Deck 5: Emotional and Social Development in the Infancy and Toddlerhood Years

Question 1

Emotions are brain-based impulses that come from the neocortex.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

If an infant feels that she is in danger of falling, her brain will flood the body with​

A) ​oxytocin, a chemical that gives the infant energy to assess the situation and respond with crying.
B) ​oxytocin, a chemical that instructs the infant to look to her mother's facial features to see if she is safe or in danger.
C) ​cortisol, a chemical that gives the infant energy to assess the situation and respond with crying.
D) ​cortisol, a chemical that instructs the infant to look to her mother's facial features to see if she is safe or in danger.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The __________ of a child's temperament encompasses her predictability when it comes to feeding, sleeping, and eliminating.​

A) ​rhythmicity
B) ​adaptability
C) ​approach or withdrawal
D) ​persistence

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A mother buys her infant child brand new toys every week; however, the child continues to play with toilet paper tubes and cereal boxes. This is an example of​

A) ​play with objects.
B) ​symbolic play.
C) ​sensorimotor play.
D) ​effortful control.

Question 5

The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development showed results that placing children in daycare is not detrimental to their growth, but insensitive mothering is. However, there are reasons why insensitive mothers placing their children in daycare could hurt their development. Which of the following is not one of those reasons?​

A) ​The daycare did not provide proper care.
B) ​The infant was there for more than ten hours a week.
C) ​The child had been in two or more daycare settings during the first 15 months of life.
D) ​The daycare did not provide snacks for the child.

Question 6

If a child is classified as inhibited when it comes to playing, he is likely to have all of the following symptoms, except​

A) ​higher heart rate.
B) ​higher levels of norepinephrine.
C) ​tense muscles.
D) ​lower cortisol levels.

Question 7

Infants engage in three forms of play: sensorimotor, play with objects, and symbolic play.

Question 8

A child from the United States would most likely have an attribution style that is consistent with the following response to falling down:​

A) ​Saying, "Nothing's wrong with me. I'm fine."
B) ​Crying and accepting attention from others.
C) ​Getting up to continue playing when a parent seems concerned.
D) ​Being worried about embarrassing his or her family if he cries.

Question 9

The ____________ is the part of the brain that allows us to think rationally.​

A) ​emotional brain
B) ​amygdala
C) ​temporal lobe
D) ​neocortex

Question 10

Emotions are _________-based impulses.​

A) ​brain
B) ​heart
C) ​socially
D) ​body

Question 11

Attachment is a one-way bond between a son and a father.

Question 12

An infant whose mother consistently models acute and extended emotional reactions to distressing situations is at risk for developing difficulty in regulating her own emotional responses.

Question 13

Those with avoidant attachment seem unaffected by whether their caregiver leaves or returns, showing little distress either way.

Question 14

Self-regulation is the child's ability to control reactions to stress, whereas effortful control is a child's ability to wait to go to the bathroom until it is convenient for the parent to assist them. Answer:

Question 15

Attribution style refers to how an individual cognitively appraised an event.

Question 16

A daycare instructor notices that all of her children are playing with trains in a similar fashion, yet none of them are interacting. This is an example of​

A) ​solitary play.
B) ​symbolic play.
C) ​onlooker play.
D) ​parallel play.

Question 17

According to Vaillant and Vaillant, a major predictor of how a person adjusts to adult life is his or her relationship to​

A) ​parents.
B) ​siblings.
C) ​grandparents.
D) ​peers.

Question 18

According to Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, a child with avoidant attachment will both seek and reject his caregiver's comfort.

Question 19

With in the first year of life an infant will display the basic emotions of happiness, anger, sadness, fear, surprise, interest, and disgust.

Question 20

During attunement exchanges the parent conveys that the infants emotions are invalid, making the infant feel disconnected.

Question 21

All of the following are steps in Ladd's coaching method, which is used by parents and counselors who have children who engage in disruptive play, except​

A) ​giving specific instruction.
B) ​allowing the child to rehearse skills.
C) ​taking numerous breaks during play.
D) ​giving feedback about success in use of skills.

Question 22

According to a study done by Vallotton and Ayoub, a toddler's __________ is a predictor of his self-regulation growth.​

A) talkativeness​
B) ​spoken vocabulary
C) ​interaction with peers
D) ​facial expressions

Question 23

Which of he following is not a self-evaluative emotion?​

A) ​Guilt
B) ​Happiness
C) ​Shame
D) ​Pride

Question 24

An attribution style is​

A) ​a framework for how to conceptualize emotions.
B) ​how individualistic or collectivistic a culture is.
C) ​how an individual cognitively appraises an event.
D) ​how attached or unattached a child feels to his or her siblings.

Question 25

Which is the correct sequence of the 4-phase model for the development of infant-parent attachments?​

A) ​Attachments, indiscriminate social responsiveness, goal corrected partnerships, discriminating sociability
B) ​Indiscriminate social responsiveness, discriminating sociability, attachments, goal corrected partnerships
C) ​Goal corrected partnerships, discriminating sociability, indiscriminate social responsiveness, attachments
D) ​Discriminating sociability, attachments, goal corrected partnerships, indiscriminate sociability

Question 26

Explain the concepts of attachment and attunement in the child-parent relationship. Give an example of one type of attachment style.

Question 27

Which of the following is not a primary emotion?​

A) Joy​
B) ​Happiness
C) ​Confusion
D) ​Anger

Question 28

Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?​

A) ​Envy
B) ​Anger
C) ​Disappointment
D) ​Joy

Question 29

Discuss what happens physiologically and psychologically to a toddler experiencing fear.

Question 30

Imagine that you are counseling a child who is exhibiting challenging behaviors. Keeping in mind the "coaching technique," briefly describe the challenging behaviors under consideration and design a step-by-step social intervention program.

Question 31

Which theorist created the psychosexual stage theory?​

A) ​Glasser
B) ​Skinner
C) ​Erikson
D) Freud​

Question 32

Which is a correct representation of one of Erikson's psychosocial stages?​

A) ​Basic trust vs. shame and doubt
B) ​Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) ​Autonomy vs. basic trust
D) ​Shame and doubt vs. basic mistrust

Question 33

Directing one's emotional energy to a person or object is known as​

A) ​cathexis.
B) ​ethology.
C) ​attachment.
D) ​cortisol connection.

Question 34

​Compare and contrast Freud's psychosexual stage theory with Erikson's psychosocial stage theory.

Question 35

Using all six of Rothbart and Bates's (2006) aspects of a toddler's temperament, describe a parent-child relationship with which you are familiar, and determine whether it represents "goodness of fit" or "poorness of fit."