Deck 27: Modern Consciousness New Views of Nature Human Nature and the Arts

Question 1

In The Will to Power , Nietzsche advocated

A) the rejection of rank and hierarchy.
B) the institution of socialism.
C) the use of the press to educate the ignorant masses.
D) the annihiliation of hypocrisy.
E) selflessness and obedience.

Answer 1

the annihiliation of hypocrisy.

Question 2

The text identifies which of the following as the "principal figure in the dethronement of reason"?

A) Nietzsche
B) Schopenhauer
C) Sorel
D) Bergson
E) Freud

Answer 2

Nietzsche

Question 3

The term nihilism means

A) the belief that moral and social values have no validity.
B) the belief that the universe is indecipherable chaos.
C) that a person should be dependent on nothing.
D) the belief that God is present in everything.
E) a person should not commit to any philosophy or ideology.

Answer 3

the belief that moral and social values have no validity.

Question 4

Sorel would NOT a gree with which of the following?

A) Violence is an end in itself.
B) Myths are a powerful tool to mobilize the workers.
C) Workers can overthrow the bourgeoisie only through direct action and violence.
D) A general strike would be a cowardly rebellion against bourgeois exploiters.
E) Myths need not be true to be effective.

Question 5

Intellectuals at the end of the nineteenth century increasingly believed that

A) though people were basically rational, their emotional side should not be neglected.
B) reason exercised a very limited influence over human conduct.
C) the extent to which a person can control his impulses and instinct should determine that person's position in society.
D) evolution and the history of humanity showed that human beings are becoming increasingly rational.
E) democracy and a rising standard of living made people into the rational beings the Enlightenment assumed they were.

Question 6

Bergson may be best associated with

A) studying the id.
B) positivism and the ability of science to provide explanations.
C) being the first artist of the surrealist movement.
D) the theory that intuition can grasp ultimate reality.
E) the study of popular culture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Question 7

Nietzsche and Schopenhauer differed in that

A) Schopenhauer was a German nationalist, while Nietzsche was not.
B) Schopenhauer was a Romantic, while Nietzsche was a Realist.
C) Schopenhauer believed that the human desire for security trumped the will to power, while Nietzsche believed that the will to power was supreme.
D) Schopenhauer believed it necessary to repress humans' blind instinctive impulses, while Nietzsche believed that they needed to be given free play.
E) Schopenhauer believed that the future will be violent and unsettled, while Nietzsche believed that the acquisition of power lead to a profound silence and peace.

Question 8

Which of the following statements best summarizes Nietzsche's view of Christianity?

A) God is dead, but Christian morality should be maintained.
B) Christianity was the "opiate of the people."
C) Christianity led to a deterioration of life and culture.
D) Christ was a great man but not literally the Son of God.
E) Christianity should be attacked because it was contrary to reason.

Question 9

Sigmund Freud held that

A) people are fundamentally rational.
B) human behavior is governed mainly by inner forces hidden from the rational.
C) reason stifles humanity and the scientific method has outlived its usefulness.
D) sexual repression oppresses humanity and should be replaced by free sex.
E) the main cause of destructive behavior is ignorance.

Question 10

Dostoevsky's Underground Man

A) embraces the irrepressible and foolish human will.
B) believes in the recovery of timeless and absolute truths.
C) believes individual freedom is a mirage, incapable of being attained.
D) champions reason as liberation.
E) seeks to reform society to promote greater happiness.

Question 11

Nietzsche declared that

A) the world is absurd and godless.
B) life is filled with cruelty, injustice, uncertainty, and powerlessness.
C) the true forces of life are instinctual desires.
D) happiness comes from the attainment of power.
E) all of the above

Question 12

Nietzsche's attack on the values and ideologies of his day included his indictment of all of the following EXCEPT

A) bourgeois society.
B) the faith in progress.
C) Christian values.
D) parliamentary government, universal suffrage, and social reform.
E) individual potential.

Question 13

Georges Sorel's ideas may be associated with

A) hope in the proletariat.
B) support of bourgeois values.
C) anti-unionism.
D) intellectual support of the establishment.
E) anarchism.

Question 14

For his admirers, Bergson represented a celebration of

A) intuition.
B) positivism.
C) mechanism.
D) materialism.
E) all of the above

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT consistent with Nietzsche's beliefs?

A) Society should help the weak perish.
B) A society that has renounced war is a society in decline.
C) The state is the ultimate goal of the will to power.
D) German nationalism is abhorrent.
E) A single individual can determine a whole millennium.

Question 16

Sorel and Nietzsche shared the belief that

A) life is a struggle.
B) bourgeois society was decadent, unheroic, and life-denying.
C) the irrational is central.
D) society must change.
E) all of the above

Question 17

The shift in mentality in the late nineteenth century may be described as a/an

A) intensification of positivism that made even the subconscious subject to rational analysis.
B) return to pragmatism: only those theories that show evident practicality were accepted.
C) movement away from the Enlightenment and a discovery of non-romantic irrationalism.
D) modern skepticism: knowledge is impossible, and   therefore, the search for knowledge should be abandoned.
E) new attempt to synthesize reason and faith, which is science and religion.

Question 18

Nietzsche's overman or superman

A) acknowledges the impossibility of finding value and self-perfection and thus triumphs over modernity.
B) is a hero who fiercely loves life, asserts his instincts, and seeks power.
C) is the blond German Aryan superior in every respect to the Untermenschen or subhumans.
D) is democratic and believes in the power of the people to make change.
E) understands transcendent and metaphysical truths in ways that no one else can.

Question 19

Each of the following statements about Nietzsche and Dostoevsky is true EXCEPT

A) both condemned the Enlightenment.
B) Nietzsche rejected Christianity, but Dostoevsky embraced it.
C) both believed that human beings were fundamentally irrational.
D) Nietzsche glorified the individual will, but Dostoevsky despised it.
E) both were deeply dissatisfied with the society in which they lived.

Question 20

Nietzsche's explanation for the historical victory of Christianity includes all the following EXCEPT

A) the triumph of Christianity in the ancient world was the victory of the weak over the capable and the virtuous.
B) Christians were society's failures who redefined strength and love of life into sin: Christianity is life-denying.
C) Christianity spread without resorting to the guilt that other faiths employed to shame those who deviated from their principles and practices.
D) "Christianity is a revolt of everything that crawls along the ground against that which is elevated."
E) Christian praise of love, compassion, and pity is actually a mask for envy, hatred, and revenge.

Question 21

The leading sociological thinkers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

A) regarded sciences as the only valid model for correct thinking.
B) believed secular thinkers rather than theologians were best suited to comprehend the human condition.
C) struggled with the dilemmas of modern society.
D) gained insights into group and mass psychology.
E) all of the above

Question 22

Freud agreed with Christianity that

A) evil is rooted in human nature and not the result of the environment.
B) sex should only be used for procreation.
C) confessing all of one's darkest sins is necessary for salvation.
D) the most direct way to the truth is not through the intellect.
E) all of the above

Question 23

Gustave Le Bon was most interested in

A) how the individual interpreted the outer world.
B) returning art to the province of the rational view of the world.
C) studying mass psychology.
D) reinterpreting political history.
E) the power of the myth.

Question 24

Which of the following cited Pareto as a source of inspiration?

A) Kasier William II
B) Tsar Nicholas II
C) Lenin
D) Kerensky
E) Mussolini

Question 25

Max Weber theorized that the West's uniqueness lay in

A) the power of its religion, which freed man from superstition.
B) the dynamic tension between philosophy and religion.
C) its relationship to nature and the ability to exploit it.
D) the secular rationality or "calculated action" that permeates economics, government, and knowledge.
E) evolving ideas of freedom that have released the potential of its varied population.

Question 26

In Civilization and Its Discontents Freud states that

A) there is a relentless struggle between human instincts and the demands made by civilization.
B) civilization demands that the psychic energy people instinctually direct toward pleasure be diverted to other purposes.
C) through the family, school, church, and the police, society enforces its demands on people psychic energy.
D) people are guaranteed misery either from not satisfying their need for pleasure or from the guilt of satisfying it.
E) all of the above

Question 27

Durkheim's solution for the problems of modern society was

A) a passionate new ideology that tapped into a person's instincts and irrational needs.
B) a return to the "Philosophy of Christ" proposed by Erasmus.
C) the elimination of poverty through the continued development of industry.
D) a rational and secular system of moral in the tradition of the Enlightenment and Saint-Simon.
E) special efforts by the government to provide security and entertainment.

Question 28

Humanity's naive self-love, according to Freud, has undergone which bitter blow?

A) The Bible damned humanity, Copernicus removed humanity from the center of the universe, and psychoanalysis has shown that humanity is not even in charge of its own mind.
B) Greek rationalism denied humanity a relationship with the divine, scholasticism denied the autonomy of human reason, and Newton embedded humanity in a mechanical uncaring world.
C) Christianity has taught humanity to hate itself, Copernicus removed humanity from the center of God's attention, and Darwin denied the existence of God.
D) Scholasticism denied the autonomy of human reason, Darwin denied humanity's separation from the animal world, and Nietzsche denied the usefulness of human reason.
E) Copernicus removed humanity from the center of the universe, Darwin denied humanity's separation from the animal world, and psychoanalysis has shown that humanity is not even in charge of its own mind.

Question 29

Modernist writers

A) explored the inner life of the individual.
B) dealt with the predicament of alienated men and women.
C) depicted the anguish of people struggling with moral collapse.
D) probed the psychopathology of human relations.
E) all of the above

Question 30

Which of the following statements concerning Freud is correct? ​

A) Both  Freud and Nietzsche glorified the irrational.
B) Freud approved of Nietzsche's inspired insights in processing the irrational.
C) Freud's work led to his recognition of reason's limitations.
D) Both Freud and Nietzsche believed that the irrational could be regulated in the interests of civilization.
E) none of the above

Question 31

The thinker whose theories led to greater concern for the emotional needs of children is

A) Pareto.
B) Durkheim.
C) Freud.
D) Le Bon.
E) Weber.

Question 32

For Durkheim, the average person in a modern society feels

A) bored.
B) isolated.
C) anxious.
D) pessimistic.
E) all of the above

Question 33

Which of the following correctly links author and work?

A) Sigmund Freud and  The Crowd
B) Gustave le Bon and  Suicide
C) Gaetano Mosca and  The Ruling Class
D) Émile Durkheim and  Civilization and Its Discontents
E) George Sorel and  Notes from Underground

Question 34

Durkheim believed that modernity was actually

A) a throwback to a competitive primitive world.
B) deficient without a new moral system.
C) incomplete without restoring Christian thought.
D) contributing to mental health by respecting the desires and drives of individuals.
E) a scourge on humanity that needed to be overcome.

Question 35

According to Weber, reason in the West brought

A) achievements in science that helped to master nature.
B) the possibility of self-liberation.
C) a means of self-enslavement.
D) the despiritualization of life.
E) all of the above

Question 36

Le Bon's work on crowds had a political subtext, namely that

A) crowds could form the basis for an anarcho-syndicalist government.
B) crowds could be manipulated to overthrow bourgeois governments.
C) the masses were incapable of governing themselves.
D) the behavior of crowds showed the power of reason.
E) individualism needs to be revived.

Question 37

Modernism in the arts sought to replace classical and realist models with

A) a purely scientific approach to creativity.
B) intense introspection freed from predetermined form.
C) the unassuming culture of the new urban working class.
D) the simple essentials behind the complexity of modern society.
E) a celebration of the power of modern technology.

Question 38

Modernism in the arts sought to do all the following EXCEPT

A) denying objectivity.
B) enabling the audience of whatever kind to participate in the creative process.
C) rearranging reality.
D) conveying how the artist transforms what he encounters.
E) denying the inner reality of the artist.

Question 39

Freud shared all the following Enlightenment beliefs EXCEPT

A) reason and science are the avenue to knowledge.
B) reason and science are the hope of mankind.
C) rational knowledge should be used to relieve human misery.
D) human beings are essentially good.
E) science must pursue the truth until it has found it; religion, on the other hand perpetuates immaturity.

Question 40

Pareto may be associated with which of the following concepts?

A) Even in a so-called democracy, power rests with a few individuals.
B) In the crowd, the individual loses one's identity.
C) Modern man suffers from a "disenchantment of the world."
D) A utopian community in which all are equal and in which all share equally will be possible through education.
E) Western society becomes increasingly rational as it develops.

Question 41

Who developed the theory of relativity?

A) Max Planck
B) Albert Einstein
C) Werner Heisenberg
D) Niels Bohr
E) Henri Baquerel

Question 42

Cubism is associated with all the following EXCEPT

A) Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.
B) rejection of "objective" representational standards.
C) exploration of the relationship between a three-dimensional object and a two-dimensional canvas for painting.
D) a simultaneous presentation of several viewpoints at once.
E) pure abstraction and geometric precision.

Question 43

Modernist authors and artists rejected

A) the primitive.
B) instability and the mysterious.
C) middle-class, industrial civilization.
D) disorder and irrationalism.
E) none of the above

Question 44

The theory of relativity states that

A) time does not have an independent, objective existence divorced from human experience.
B) space does not have an independent, objective existence divorced from human experience.
C) motion is relative; there is no absolute reference point.
D) matter and energy are two expressions of the same physical entity.
E) all of the above

Question 45

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
irrationalism

Question 46

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
overman (superman)

Question 47

The democratic institutions and optimism still prevalent at the turn of the twentieth century were based on the

A) exaltation of force.
B) confidence in Europe's progress and values.
C) yearning of a new authority.
D) quest for the heroic.
E) fascination with the irrational and the primitive.

Question 48

The quantum theory states that

A) knowledge comes in discreet packet that may not always fit together.
B) space is curved.
C) energy is emitted in spurts whose appearance cannot be predicted with certainty.
D) atoms are not solid but actually consist of quanta known also as protons, neutrons, and electrons.
E) everything in the universe is quantifiable.

Question 49

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
nihilism

Question 50

Which of the following developments seemed to nineteenth-century thinkers to confirm the belief in humanity's future progress posited by the philosophes?

A) the extension of education
B) the spread of parliamentary government
C) advances in science and technology
D) concern for individual liberty and social reform
E) all of the above

Question 51

Modern physics challenged Newtonian physics in all the following ways EXCEPT

A) time and space are no longer considered independent or absolute.
B) the law of cause and effect does not always apply.
C) the very act of scientific investigation alters what is being examined.
D) all forces in nature have been proven to be a single force expressed through mathematics.
E) at best, science can determine probability not certainty.

Question 52

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
the id and the ego

Question 53

The stream of consciousness is best described as

A) structured, composed memory.
B) a stream of thoughts without clear differentiation between the conscious and unconscious.
C) a psychiatrist's determination of a patient's major self-insights.
D) modern mysticism in which the divine flows directly into a person's consciousness.
E) the growing interconnectedness of people in modern society.

Question 54

Which seems NOT to have been true in the early twentieth century?

A) As the West enjoyed unprecedented prosperity and representative government, it began to doubt its values.
B) As the West dominated the world, it began to seriously question its assumptions about knowledge and the universe.
C) The sense of doubt and frustration was most clearly articulated by average citizens.
D) The fascination with the irrational contributed to dramatically irrational events such as World War I.
E) A spiritual crisis would shatter Europe's social and political order.

Question 55

Which artist's work, which included  The Starry Night,  expressed his tumultuous temperament?

A) Van Gogh
B) Picasso
C) Kandinsky
D) Mondrian
E) Matisse

Question 56

Modern composers such as Stravinsky and Schönberg attempted all the following EXCEPT to

A) revolt against convention and set rules.
B) effectively bring forth the inner, primitive person.
C) use atonality.
D) always preserve a recognizable melody.
E) shock audiences out of their complacency.

Question 57

The questioning of rationality in so many fields at the turn of the twentieth century undermined liberalism by

A) showing that inalienable human rights are simply a historically based creation of the human mind.
B) concluding that a society cannot function as liberals assumed because people are not rational.
C) arguing that the most basic ideas of human rights and popular sovereignty are simply tools cynically used by elites.
D) offering people more emotion, irrational ideologies.
E) all of the above ​

Question 58

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
the Underground Man

Question 59

Who discovered X-rays?

A) Albert Einstein
B) Werner Heisenberg
C) Max Planck
D) Wilhelm Roentgen
E) Marie Sklodowska Curie

Question 60

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

A) reinforced Newtonian physics.
B) stated that the continuous questioning of theories is necessary.
C) undermined the belief that complete understanding of the universe is possible.
D) stated that there were no certain standards of good and bad in the universe.
E) stated that science had created a world of knowledge whose connection with the everyday world is uncertain.

Question 61

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
modernism

Question 62

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
cubism

Question 63

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Scientific breakthroughs often have a tremendous impact on other fields. Discuss at least two major scientific developments of the twentieth century, and comment upon their influence on philosophical outlooks.

Question 64

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).



Locate and label the homeland of Durkheim, Einstein, Freud, Heisenberg, Nietzsche, Picasso, and Sorel .

Question 65

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Define irrationalism, and use specific evidence and examples to demonstrate its presence in Western culture during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Question 66

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
What did Max Weber mean by "the disenchantment of the world," and what problems did he associate with secular rationality?

Question 67

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
free association

Question 68

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Compare and contrast Freud's ideas with the goals, values, and attitudes of the Enlightenment tradition.

Question 69

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
quantum mechanics

Question 70

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
mass psychology

Question 71

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
In what ways did irrationalism constitute a challenge to the legacy of the Enlightenment in the Western tradition?

Question 72

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
In what way did Emile Durkheim suggest that anomie of modern Western society might be corrected?

Question 73

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
What critiques of modern society were posited by Nietzsche, Dostoevsky, Bergson, and Sorel?

Question 74

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
abstract art

Question 75

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Daniel Bell has referred to art since the Renaissance as "a mirror of nature." How did artistic developments of the second half of the nineteenth century destroy this concept?

Question 76

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Social thinkers diagnosed the ills of modernizing societies in various different ways in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. What were the different diagnoses , and who was responsible for each one?

Question 77

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
principle of uncertainty

Question 78

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
anomie

Question 79

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Almost the moment it was created (by the introduction of universal manhood suffrage in many European states in the late nineteenth century), modern democracy came under attack from political theorists. What are some of the attacks described in this book? Which of them do you find convincing , and which do you not?

Question 80

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
theory of relativity