was rising due to industrialization.​
B) if workers are paid more than subsistence wages, they will become more industrious.
C) an increased population of workers no longer affected the price of labor because industry required an endless supply of workers.
D) like all natural laws, the "iron law of wages" cannot be changed.
E) all of the above

Question 56

Liberalism in the nineteenth century embraced all the following economic and social ideas EXCEPT

A) Adam Smith's theory of laissez-faire economics: the free pursuit of self-interest and profit.
B) the misery of the poor is due to their laziness, poor judgment, and vice.
C) the "iron law of wages."
D) the equality of all men means that all men are equally responsible for each other's well-being.
E) state help for the poor is counterproductive.

Question 57

Bentham and Benthamites supported all of the following EXCEPT ​

A) the end of the monarchy and the House of Lords.
B) the maintenance of clerical control over education.
C) the passage of legislation to protect women and children in the factories.
D) the reform of the British prison system.
E) the extension of suffrage.

Question 58

Political conservatives shared with romantics

A) a faith in the unique power and value of the individual imagination.
B) a devotion to the principle of equality before the law.
C) a belief that unbridled passion should guide society.
D) veneration of the past.
E) all of the above

Question 59

According to the text, the roots of nineteenth-century liberalism included

A) rationalism and development of democracy in ancient Greece.
B) the Judeo-Christian tradition of individual dignity.
C) seventeenth-century English limited monarchy.
D) the French Enlightenment.
E) all of the above

Question 60

The central principle in Jeremy Bentham's political philosophy was

A) God's teaching as set in Holy Scripture.
B) the pragmatic use of tradition.
C) the application of universal standards established by reason.
D) the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
E) majority rule.

Question 61

In nineteenth-century European life, Christianity was replaced as the dominant spiritual force by

A) atheism.
B) radicalism.
C) romanticism.
D) nationalism.
E) none of the above

Question 62

The principle leaders and supporters of nationalist movements in the early nineteenth century were

A) conservatives.
B) the aristocracy.
C) the liberals.
D) socialists.
E) peasants and workers.

Question 63

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Romanticism

Question 64

The German romantic image of the state has been tied to

A) the concept of the state as the expression of the divine spirit of a people.
B) the idea of the state as a living organism rather than an rational arrangement among individuals.
C) the ideal of the state uniting the people into a mystical communion based on blood.
D) modern totalitarianism.
E) all of the above

Question 65

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
reactionaries

Question 66

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
mechanism

Question 67

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
nationalism

Question 68

In discussions about nations in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a nation was identified as

A) the government administering a set piece of territory.
B) the physical land or country on which a given people lived.
C) the people as a whole whether or not they have a government of their own.
D) indistinguishable from a state.
E) indistinguishable from a country.

Question 69

Robert Owen believed that the best society would be one in which

A) business owners took care of their workers' need and provided them with decent work, decent housing, and decent education.
B) the state was the chief employer to ensure economic justice.
C) churches actually lived according to the Christian principles of love thy neighbor and serve God, not money.
D) there was no distinction between worker and owner.
E) a person had a choice of belonging to a harmonious paternalistic community or competing in a free market.

Question 70

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
idealism

Question 71

According to the text, all of the following were contradictions between liberalism and nationalism in the first half of the nineteenth century EXCEPT

A) liberalism focused on universal rights; nationalism on national rights.
B) liberalism  was based on rationalism; nationalism on emotion.
C) liberalism  strove for an objective view of history; nationalism made history subject to the perceived needs of a people.
D) liberalism  disregarded the individual; nationalism valued each individual.
E) liberalism  had a cosmopolitan quality; nationalism was focused on what distinguished people from each other.

Question 72

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
empiricism

Question 73

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
liberalism

Question 74

The early socialist Saint-Simon believed in all the following EXCEPT

A) workers should control the workplace.
B) science should replace Christianity as the unifying principle in society.
C) the new social elite should consist of scientists, industrialists, bankers, artists, and writers.
D) technocrats should organize society scientifically.
E) technology should be harnessed for the betterment of humanity.

Question 75

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
conservatism

Question 76

Herder's concept of a Volksgeist or spirit of the people

A) was part of the Romantic Movement.
B) held that each people was unique.
C) prompted numerous investigations into societies living under foreign rule.
D) held that a people's language, folk traditions, monuments, and literature expressed their unique genius.
E) all of the above

Question 77

The early socialist Charles Fourier believed

A) money and goods should be distributed equally among community members.
B) men and women should find new ways of fulfilling themselves sexually; the family should wither away.
C) people should live in large communities of ten thousand or more to promote an appropriate sense of community.
D) everyone in a community should have the same income.
E) work should be specialized and constant to promote labor efficiency.

Question 78

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
socialism

Question 79

Saint-Simon is associated with which of the following?

A) revolutionary socialism
B) psychological socialism
C) industrial socialism
D) technocratic socialism
E) none of the above

Question 80

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
phenomenal world