Deck 28: World War I the West in Despair

Question 1

The text mentions a 1912 survey of French students aged 18 to 25 that showed

A) most believed war to be contrary to the basic tenets of Christianity and, hence, not an alternative.
B) they did not identify strongly with the French nation.
C) they saw in warfare "an aesthetic ideal," an opportunity "for the most noble of virtues."
D) they hoped for peaceful accommodation with foreign powers.
E) most did not believe that war was likely.

Answer 1

they saw in warfare "an aesthetic ideal," an opportunity "for the most noble of virtues."

Question 2

The reaction of the belligerents' civilian populations to the news of the war indicates that which of the following ideologies or Worldviews had come to dominate Europe?

A) Christianity
B) socialism
C) nationalism
D) anarchism
E) rationalism

Answer 2

nationalism

Question 3

Each of the following contributed to the creation of the Triple Entente EXCEPT

A) Germany violated Belgium's neutrality which was guaranteed by Britain.
B) France deliberately ended its colonial disputes with Britain.
C) after its defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Russia was more inclined to negotiate with Britain.
D) Germany's ambitious naval construction plan alarmed Britain.
E) French diplomacy worked very hard to reconcile the Russians and the British.

Answer 3

Germany violated Belgium's neutrality which was guaranteed by Britain.

Question 4

Germany's reaction to the Triple Entente ​

A) underestimated the hostile nature of the alliance of Russia, Britain, and France. ​
B) greatly increased the chance for war because it strengthened the link between German security and Austria. ​
C) indicated a lack of concern of the intentions of the new allies. ​
D) helped to quell Austria's fear of Pan-Serbism and Pan-Slavism. ​
E) none of the above

Question 5

Prior to 1914, the dominant mood in Europe was one of

A) despair at the decadence of the West.
B) pride in the accomplishments of Western civilization.
C) exhaustion after a century of European wars.
D) pessimism about the possibility of future progress.
E) unity and peace in the wake of a period of declining nationalism.

Question 6

The conspiracy to kill Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand was organized by

A) the Russian secret police, who aimed to provoke a pan-Slav war against Austria.
B) the chief of Serbian military intelligence, Dragutin Dimitrijevic.
C) Serbian students living in Sarajevo.
D) the French, who sought to force Germany into war to defend its ally.
E) Gavrilo Princip, the assassin.

Question 7

The text states that  World War I   began because

A) flushed by its spectacular economic growth, the German Empire decided that it was the right time to expand.
B) France was determined to get revenge for its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
C) the escalating tension between Britain and Germany led the latter to strike.
D) Austria-Hungary believed itself to be in a life-and-death situation after the assassination of  Archduke Francis Ferdinand   by a Serbian nationalist.
E) German militarism was uncontrollable.

Question 8

In 1911, German writer Friedrich von Bernhardi argued all of the following EXCEPT

A) war can be excluded from international relations among "civilized races."
B) war is a biological necessity.
C) struggle is a universal law of nature.
D) flourishing nations require continual expansion.
E) "higher civilization" imbues the right to annex the lands of the "uncivilized."

Question 9

Bismarck's foreign policy may be judged as

A) relentlessly aggressive.
B) cautious.
C) fluctuating.
D) lacking in balance.
E) unrealistic.

Question 10

The fundamental problem in Austria-Hungary in the eve of World War I was

A) uneven industrialization with Bohemia and Lower Austria far more advanced than the rest the empire.
B) the continuing tension between the two halves of the Empire.
C) a brewing nationalism among most of its Slavic peoples.
D) the genetically handicapped Hapsburg dynasty and the subordination of the empire to Germany.
E) a gnawing fatalism progressively diffusing through Austrian society.

Question 11

Which of the following indicates the aggressive new foreign policy pursued by Germany after 1890? ​

A) the Germanization of Alsace and Lorraine
B) the antagonizing of Austria in the Balkans
C) the disavowal of Italian diplomatic initiatives
D) the withdrawal from alliance agreements with Russia
E) German support Morocco against French pressure

Question 12

The danger of dividing Europe into two opposing alliance systems was that

A) each country was emboldened in its foreign policy.
B) each alliance system became locked into a specific war plans that could not be easily altered.
C) a conflict between two states could lead to a chain reaction of hostilities.
D) such rivalries let national leaders lose sight of the larger picture: the good of Europe as a whole.
E) all of the above ​

Question 13

The Bosnian crises in 1908 and 1912 ​

A) led Austria and Germany to coordinate battle plans in case conflict between Austria and Serbia involved Russia and France. ​
B) both resulted in Austria-Hungary's humiliation of Serbia. ​
C) led to the creation of Albania. ​
D) were facilitated in part by the weakness of the Ottoman Empire. ​
E) all of the above ​

Question 14

Why did Germany's break with Russia in 1890 prove to be so serious?

A) Russia became quite suspicious of Germany's motives.
B) France was able to break out of its diplomatic isolation and form an alliance with Russia, the basis of the Triple Entente.
C) Because Germany was no longer allied with both Austria-Hungary and Russia, Austria was emboldened by its undivided support from Berlin.
D) Germany's fate was tied ever closer to Austria's.
E) all of the above

Question 15

Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated on

A) June 28, 1914.
B) July 23, 1914.
C) July 28, 1914.
D) August 4, 1914.
E) September 9, 1914.

Question 16

Which of the following was NOT a lingering hostility in the decades before World War I identified by the text?

A) France remained irreconcilable to the loss of Alsace-Lorraine.
B) After centuries of hostilities, relations between France and Britain were potentially explosive.
C) Austria-Hungary feared Russia's Pan-Slavism and ambitions in the Balkans.
D) Austria-Hungary never reconciled itself to being excluded from Germany.
E) Britain resented and feared Germany's growing military and industrial might.

Question 17

The Treaty of Versailles laid sole responsibility for World War I on Germany. Who do historians say was responsible?

A) Germany
B) Austria-Hungary
C) Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
D) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and France
E) Serbia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France, and Britain

Question 18

Which of the following was the first country to decide on war after the assassination of Francis Ferdinand?

A) Serbia
B) Austria-Hungary
C) Germany
D) Russia
E) France

Question 19

German nationalists in the late nineteenth century agitated for

A) the annexation of Austria.
B) withdrawal from the colonies to focus government funds at home.
C) a larger navy, more colonies, a greater share of world markets, and additional territory in Europe.
D) extermination of Jewish and Slavic minorities within the Reich.
E) a death blow to France.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) After 1870, Bismarck was interested in gaining more territory for the German Empire.
B) Bismarck and Kaiser William II shared similar goals in foreign policy.
C) Bismarck thought a war between Austria and Russia would benefit Germany .
D) Bismarck showed little concern for France in his foreign policy, concentrating instead on the ambitions of Germany's eastern neighbors.
E) Bismarck sought to preserve order and stability in Europe.

Question 21

In the closing months of World War I, Austria-Hungary

A) was occupied by German troops to keep it in the war.
B) signed a separate peace with the Allies even before the German offensive in France was halted.
C) disintegrated as its different nationalities established their own independent states.
D) was occupied by a Franco-British army that, during most of the war, had been confined to Greece.
E) continued the war effort until the armistice on November 11, 1918.

Question 22

Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen was associated with which new technology employed to devastating effect in World War I?

A) poison gas
B) barbed wire
C) the machine gun
D) artillery
E) the airplane

Question 23

What incident or development resulted in the entry of the United States into World War I?

A) The sinking of the liner Lusitania had resulted in substantial loss of American lives.
B) With the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Wilson feared that the remaining Allies would not be able to continue the war.
C) Anti-German sentiment in the United States, fomented by the British, forced Wilson to declare war on Germany and her allies.
D) Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917.
E) During the mutiny of its army, France asked for American aid; the United States, still grateful for French help in the War of Independence, quickly responded.

Question 24

Each of the following is correct EXCEPT

A) Americans had little concern for a loss of prestige if the United States didn't enter the war in 1917.
B) the United States was the principal supplier for Britain during the war.
C) Woodrow Wilson believed that the United States must enter the war.
D) Germany encouraged Mexico to become its ally and invade territories the United States had seized in the nineteenth century.
E) Wilson escalated the rhetoric by saying that the United States was going to war "to make the world safe for democracy."

Question 25

At Verdun, World War I's bloodiest battle, France and Germany together suffered ​

A) 160,000 casualties.
B) 225,000 casualties.
C) 500,000 casualties.
D) 750,000 casualties.
E) 1 million casualties.

Question 26

Following the spring 1917 mutinies in the French Army, General Pétain undertook a policy of

A) mass arrests.
B) defensive warfare and improvement of conditions for ordinary soldiers.
C) negotiations with the Germans.
D) restoring the troops' morale with a great offensive.
E) pressuring the civil government to devote more resources to the war effort.

Question 27

The Ottoman Empire

A) joined the war on the Central Powers' side.
B) joined the war on the Entente (Allied) side.
C) maintained its neutrality throughout the war.
D) declared war on Russia only.
E) suffered a major defeat at Gallipoli in 1915.

Question 28

At the outbreak of hostilities in 1914 ​

A) socialists initially organized antiwar demonstrations. ​
B) the Social Democrat deputies in the Reichstag voted against providing funds for war. ​
C) the Socialist deputies in Paris voted against providing funds for war. ​
D) socialists refused to place patriotism before their dedication to an international working class movement. ​
E) all of the above

Question 29

In Germany's final offensive in 1918 ​

A) General Ludendorff hoped to break the stalemate before the arrival of the Americans.
B) the Germans succeeded in taking Paris, although it was later recaptured by the Allies. ​
C) met little British resistance during the spring. ​
D) included a success at the second battle of the Marne. ​
E) all of the above ​

Question 30

The total casualties in World War I   are estimated at

A) 2.5 million dead, 3 million wounded.
B) 4 million dead, 7 million wounded.
C) 7 million dead, 12 million wounded.
D) 9.4 million dead, 21 million wounded.
E) 15 million dead, 27 million wounded.

Question 31

The text notes that many intellectuals responded to the war

A) with dismay because they believed it would emphasize class differences.
B) with pessimism because it would lead to spiritual decline.
C) with enthusiasm for the martial mood it created.
D) with excitement for the opportunity to celebrate bourgeois values and culture.
E) with concern that it would create a generation of people lacking purpose and honor.

Question 32

When the war became mired down in trench warfare, the military and civilian leaders of the warring countries

A) launched increasingly large attacks with the goal either a breakthrough or of bleeding the other side into defeat.
B) quickly realized the futility of the war and sued for peace.
C) immediately put the emphasis on new technology (planes, tanks, submarines, etc.) to affect a breakthrough.
D) were replaced by another younger generation of leaders.
E) called a cease fire until the Americans entered the war.

Question 33

Which of the following best describes the military situation on the Eastern front?

A) While the Austrians were able to defeat the Serbians, Germany had to rescue them from a Russian attack.
B) The Eastern Front was also a stalemate beginning in the fall of 1914 and lasting until the Russians left the war in 1918.
C) The unexpected Russian attack in 1914 resulted in the Russian occupation of East Prussia until the Treaty of Brest Litovsk.
D) The war involved less stalemate, and German territory was inviolate after August 1914.
E) German successes were spectacular initially, but after three years of stalemate, the Bolsheviks were able to push the German back to their positions in August 1914.

Question 34

Which of the following contributed to the military stalemate on the Western Front in 1914?

A) A faster Russian attack than the Germans had expected
B) The advancing Germans were exhausted and had outrun their supplies.
C) The French regrouped near Paris and fought with astonishing courage.
D) Unknowingly, Germans had exposed their flanks.
E) all of the above

Question 35

Which of the following is most likely to be disputed?

A) The Paris Peace Conference produced separate treaties with Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey.
B) The Treaty of Versailles was a punitive treaty with Germany that helped to lead to World War II.
C) The Treaty of Versailles solved France's security needs to the French's satisfaction.
D) The Treaty of Versailles presented Germany with an open-ended reparations bill.
E) The peace settlement ceded Upper Silesia to Poland.

Question 36

During the war, which Wilson claimed would make the world safe for democracy, states

A) regulated production as never before.
B) manipulated the masses psychologically to continue the war effort.
C) exercised ever greater control of people's lives.
D) demonstrated how a nation's human and material resources could be organized for a single objective.
E) all of the above

Question 37

Which of the following was NOT a territorial settlement negotiated by treaties at the end of the war?

A) Serbia joined with the South Slavs to become Yugoslavia.
B) The Czech and Slovak regions of Austria became Czechoslovakia.
C) France gained the Rhineland from Germany.
D) Germany lost Alsace and Lorraine.
E) The Italians gained control of the South Tyrol.

Question 38

The Paris Peace Conference had to overcome

A) France's determination to completely cripple and partially dismantle Germany.
B) the problem of intermingled national populations when determining boundaries.
C) Wilson's weakened position due to opposition by the Republicans.
D) secret treaties sealed during the war, promising major territorial changes.
E) all of the above

Question 39

What was the rationale behind Wilson's proposal of a "peace without victory"?

A) It was a simple acknowledgement of fact.
B) Harsh treatment of Germany would most likely lead to another war.
C) Wilson believed in the principle, "Blessed are the peacemakers for they will be called the children of God."
D) Such a statement would gain support among the many Americans who had opposed U.S. entry into the war.
E) A true victory would require a continuation of the war into 1919.

Question 40

Which of the following was NOT among Wilson's goals?

A) a League of Nations to prevent future wars
B) national self-determination
C) the guarantee of liberation of all colonies
D) the elimination of Prussian militarism
E) the desire to avoid creating any more Alsace-Lorraines

Question 41

Tsar Nicholas II's autocratic government ended in 1917 when

A) his armies were routed during World War I.
B) the Bolsheviks overthrew him and sent him and his family to the Urals.
C) members of the Dumas (the Parliament) staged a coup in March 1917.
D) soldiers and civilians united in revolution after riots in food lines.
E) Germany issued an ultimatum that unless Nicholas II abdicated, all Germany would resume hostilities.

Question 42

The greatest challenge to the authority of the Provisional Government came from the

A) remnants of the tsarist autocracy.
B) potential peasant uprisings.
C) Bolsheviks.
D) Mensheviks.
E) army.

Question 43

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Lebensraum

Question 44

After 1920, which of the victorious powers continued to support the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A) Britain, France, the United States, and Turkey
B) Britain, France, and the United States
C) Britain and France
D) France
E) none of the above

Question 45

In 1917, Russian liberals ​

A) were drawn from the educated elements of Russian society. ​
B) had joined the March revolution with reluctance, fearing the violence of social revolution. ​
C) possessed a reputation for leadership as a result of their opposition of autocracy. ​
D) opposed national minorities who sought self-determination. ​
E) all of the above ​

Question 46

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
"sacred anger"

Question 47

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Fourteen Points

Question 48

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Alsace-Lorraine

Question 49

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Pan-Slavism

Question 50

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Black Hand

Question 51

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
"no-man's-land"

Question 52

Which of the following was considered in the text's discussion of the consequences of World War I?

A) rising expectations that the sacrifices of the war would bring even greater progress in Western Civilization
B) the assumption that all will return to normal after the war
C) a lingering fascination with and nostalgia for violence
D) a questioning of Christian values
E) a liberation from the confines of discredited bourgeois society

Question 53

Which of the following describes how Lenin returned to Russia?

A) Members of the Petrograd soviet, determined to see the charismatic leader returned to Russia, raised money for his return.
B) Lenin, hearing of Kerensky's revolution, journeyed incognito and crossed the Russian border.
C) Germans, hoping he would hurt the Russian war effort, aided him in returning from Switzerland.
D) After exile in American for twelve years, he landed by ship in Murmansk.
E) Lenin was promptly arrested upon his return.

Question 54

During the rule of the Provisional Government

A) the liberals undertook the unpopular decision of continuing the war.
B) the economy stabilized, causing prices to plummet.
C) land was redistributed to the peasants.
D) Russian liberalism was strengthened by the engagement of the peasantry.
E) law and order was firmly established.

Question 55

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Verdun

Question 56

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Triple Alliance

Question 57

Which of the following did NOT occur? In 1917 and 1918, the Bolsheviks

A) gained support by understanding exactly what most ordinary Russians wanted, "Peace, Land and Bread," none of which the Provisional Government could provide.
B) rapidly gained support in the soviets.
C) staged a coup against the Provisional Government in November 1917.
D) ended Russia's participation in World War I.
E) peacefully gave up power after they only received 24 percent of the vote in the elections to the Constituent Assembly.

Question 58

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Triple Entente

Question 59

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
union sacrée

Question 60

World War I signaled all of the following EXCEPT ​

A) the triumph of the irrational elements in human nature. ​
B) an important, but ultimately brief, interruption of continual progress. ​
C) a questioning of the idea of human perfectibility. ​
D) a calling into question of the value of technology. ​
E) the disintegration of the Enlightenment tradition. ​

Question 61

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
What factors explain the stalemate of World War I in the West? What does the stalemate indicate about the changing nature of war between the early nineteenth and twentieth centuries?

Question 62

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Why did many Europeans see the coming of war in 1914 as a cause for celebration?

Question 63

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).



Locate and label the Triple Entente, the Triple Entente, and the Central Powers.

Question 64

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Provisional Government

Question 65

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).



Locate and label the territories lost by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russia, and Germany at the end of World War I. Using arrows, indicate the names of countries established in those lands.

Question 66

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
"All Power to the Soviets"

Question 67

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Bolshevism

Question 68

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).



Mark the boundaries of the furthest advance of the Central Powers.

Question 69

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).



Mark the boundaries of the demilitarized zone established by the Treaty of Versailles.

Question 70

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
How and why did the assassination of Franz Ferdinand escalate into World War I? What role did Austria-Hungary's problems with nationalities play in the events leading up to the assassination?
​

Question 71

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
In hindsight, World War I undermined European civilization and the West's position in the world. What circumstances of European development in the nineteenth century helped precipitate the antagonisms that led to war?

Question 72

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Treaty of Versailles

Question 73

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Contrast the foreign policy goals of Bismarck after 1870 with those of Kaiser William II.

Question 74

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Refer to the diplomatic reactions of states upon the crisis of 1914. What were the major goals of these states as they slid into war?

Question 75

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Describe and explain the willingness of the leaders and the populations to go to war.

Question 76

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Why was the replacement of General Robert Nivelle by General Pétain particularly significant?

Question 77

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Discuss how some of the intellectual trends presented in earlier chapters might have contributed to Europeans' readiness to go to war in the fall of 1914. Use specific examples to support your answer.

Question 78

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Paris Peace Conference

Question 79

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).



Locate and label the site of the battles of the Marne, Tannenberg, Caporetto, and Verdun.

Question 80

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain the end of the First World War and the peace that followed.