Deck 21: Africa, the Middle East, and Imperialism, 1750-1914

Question 1

The commercial middle class of East and Southern Africa was composed largely of which group?

A) British immigrants
B) Indian immigrants
C) Educated Africans

Answer 1

Indian immigrants

Question 2

Mandinka leader Samory Toure modeled his state on which of the following?

A) Ethiopia
B) Napoleonic France
C) Sundiata's Mali empire

Answer 2

Sundiata's Mali empire

Question 3

Which is the best description of colonial Nigeria's religious culture?

A) Islam was prevalent in the north, and traditional religions and Christianity were prevalent in the south.
B) Virtually all of Nigeria was Muslim with small pockets of Christians in the south.
C) Most Nigerians continued to practice traditional religions and took little notice of Islam and Christianity.

Answer 3

Islam was prevalent in the north, and traditional religions and Christianity were prevalent in the south.

Question 4

Who created the Orange Free State and the Transvaal?

A) The Zulus
B) The Boers
C) The British

Question 5

How did Ashanti prevent subjection to European imperial control from 1890 to 1901?

A) Effective armed resistance
B) Skillfully negotiated treaties
C) Collaboration with imperial powers

Question 6

In 1875, Britain bought Egypt's controlling shares in what?

A) Trans-Saharan salt trade
B) The Suez Canal
C) Sudanese plantations

Question 7

In an attempt to modernize the Ottoman Empire, what did Sultan Mahmud II abolish?

A) Islam
B) Universities
C) The Janissaries

Question 8

Which of the following is true about Egypt in the late nineteenth century?

A) It broke away from the Ottoman Empire's control but soon fell under British influence.
B) It successfully revolted against the Ottoman Empire to become independent.
C) It allied with Britain and France to take over most of the Arabian Peninsula.

Question 9

How did the Germans respond to the Maji Maji uprising in Tanganyika?

A) They brutally suppressed Maji Maji fighters.
B) They defeated the Maji Maji movement but made several reforms afterward.
C) They invited Maji Maji leaders to join the colonial administration in a limited capacity.

Question 10

What did the Young Turks aim to achieve within the Ottoman Empire?

A) Secularization
B) A return to Islamic tradition
C) Armenian independence

Question 11

In 1806, Cape Colony in South Africa was annexed by which of the following states?

A) Holland
B) The Transvaal
C) Britain

Question 12

Which of the following most soured relations between European powers and the Ottoman Empire in the late nineteenth century?

A) European states supported independence movements in Greece and the Balkans.
B) European states subjected the Ottomans to extensive sanctions.
C) European states conquered territories in Asia that the Ottomans also desired.

Question 13

How did Olaudah Equiano and Phyllis Wheatley oppose slavery?

A) They both led revolts against slave owners.
B) They raised money to buy the freedom of hundreds of slaves.
C) They wrote against slavery and argued that Africans were just as deserving of equality as other subjects.

Question 14

Which of the following is true about the South African War (Boer War)?

A) It was fought between Britain and Boer settlers for control of newly discovered oil fields.
B) It was fought between Britain, Boers, and Africans for political control of southern Africa.
C) It was fought between Boers and Africans for control over labor needed for gold and diamond mines.

Question 15

What relationship did Boers, British, and Zulu have throughout most of the nineteenth century?

A) They worked together to develop Southern Africa.
B) They were almost always at war with one another.
C) Zulu kingdoms regularly resisted British and Boer expansion.

Question 16

In modernizing Egypt, Muhammad Ali replaced Islamic law with legal codes borrowed from whom?

A) England
B) The Ottomans
C) France

Question 17

Pixley ka Isaka Seme, a black South African lawyer, helped establish which of the following organizations advocating for African political rights?

A) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
B) Nation of Islam
C) African National Congress

Question 18

By the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire had enormous prestige in the Muslim world for what reason primarily?

A) Its religious leadership was so highly educated in Islamic law.
B) It was the largest surviving Muslim empire.
C) The Ottoman sultan was also seen as the caliph or successor to Muhammad.

Question 19

Colonial administrators forced Africans to switch from subsistence agriculture to growing cash crops by all EXCEPT which of the following methods?

A) Forced labor
B) Tax exemptions
C) Violent punishments

Question 20

Which of the following factors contributed most to the end of the transatlantic slave trade in the nineteenth century?

A) The Industrial Revolution
B) Few Africans remaining to be enslaved
C) Enlightenment ideas about European superiority

Question 21

Muslim modernists like al-Afghani and Abduh argued which of the following?

A) Islam is rational and scientific.
B) The Qur'an is merely allegorical.
C) Islam is a superstition that must be outgrown.

Question 22

What was the relationship between European company operations in Africa and the expansion of colonial control?

Question 23

How was the rise of missionary work related to the end of the slave trade?

Question 24

Where did various European powers claim territory in Africa?

Question 25

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab was opposed to which of the following?

A) Islamic influences in government
B) Strict interpretation of Islamic law
C) Islamic mysticism

Question 26

Why did King Leopold's annexation of the Congo lead to a scramble for Africa?

Question 27

What was the first European country to declare war on slave traders and capture slave ships in order to return the slaves to Africa?

A) France
B) Spain
C) Britain

Question 28

Between 1905 and 1911, Persia experienced which of the following?

A) Colonization by European powers
B) Repeated invasions from the Ottomans
C) A democratic period, with a parliament and freedom of the press

Question 29

How did abolition movements influence the end of the slave trade?

Question 30

The first attempted expansion of Wahhabism was stopped by whom?

A) The British
B) Muhammad Ali of Egypt
C) Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II

Question 31

Colonial boundaries in Africa established by Europeans frequently accomplished which of the following?

A) They united colonies around the traditionally dominant ethnic group.
B) They created a basis for stable future nation-states.
C) They ignored traditional ethnic relationships and local interests

Question 32

Which group did the Germans nearly exterminate in 1904 in Southwest Africa?

A) The Herero
B) The Igbo
C) The Hausa

Question 33

What new opportunities did the end of the slave trade bring to Europeans and Africans?

Question 34

About how many Europeans settled in French Algeria during the nineteenth century?

A) 10,000
B) 100,000
C) 1,000,000

Question 35

Under Ottoman administration, Iraq was divided into which of the following zones?

A) A Sunni north and a Shi'ite south
B) A Kurdish north, Sunni Arab center, and Shi'ite Arab south
C) A Sunni north, Christian center, and Shi'ite south

Question 36

Which was the first state to outlaw the slave trade?

A) the United States
B) Britain
C) Denmark

Question 37

Ashanti resistance to the British was led by whom?

A) Emperor Menelik I
B) Samory Toure
C) Queen mother Yaa Asantewaa

Question 38

How did Egypt respond to the Mahdist movement in the Sudan in the 1880s?

A) With British assistance, Egypt suppressed the movement.
B) Egypt promoted Mahdism as a way to throw off British control.
C) With Ottoman assistance, Egypt suppressed the movement.

Question 39

In nineteenth and early twentieth century, Persia faced increasing pressure from which two western nations?

A) Russia and Britain
B) France and Britain
C) Russia and the United States

Question 40

Nineteenth-century Zionism was most similar to which of the following ideologies?

A) Religious fundamentalism
B) Nationalism
C) Socialism

Question 41

What were the Tanzimat reforms?

Question 42

Describe French methods of colonial governance.

Question 43

Describe relations between British and Boer settlers and indigenous southern Africans.

Question 44

In what ways did labor organizations also serve to advance anticolonial purposes?

Question 45

What were the aims of the Islamic revival movement of the late 1880s?

Question 46

How effective was Zulu resistance to British and Boer expansion?

Question 47

One of the most lucrative trade items in West Africa was what machine lubricant?

A) Sugar
B) Sandalwood
C) Palm oil

Question 48

How did Africans respond to colonialism?

Question 49

How did the Berlin Conference attempt to establish new rules for imperial expansion in Africa? To what extent was it successful and to what extent did imperialism continue unchanged?

Question 50

What was Wahhabism and who were its early supporters?

Question 51

What was the result of the South African War?

Question 52

How was Persia divided by European imperial powers in the early 1900s?

Question 53

Why did European colonial administrations discourage or prohibit the development of local industry?

Question 54

Why did the British practice "indirect rule" in Nigeria?

Question 55

Which was more important to the end of the slave trade, abolitionist opposition or the Industrial Revolution?

Question 56

What role did art and culture play in African anticolonialism?

Question 57

What were the causes of conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s?

Question 58

How did the French maintain their control over territories in the Middle East?

Question 59

Which of the following is true of Sierra Leone and Liberia?

A) Both were founded as havens for former slaves.
B) Both countries were founded in the eighteenth century.
C) Africans welcomed settlers of both with open arms.

Question 60

Describe British methods of colonial governance.

Question 61

In what ways was British colonialism in southern Africa typical of European imperialism? In what ways was it unique?

Question 62

How did the discovery of oil reserves shape imperialism in the Middle East from the late 1800s?

Question 63

How did European assumptions about indigenous Africans influence methods of colonial governance in European empires?

Question 64

What was the initial relationship between the Congo territory and Belgium?

A) The Congo was a colony controlled by the Belgian government.
B) The Congo was a colony controlled by Belgian King Leopold II.
C) The Congo was a colony controlled by the Royal Belgian Africa Company.

Question 65

How did the Islamic revival movement influence European imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa? What result did it have on other religious groups under colonial rule in these regions?

Question 66

To what extent did European colonial rule create new economic opportunity for African subjects? To what extent did it force them into dependency upon European markets and economies?

Question 67

Why was Ethiopia not taken over by Europeans before 1914?

A) It successfully defended itself against European invasions.
B) It had few natural resources.
C) It was not discovered until the twentieth century.

Question 68

Who was the founder of the Fulani jihad and Sokoto Caliphate?

A) Shaka Zulu
B) Uthman dan Fodio
C) Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

Question 69

In what ways did African anticolonial movements support each other? In what ways did they disagree with each other? What effect did each have on African anticolonialism in general?

Question 70

To what extent did British and Boer colonialism depend on Africans and to what extent did it seek to exclude them from the colonial state?

Question 71

Why was Cecil Rhodes so influential in African colonialism?

A) His extraordinary wealth funded companies and mining operations that funded colonial governments.
B) He had studied colonial administration extensively at Oxford and published several respected books about it.
C) He personally owned most of the territories in Southern Africa.

Question 72

Why do scholars view the Ottoman empire as a declining state by the late 1800s? What factors contributed most to this decline?