Deck 27: A Pivotal ERA, 1969-1980

Question 1

In the late 1960s, views of radical feminists differed from those of NOW in which of the following ways?

A) Radical feminists practiced personal politics through such venues as "consciousness-raising" groups; NOW was a traditional lobbying group.
B) Radical feminists were concerned with political issues; NOW concentrated on social and economic issues.
C) Radical feminists were associated with fundamentalist Christian groups; NOW members were not affiliated with any specific religious group.
D) Radical feminists opposed the gay rights movement; NOW supported the movement.

Answer 1

Radical feminists practiced personal politics through such venues as "consciousness-raising" groups; NOW was a traditional lobbying group.

Question 2

Kwanzaa is _______________________________.

A) a ritual transported from Africa to America in the eighteenth century and preserved by secret societies in African American communities
B) a type of music attacked as demeaning by African-American rights activists in the 1970s
C) a fashion featuring colorful shirts, caps, and head wraps brought from Africa and adopted by African Americans in the 1970s as an expression of cultural pride
D) a holiday created in 1966 to celebrate the shared African heritage of all African Americans

Answer 2

a holiday created in 1966 to celebrate the shared African heritage of all African Americans

Question 3

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the Supreme Court's ruling in Roe v. Wade?

A) There is no inherent right to privacy embodied in the Constitution; thus, a state may prohibit the sale of contraceptives.
B) The right to privacy is guaranteed by the Constitution; thus, the state has no power to regulate sexual acts between consenting adults.
C) The right to privacy protects a woman's decision to have an abortion.
D) The Constitution protects the rights of the fetus over the rights of the mother after the first three months of pregnancy.

Answer 3

The right to privacy protects a woman's decision to have an abortion.

Question 4

Like the younger generation of African Americans, the younger generations of Mexican American and Native American activists in the late 1960s and early 1970s emphasized___________________.

A) local rather than national issues
B) assimilation and cooperation with white society
C) their own distinct cultures and histories
D) reparations for past wrongs rather than funding for current programs

Question 5

In their campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment, antifeminist leaders __________________.

A) proposed progressive legislation to guarantee just compensation to working women and federal aid to working mothers
B) argued in favor of passing new laws that would relegate women to an inferior status in American society
C) argued that the ERA would decriminalize rape and make women subject to the military draft
D) engaged in a reasoned debate with those who supported the amendment

Question 6

Among the victories that can be attributed to the National Congress of American Indians and the Native American Rights Fund during the 1970s was the _______________________.

A) return of Alcatraz Island to Native Americans
B) establishment of programs credited with producing a sharp decline in the incidence of tuberculosis and suicide among Native Americans
C) return of millions of acres of land to tribal ownership
D) full integration of Native Americans into the U.S. military

Question 7

The Vietnam policy devised by President Nixon and Henry Kissinger included _________________________.

A) increased bombing of North Vietnam coupled with the withdrawal of some American troops
B) an increase in both troop strength and bombing missions
C) a reduction of American troops in Vietnam and an end to the bombing of North Vietnam
D) a reduction in bombing missions coupled with an increase in ground forces

Question 8

Which of the following is true of La Raza Unida?

A) It became the voice for militant Puerto Ricans in Los Angeles.
B) It was founded in the Southwest in the 1970s by Chicano activists and was instrumental in registering tens of thousands of new voters.
C) It was successful in bringing unity and a sense of common purpose to Latinos throughout the United States.
D) It acted primarily as a legal-aid organization to prevent deportation of refugees from Central America.

Question 9

Who began a movement among Chicano youth in Denver called "Crusade for Justice"?

A) César Chávez and Dolores Huerta
B) Dolores Huerta
C) Reies Tijerina.
D) Rudolfo "Corky" Gonzáles

Question 10

The voices of Puerto Rican nationalists on the United States mainland largely emerged from which city?

A) New York
B) Los Angeles
C) Seattle
D) Denver

Question 11

When did Congress pass the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act?

A) 1972
B) 1973
C) 1974
D) 1975

Question 12

The Feminine Mystique _______________________________.

A) improved male understanding of what women wanted from them
B) helped revive the women's movement by presenting ideas concerning the dissatisfaction of educated wives and mothers
C) exposed the widespread exploitation of women in advertising
D) helped women learn to adapt to women's traditional and proper roles

Question 13

The 1970 campus protest at Kent State University that ended with the deaths of four students occurred in response to _______________________.

A) the incursion of American troops into Cambodia
B) a scheduled visit to the campus by Vice President Spiro Agnew
C) President Nixon's denunciation of college students as "bums"
D) the decision by the Nixon administration to end student draft deferments

Question 14

The Stonewall Inn riot marked the symbolic beginning of ____________________.

A) violent demonstrations against the Vietnam War
B) the gay rights movement
C) the Gray Panthers
D) radical feminism

Question 15

Which of the following caused resentment among white working-class men during the recession of the 1970s?

A) Affirmative action programs that reduced the number of white men hired and increased the number of minorities and women hired
B) Federal funding of job-training programs for African Americans but not for whites
C) Attempts within major industries to equalize the wages of males and females by giving female employees substantially higher raises than male employees
D) The dramatic decline in African American unemployment and the corresponding increase in white unemployment

Question 16

The term affirmative action refers to efforts to show improvement in ______________.

A) inner-city living conditions
B) air quality
C) the hiring of minorities
D) grade level competency tests in public schools

Question 17

At the time of its founding in 1966, the primary goal of the National Organization for Women was to __________________.

A) persuade women to run for political office
B) lobby for enforcement of the sex discrimination provision of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
C) improve women's self-image
D) provide safe houses for battered women and their children

Question 18

The first major government affirmative action program, the Philadelphia Plan, applied to _______________.

A) college admissions at the University of Pennsylvania
B) Philadelphia businesses that held contracts with the federal government
C) promotions in state and federal governmental offices and agencies in Philadelphia
D) the hiring of elementary and high-school teachers in Philadelphia schools relying on federal funding

Question 19

Which of the following was revealed in the Pentagon Papers?

A) American leaders had consistently lied to the American people about the Vietnam War.
B) American corporations had played a dominant role within the government in shaping Vietnam War policies.
C) The initiative for escalating American involvement in Vietnam had come from Congress rather than from President Johnson.
D) Toward the end of his term, President Johnson was often unable to function coherently.

Question 20

Which of the following is true of William Calley?

A) He was a corporal who provided proof to U.S. Senate investigators that three American officers were victims of "fragging."
B) He was a soldier who was tried and executed for cowardice in the face of the enemy.
C) He was an army lieutenant convicted for his involvement in the atrocity known as the My Lai massacre.
D) He was a World War II veteran much vilified by the American Legion and other veterans groups for his outspoken opposition to the Vietnam War.

Question 21

The 1972 presidential candidate paralyzed as the result of an assassination attempt:

A) George Wallace
B) Richard Nixon
C) George McGovern
D) Ted Kennedy

Question 22

What statement most accurately describes the Nixon administration's response to the election of Salvador Allende as president of Chile in 1970?

A) The administration grudgingly recognized Allende's position once it was evident that the election was valid.
B) The administration worked through the CIA to encourage Chilean military officers to overthrow Allende.
C) The administration extended support to Allende in order to woo him away from Soviet influence.
D) The administration pressured other Latin American nations to join in a total boycott of Chilean goods.

Question 23

Mark W. Felt, the informant who led journalists Woodward and Bernstein to a series of articles which led to Nixon's resignation was known as ______________.

A) "Chatterbox"
B) "Creep"
C) "Deep Throat"
D) "Tape Worm"

Question 24

The CIA was sent by Nixon to overthrow the government of __________________.

A) Chile
B) Thailand
C) Mexico
D) Honduras

Question 25

Which of the following is considered the primary reason for the post-traumatic stress disorder suffered by thousands of Vietnam veterans?

A) Many soldiers were exposed to Agent Orange.
B) Soldiers had to fight in the midst of jungles, rains, and withering heat.
C) Soldiers suffered from battle fatigue.
D) Soldiers saw large numbers of women, children, and elderly people killed.

Question 26

The 1972 arms agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union attempted to slow the arms race by limiting __________________.

A) nuclear submarines
B) antiballistic missile defenses
C) the number of nuclear warheads on a missile
D) tactical nuclear weapons

Question 27

Where were 300 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians massacred by American soldiers in 1968?

A) Hanoi
B) My Lai
C) Danang
D) Pleiku

Question 28

Which of the following was one of the terms of the Paris Peace Accords that ended American participation in the war in Vietnam?

A) North Vietnam was to withdraw its troops immediately from South Vietnam and disband the Vietcong.
B) The United States promised to withdraw all of its remaining troops from Vietnam within sixty days.
C) The North Vietnamese agreed to recognize the independence of South Vietnam and the permanent division of Vietnam into two nations.
D) North and South Vietnam would be reunited by merging the northern and southern governments into one.

Question 29

The primary purpose of the Nixon-Kissinger policy of détente was to _________________.

A) check Soviet expansion and limit the Soviet arms buildup
B) enlarge the influence of the United Nations
C) guarantee the self-determination of the Third World
D) elevate the international stature of America's European allies

Question 30

In 1975, Secretary of State Kissinger persuaded Israel and Egypt to accept _________________.

A) Egyptian withdrawal from the Golan Heights and an end to the building of Israeli settlements in occupied lands
B) Egyptian withdrawal from Jerusalem and Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank
C) Egyptian recognition of Israel's existence as a nation and an end to hostilities
D) a United Nations peacekeeping force in the Sinai Peninsula

Question 31

One of the ways in which President Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger tried to weaken communism was by _________________.

A) making a big show of expanding the American arsenal of nuclear weapons
B) increasing America's military presence in Turkey and Iran
C) halting exports of American wheat to Russia and China
D) improving relations with both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China at a time when tensions were increasing between those two communist nations

Question 32

The War Powers Act of 1973 ___________________.

A) represented a furthering of the trend toward an "imperial presidency"
B) reorganized the administrative command structure of the military services
C) strengthened the president's powers as commander-in-chief of the armed services
D) attempted to limit the president's war-making power

Question 33

Which of the following was an element of Richard Nixon's "southern strategy"?

A) His support for busing as a means of integrating schools
B) His nomination of two southerners for positions on the Supreme Court
C) His request for an extension of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
D) His appointment of Andrew Young as United Nations ambassador

Question 34

After President Nixon's opening to China, American and Chinese conferees reached which of the following agreements?

A) The Soviet Union should not be allowed to make gains in Asia.
B) The United States should break its ties with the Nationalist Chinese government of Taiwan.
C) China should relinquish control of the province of Kashmir to Pakistan.
D) The United States should withdraw its forces from Laos and Cambodia.

Question 35

Through the Nixon Doctrine, President Nixon and his advisers demonstrated their belief that ___________________.

A) the containment doctrine was no longer valid
B) the Middle East was far more important to the security of the United States than was South Vietnam
C) the Vietnam War could be won simply by sending more American troops to South Vietnam
D) the United States, for financial reasons, would have to rely more on regional allies to contain communism

Question 36

The House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach President Nixon on three counts, including ____________________.

A) waging a war against the nation of Cambodia without congressional approval
B) obstruction of justice
C) manipulation of the media for the purpose of defrauding the public
D) impounding funds approved by Congress

Question 37

Hawkish critics debating the meaning of the Vietnam War blamed the nation's failure in Vietnam on ___________________.

A) the expansionist and interventionist nature of American foreign policy
B) the failure of the containment doctrine to distinguish between peripheral areas and areas vital to national security
C) the emergence of the imperial presidency
D) a loss of nerve within America

Question 38

In response to the Supreme Court's ruling in the Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg case, President Nixon _____________.

A) proposed that busing also be used to solve the de facto segregation of northern school systems
B) sent federal troops to ensure the peaceful integration of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools
C) urged the Charlotte-Mecklenburg school system to defy the Court's ruling
D) said that busing as a remedy to end segregated schools was reckless and extreme

Question 39

Based on his domestic policy initiatives, which of the following political labels might reasonably be applied to President Nixon?

A) A liberal
B) An idealist
C) A straightforward conservative
D) A cunning politician who seemingly supported a liberal agenda but who ultimately had conservative goals

Question 40

Richard Nixon's crime in the Watergate scandal was ____________________.

A) taping conversations in the Oval Office without the permission of those being taped
B) obstruction of justice, because he ordered the CIA to stop the FBI's investigation of the break-in at the offices of the Democratic National Committee
C) directly ordering the Plumbers to tap George McGovern's phones
D) hiring illegal aliens to play dirty tricks on the unexpectedly strong third party headed by George Wallace

Question 41

In the 1976 presidential campaign, Jimmy Carter presented himself to the electorate as:

A) A pacifist
B) A social conservative
C) A fiscal liberal
D) An honest politician

Question 42

As unemployment increased in 1974, the federal government discovered that _______________________.

A) there was little public support for action to reduce unemployment
B) there was strong opposition among congressional Democrats to President Ford's spending proposals
C) people feared that direct action could lead to new foreign embargoes
D) policies designed to deal with unemployment fueled the already substantial inflation rate

Question 43

Which of the following was a provision of the Camp David accords?

A) Israel promised to withdraw its troops from the Sinai Peninsula.
B) Israel agreed to the creation of an autonomous Palestinian state.
C) Egypt promised to return the West Bank to Jordan.
D) The Palestinian Liberation Organization agreed to recognize the right of Israel to exist.

Question 44

In the wake of skyrocketing oil prices, the United States experienced __________________.

A) rising unemployment accompanied by a serious inflationary spiral
B) stable employment but soaring inflation that reduced buying power
C) stability in the cost of living but near-depression levels of unemployment
D) a reduction in unemployment accompanied by double-digit inflation

Question 45

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke's favor and _________________.

A) upheld the principle of affirmative action
B) outlawed quotas and the principle of affirmative action
C) upheld quotas but outlawed the principle of affirmative action
D) upheld quotas and the principle of affirmative action

Question 46

Love Canal, Three Mile Island, and the Cuyahoga River are all sites of _______________________.

A) counterculture music festivals of the 1970s
B) major tax-revolt demonstrations
C) beneficiaries of Lady Bird Johnson's beautification campaign
D) environmental disasters

Question 47

Which of the following statements about the American economy in the 1970s is accurate?

A) As productivity lagged, workers expected wage reductions.
B) Productivity increased as the expectations of workers concerning wages increased.
C) Major increases in productivity were accompanied by a decrease in workers' expectations concerning wages.
D) Although productivity declined, workers' wages usually did not.

Question 48

What was a major cause of inflation in the 1970s?

A) Deregulation of the airline and trucking industries
B) Increased industrial productivity
C) Tight credit policies
D) OPEC price increases

Question 49

Among President Jimmy Carter's successes was:

A) Major improvements in relations with the Soviet Union
B) The brokering of the first treaty between Israel and an Arab state
C) The release of American hostages from Iran
D) The delay of the emergence of Islamic fundamentalism

Question 50

Which factor made it difficult for major industries to hold the line against inflation in the 1970s?

A) The quality of manufactured products increased, causing production costs to increase.
B) Higher labor costs accompanied a decline in productivity.
C) The supply of manufactured goods outstripped the demand for goods.
D) Corporate tax rates tripled during the decade.

Question 51

President Richard Nixon's second term ended _______________________.

A) when he had completed his full term in disgrace and with little power
B) with his mental breakdown and replacement by Vice President Spiro Agnew
C) with his impeachment, conviction, and removal from office
D) with his resignation in the face of certain impeachment and conviction

Question 52

One of Gerald Ford's first official acts as president was to:

A) Pardon Richard Nixon
B) Request a new Voting Rights Act
C) Release funds impounded by the Nixon administration
D) Open negotiations with the Soviet Union on arms reduction

Question 53

President Gerald Ford:

A) Had a term of office shorter than that of any other president
B) Refused to pardon Richard Nixon
C) Used the veto more than any other president
D) Was the first unelected president in U.S. history

Question 54

Which of the following was an accomplishment of the Carter administration?

A) The establishment of national medical insurance for the poor
B) The establishment of wage and price controls
C) A reduction in the rate of inflation
D) The establishment of an environmental "superfund" to clean up abandoned chemical-waste sites

Question 55

The treaties that President Carter signed with Panama ______________________.

A) called for the creation of a democratically elected government in Panama
B) provided for the demilitarization of the Caribbean
C) caused anti-American rioting in Panama because more Panamanian territory was placed under American control
D) gave the United States the right to defend the Panama Canal after it was returned to Panama in the year 2000

Question 56

The characteristic of the 1970s American economy that economists called "stagflation" consisted of economic stagnation with a combination of ______________________.

A) high unemployment and low inflation
B) low unemployment and high inflation
C) low unemployment and low inflation
D) high unemployment and high inflation

Question 57

President Carter's inconsistency in foreign policy was due in large part to ________________________.

A) the pressure he was under to halt the nuclear arms race but at the same time reach nuclear parity with the Soviet Union
B) the dilemma he faced in wanting to reduce arms sales while at the same time end the United States recession
C) the changing policies of the Soviet Union toward its client states and the Third World
D) the disagreements between his national security adviser and his secretary of state

Question 58

Economic inflation in the early 1970s was caused in part by ____________________.

A) President Johnson's decision to wage an expensive war in Vietnam while simultaneously increasing spending on Great Society programs
B) President Nixon's decision to devalue the dollar by allowing it to "float" in international money markets
C) the large increases in federal spending that President Nixon requested and received at the start of his term
D) the growing concentration of economic power and wealth in a small number of dominant corporations

Question 59

Which of the following was a consequence of deindustrialization?

A) Blue-collar workers were transferred by corporations into higher-paying, service-oriented positions.
B) Many blue collar workers lost their jobs in the automobile and steel industries and found that the new jobs being created were in the lower paying service sector.
C) The salaries for traditionally female jobs in the service sector of the economy rose substantially.
D) Minimum-wage and part-time jobs became more and more scarce, putting an additional burden on retirees and students.

Question 60

According to the tenets of monetary theory, which of the following is a prescription for reducing inflation?

A) If less money is available, price increases will slow and the inflationary spiral will end.
B) Credit can be eased by lowering interest rates, thus allowing the supply of money to grow quickly.
C) Increased federal spending will spur economic expansion, reduce unemployment, and increase personal spending.
D) Reduced federal taxes will give consumers more buying power.

Question 61

Explain the idea of affirmative action and discuss the successes and failures of affirmative action in solving the problems of discrimination and inequality in American society.

Question 62

Discuss the forces and factors responsible for the emergence of an antifeminist movement. What was the consequence of this movement?

Question 63

Explain the objectives of détente, and discuss the successes and failures of Nixon and Kissinger in achieving those objectives.

Question 64

Who was a quiet advocate of détente-style diplomacy in President Carter's cabinet?

A) Norman Podhoretz.
B) Zbigniew Brzezinski
C) Cyrus Vance
D) Paul Nitze

Question 65

Which of the following was one of President Carter's responses to the 1979 Soviet intervention in Afghanistan?

A) He approved the sale of AWACS planes to the People's Republic of China.
B) He diverted shipments of grain from Russia to the rebels in Afghanistan.
C) He broke off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.
D) He withdrew a major arms control treaty from Senate consideration.

Question 66

The Carter Doctrine proclaimed that the United States would intervene against Soviet aggression in:

A) the Persian Gulf
B) the Mediterranean basin
C) the Indian subcontinent
D) Africa

Question 67

Discuss the changes that the 1970s brought for women in American society, and explain their response to those changes.

Question 68

Discuss the domestic issues that faced the Nixon administration in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and explain and evaluate the administration's actions concerning those issues.

Question 69

Discuss the changes that the 1970s brought for Hispanic Americans, and explain their response to those changes.

Question 70

Discuss the problems the Nixon administration faced in the Middle East, and examine and assess the policies designed to deal with those problems.

Question 71

Discuss the changes that the 1970s brought for Native Americans, and explain their response to those changes.

Question 72

Examine the factors and forces that led to the rebirth of feminism in the 1960s. What were its accomplishments for American women during the 1960s and 1970s?

Question 73

Discuss the forces that gave rise to the gay rights movement of the 1970s, and discuss the successes and failures of this movement.

Question 74

Examine foreign policy during the Nixon administration in theory and in action.

Question 75

Discuss the changes that the 1970s brought for African Americans, and explain their response to those changes.

Question 76

Examine the course of the Vietnam War under President Nixon, and explain the debate in the United States over the meaning of the American experience in Vietnam.

Question 77

Examine the issues most important to feminists during the 1970s, and discuss feminists' successes and failures in achieving their goals.

Question 78

Discuss the problems the Nixon administration faced in Chile and Africa, and examine and assess the policies designed to deal with those problems.

Question 79

Discuss cultural nationalism among African Americans, Mexican Americans, and American Indians during the 1970s.

Question 80

Discuss the concept of identity politics and explain its impact on American society during the 1970s.