Deck 8: AWS Certified Security - Specialty (SCS-C01)

Question 1

A Security Administrator is performing a log analysis as a result of a suspected AWS account compromise. The Administrator wants to analyze suspicious AWS CloudTrail log files but is overwhelmed by the volume of audit logs being generated. What approach enables the Administrator to search through the logs MOST efficiently?

A) Implement a "write-only" CloudTrail event filter to detect any modifications to the AWS account resources.
B) Configure Amazon Macie to classify and discover sensitive data in the Amazon S3 bucket that contains the CloudTrail audit logs.
C) Configure Amazon Athena to read from the CloudTrail S3 bucket and query the logs to examine account activities.
D) Enable Amazon S3 event notifications to trigger an AWS Lambda function that sends an email alarm when there are new CloudTrail API entries.

Answer 1

Configure Amazon Athena to read from the CloudTrail S3 bucket and query the logs to examine account activities.

Question 2

During a recent internal investigation, it was discovered that all API logging was disabled in a production account, and the root user had created new API keys that appear to have been used several times. What could have been done to detect and automatically remediate the incident?

A) Using Amazon Inspector, review all of the API calls and configure the inspector agent to leverage SNS topics to notify security of the change to AWS CloudTrail, and revoke the new API keys for the root user.
B) Using AWS Config, create a config rule that detects when AWS CloudTrail is disabled, as well as any calls to the root user create-api-key. Then use a Lambda function to re-enable CloudTrail logs and deactivate the root API keys.
C) Using Amazon CloudWatch, create a CloudWatch event that detects AWS CloudTrail deactivation and a separate Amazon Trusted Advisor check to automatically detect the creation of root API keys. Then use a Lambda function to enable AWS CloudTrail and deactivate the root API keys.
D) Using Amazon CloudTrail, create a new CloudTrail event that detects the deactivation of CloudTrail logs, and a separate CloudTrail event that detects the creation of root API keys. Then use a Lambda function to enable CloudTrail and deactivate the root API keys.

Answer 2

Using Amazon CloudWatch, create a CloudWatch event that detects AWS CloudTrail deactivation and a separate Amazon Trusted Advisor check to automatically detect the creation of root API keys. Then use a Lambda function to enable AWS CloudTrail and deactivate the root API keys.

Question 3

A Security Engineer has created an Amazon CloudWatch event that invokes an AWS Lambda function daily. The Lambda function runs an Amazon Athena query that checks AWS CloudTrail logs in Amazon S3 to detect whether any IAM user accounts or credentials have been created in the past 30 days. The results of the Athena query are created in the same S3 bucket. The Engineer runs a test execution of the Lambda function via the AWS Console, and the function runs successfully. After several minutes, the Engineer finds that his Athena query has failed with the error message: "Insufficient Permissions". The IAM permissions of the Security Engineer and the Lambda function are shown below: Security Engineer Lambda function execution role What is causing the error?

A) The Lambda function does not have permissions to start the Athena query execution.
B) The Security Engineer does not have permissions to start the Athena query execution.
C) The Athena service does not support invocation through Lambda.
D) The Lambda function does not have permissions to access the CloudTrail S3 bucket.

Answer 3

The Security Engineer does not have permissions to start the Athena query execution.

Question 4

An organization wants to deploy a three-tier web application whereby the application servers run on Amazon EC2 instances. These EC2 instances need access to credentials that they will use to authenticate their SQL connections to an Amazon RDS DB instance. Also, AWS Lambda functions must issue queries to the RDS database by using the same database credentials. The credentials must be stored so that the EC2 instances and the Lambda functions can access them. No other access is allowed. The access logs must record when the credentials were accessed and by whom. What should the Security Engineer do to meet these requirements?

A) Store the database credentials in AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS). Create an IAM role with access to AWS KMS by using the EC2 and Lambda service principals in the role's trust policy. Add the role to an EC2 instance profile. Attach the instance profile to the EC2 instances. Set up Lambda to use the new role for execution.
B) Store the database credentials in AWS KMS. Create an IAM role with access to KMS by using the EC2 and Lambda service principals in the role's trust policy. Add the role to an EC2 instance profile. Attach the instance profile to the EC2 instances and the Lambda function.
C) Store the database credentials in AWS Secrets Manager. Create an IAM role with access to Secrets Manager by using the EC2 and Lambda service principals in the role's trust policy. Add the role to an EC2 instance profile. Attach the instance profile to the EC2 instances and the Lambda function.
D) Store the database credentials in AWS Secrets Manager. Create an IAM role with access to Secrets Manager by using the EC2 and Lambda service principals in the role's trust policy. Add the role to an EC2 instance profile. Attach the instance profile to the EC2 instances. Set up Lambda to use the new role for execution.

Question 5

An application has a requirement to be resilient across not only Availability Zones within the application's primary region but also be available within another region altogether. Which of the following supports this requirement for AWS resources that are encrypted by AWS KMS?

A) Copy the application's AWS KMS CMK from the source region to the target region so that it can be used to decrypt the resource after it is copied to the target region.
B) Configure AWS KMS to automatically synchronize the CMK between regions so that it can be used to decrypt the resource in the target region.
C) Use AWS services that replicate data across regions, and re-wrap the data encryption key created in the source region by using the CMK in the target region so that the target region's CMK can decrypt the database encryption key.
D) Configure the target region's AWS service to communicate with the source region's AWS KMS so that it can decrypt the resource in the target region.

Question 6

A Security Engineer must design a solution that enables the incident Response team to audit for changes to a user's IAM permissions in the case of a security incident. How can this be accomplished?

A) Use AWS Config to review the IAM policy assigned to users before and after the incident.
B) Run the GenerateCredentialReport via the AWS CLI, and copy the output to Amazon S3 daily for auditing purposes. Run the GenerateCredentialReport via the AWS CLI, and copy the output to Amazon S3 daily for auditing purposes.
C) Copy AWS CloudFormation templates to S3, and audit for changes from the template.
D) Use Amazon EC2 Systems Manager to deploy images, and review AWS CloudTrail logs for changes.

Question 7

A Security Administrator has a website hosted in Amazon S3. The Administrator has been given the following requirements: Users may access the website by using an Amazon CloudFront distribution. Users may not access the website directly by using an Amazon S3 URL. Which configurations will support these requirements? (Choose two.)

A) Associate an origin access identity with the CloudFront distribution.
B) Implement a "Principal": "cloudfront.amazonaws.com" condition in the S3 bucket policy. Implement a "Principal": "cloudfront.amazonaws.com" condition in the S3 bucket policy.
C) Modify the S3 bucket permissions so that only the origin access identity can access the bucket contents.
D) Implement security groups so that the S3 bucket can be accessed only by using the intended CloudFront distribution.
E) Configure the S3 bucket policy so that it is accessible only through VPC endpoints, and place the CloudFront distribution into the specified VPC.

Question 8

A water utility company uses a number of Amazon EC2 instances to manage updates to a fleet of 2,000 Internet of Things (IoT) field devices that monitor water quality. These devices each have unique access credentials. An operational safety policy requires that access to specific credentials is independently auditable. What is the MOST cost-effective way to manage the storage of credentials?

A) Use AWS Systems Manager to store the credentials as Secure Strings Parameters. Secure by using an AWS KMS key.
B) Use AWS Key Management System to store a master key, which is used to encrypt the credentials. The encrypted credentials are stored in an Amazon RDS instance.
C) Use AWS Secrets Manager to store the credentials.
D) Store the credentials in a JSON file on Amazon S3 with server-side encryption.

Question 9

A threat assessment has identified a risk whereby an internal employee could exfiltrate sensitive data from production host running inside AWS (Account 1). The threat was documented as follows: Threat description: A malicious actor could upload sensitive data from Server X by configuring credentials for an AWS account (Account 2) they control and uploading data to an Amazon S3 bucket within their control. Server X has outbound internet access configured via a proxy server. Legitimate access to S3 is required so that the application can upload encrypted files to an S3 bucket. Server X is currently using an IAM instance role. The proxy server is not able to inspect any of the server communication due to TLS encryption. Which of the following options will mitigate the threat? (Choose two.)

A) Bypass the proxy and use an S3 VPC endpoint with a policy that whitelists only certain S3 buckets within Account 1.
B) Block outbound access to public S3 endpoints on the proxy server.
C) Configure Network ACLs on Server X to deny access to S3 endpoints.
D) Modify the S3 bucket policy for the legitimate bucket to allow access only from the public IP addresses associated with the application server.
E) Remove the IAM instance role from the application server and save API access keys in a trusted and encrypted application config file.

Question 10

An organization has a system in AWS that allows a large number of remote workers to submit data files. File sizes vary from a few kilobytes to several megabytes. A recent audit highlighted a concern that data files are not encrypted while in transit over untrusted networks. Which solution would remediate the audit finding while minimizing the effort required?

A) Upload an SSL certificate to IAM, and configure Amazon CloudFront with the passphrase for the private key.
B) Call KMS.Encrypt() in the client, passing in the data file contents, and call KMS.Decrypt() server-side. Call KMS.Encrypt() in the client, passing in the data file contents, and call KMS.Decrypt() server-side.
C) Use AWS Certificate Manager to provision a certificate on an Elastic Load Balancing in front of the web service's servers.
D) Create a new VPC with an Amazon VPC VPN endpoint, and update the web service's DNS record.

Question 11

An organization policy states that all encryption keys must be automatically rotated every 12 months. Which AWS Key Management Service (KMS) key type should be used to meet this requirement?

A) AWS managed Customer Master Key (CMK)
B) Customer managed CMK with AWS generated key material
C) Customer managed CMK with imported key material
D) AWS managed data key

Question 12

A company will store sensitive documents in three Amazon S3 buckets based on a data classification scheme of "Sensitive," "Confidential," and "Restricted." The security solution must meet all of the following requirements: Each object must be encrypted using a unique key. Items that are stored in the "Restricted" bucket require two-factor authentication for decryption. AWS KMS must automatically rotate encryption keys annually. Which of the following meets these requirements?

A) Create a Customer Master Key (CMK) for each data classification type, and enable the rotation of it annually. For the "Restricted" CMK, define the MFA policy within the key policy. Use S3 SSE-KMS to encrypt the objects.
B) Create a CMK grant for each data classification type with EnableKeyRotation and MultiFactorAuthPresent set to true. S3 can then use the grants to encrypt each object with a unique CMK.
C) Create a CMK for each data classification type, and within the CMK policy, enable rotation of it annually, and define the MFA policy. S3 can then create DEK grants to uniquely encrypt each object within the S3 bucket.
D) Create a CMK with unique imported key material for each data classification type, and rotate them annually. For the "Restricted" key material, define the MFA policy in the key policy. Use S3 SSE-KMS to encrypt the objects.

Question 13

A Security Engineer launches two Amazon EC2 instances in the same Amazon VPC but in separate Availability Zones. Each instance has a public IP address and is able to connect to external hosts on the internet. The two instances are able to communicate with each other by using their private IP addresses, but they are not able to communicate with each other when using their public IP addresses. Which action should the Security Engineer take to allow communication over the public IP addresses?

A) Associate the instances to the same security groups.
B) Add 0.0.0.0/0 to the egress rules of the instance security groups.
C) Add the instance IDs to the ingress rules of the instance security groups.
D) Add the public IP addresses to the ingress rules of the instance security groups.

Question 14

A Systems Engineer has been tasked with configuring outbound mail through Simple Email Service (SES) and requires compliance with current TLS standards. The mail application should be configured to connect to which of the following endpoints and corresponding ports?

A) email.us-east-1.amazonaws.com over port 8080
B) email-pop3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com over port 995
C) email-smtp.us-east-1.amazonaws.com over port 587
D) email-imap.us-east-1.amazonaws.com over port 993

Question 15

A company wants to control access to its AWS resources by using identities and groups that are defined in its existing Microsoft Active Directory. What must the company create in its AWS account to map permissions for AWS services to Active Directory user attributes?

A) AWS IAM groups
B) AWS IAM users
C) AWS IAM roles
D) AWS IAM access keys

Question 16

A security team is responsible for reviewing AWS API call activity in the cloud environment for security violations. These events must be recorded and retained in a centralized location for both current and future AWS regions. What is the SIMPLEST way to meet these requirements?

A) Enable AWS Trusted Advisor security checks in the AWS Console, and report all security incidents for all regions.
B) Enable AWS CloudTrail by creating individual trails for each region, and specify a single Amazon S3 bucket to receive log files for later analysis.
C) Enable AWS CloudTrail by creating a new trail and applying the trail to all regions. Specify a single Amazon S3 bucket as the storage location.
D) Enable Amazon CloudWatch logging for all AWS services across all regions, and aggregate them to a single Amazon S3 bucket for later analysis.

Question 17

An application is currently secured using network access control lists and security groups. Web servers are located in public subnets behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB); application servers are located in private subnets. How can edge security be enhanced to safeguard the Amazon EC2 instances against attack? (Choose two.)

A) Configure the application's EC2 instances to use NAT gateways for all inbound traffic.
B) Move the web servers to private subnets without public IP addresses.
C) Configure AWS WAF to provide DDoS attack protection for the ALB.
D) Require all inbound network traffic to route through a bastion host in the private subnet.
E) Require all inbound and outbound network traffic to route through an AWS Direct Connect connection.

Question 18

A Security Engineer must enforce the use of only Amazon EC2, Amazon S3, Amazon RDS, Amazon DynamoDB, and AWS STS in specific accounts. What is a scalable and efficient approach to meet this requirement?

A) Set up an AWS Organizations hierarchy, and replace the FullAWSAccess policy with the following Service Control Policy for the governed organization units:
B) Create multiple IAM users for the regulated accounts, and attach the following policy statement to restrict services as required:
C) Set up an Organizations hierarchy, replace the global FullAWSAccess with the following Service Control Policy at the top level:
D) Set up all users in the Active Directory for federated access to all accounts in the company. Associate Active Directory groups with IAM groups, and attach the following policy statement to restrict services as required:

Question 19

A company requires that IP packet data be inspected for invalid or malicious content. Which of the following approaches achieve this requirement? (Choose two.)

A) Configure a proxy solution on Amazon EC2 and route all outbound VPC traffic through it. Perform inspection within proxy software on the EC2 instance.
B) Configure the host-based agent on each EC2 instance within the VPC. Perform inspection within the host-based agent.
C) Enable VPC Flow Logs for all subnets in the VPC. Perform inspection from the Flow Log data within Amazon CloudWatch Logs.
D) Configure Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) access logs. Perform inspection from the log data within the ELB access log files.
E) Configure the CloudWatch Logs agent on each EC2 instance within the VPC. Perform inspection from the log data within CloudWatch Logs.

Question 20

A company has complex connectivity rules governing ingress, egress, and communications between Amazon EC2 instances. The rules are so complex that they cannot be implemented within the limits of the maximum number of security groups and network access control lists (network ACLs). What mechanism will allow the company to implement all required network rules without incurring additional cost?

A) Configure AWS WAF rules to implement the required rules.
B) Use the operating system built-in, host-based firewall to implement the required rules.
C) Use a NAT gateway to control ingress and egress according to the requirements.
D) Launch an EC2-based firewall product from the AWS Marketplace, and implement the required rules in that product.

Question 21

An application outputs logs to a text file. The logs must be continuously monitored for security incidents. Which design will meet the requirements with MINIMUM effort?

A) Create a scheduled process to copy the component's logs into Amazon S3. Use S3 events to trigger a Lambda function that updates Amazon CloudWatch metrics with the log data. Set up CloudWatch alerts based on the metrics.
B) Install and configure the Amazon CloudWatch Logs agent on the application's EC2 instance. Create a CloudWatch metric filter to monitor the application logs. Set up CloudWatch alerts based on the metrics.
C) Create a scheduled process to copy the application log files to AWS CloudTrail. Use S3 events to trigger Lambda functions that update CloudWatch metrics with the log data. Set up CloudWatch alerts based on the metrics.
D) Create a file watcher that copies data to Amazon Kinesis when the application writes to the log file. Have Kinesis trigger a Lambda function to update Amazon CloudWatch metrics with the log data. Set up CloudWatch alerts based on the metrics.

Question 22

A company has deployed a custom DNS server in AWS. The Security Engineer wants to ensure that Amazon EC2 instances cannot use the Amazon-provided DNS. How can the Security Engineer block access to the Amazon-provided DNS in the VPC?

A) Deny access to the Amazon DNS IP within all security groups.
B) Add a rule to all network access control lists that deny access to the Amazon DNS IP.
C) Add a route to all route tables that black holes traffic to the Amazon DNS IP.
D) Disable DNS resolution within the VPC configuration.

Question 23

An organization has tens of applications deployed on thousands of Amazon EC2 instances. During testing, the Application team needs information to let them know whether the network access control lists (network ACLs) and security groups are working as expected. How can the Application team's requirements be met?

A) Turn on VPC Flow Logs, send the logs to Amazon S3, and use Amazon Athena to query the logs.
B) Install an Amazon Inspector agent on each EC2 instance, send the logs to Amazon S3, and use Amazon EMR to query the logs.
C) Create an AWS Config rule for each network ACL and security group configuration, send the logs to Amazon S3, and use Amazon Athena to query the logs.
D) Turn on AWS CloudTrail, send the trails to Amazon S3, and use AWS Lambda to query the trails.

Question 24

A Security Administrator is configuring an Amazon S3 bucket and must meet the following security requirements: Encryption in transit Encryption at rest Logging of all object retrievals in AWS CloudTrail Which of the following meet these security requirements? (Choose three.)

A) Specify "aws:SecureTransport": "true" within a condition in the S3 bucket policy. Specify "aws:SecureTransport": "true" within a condition in the S3 bucket policy.
B) Enable a security group for the S3 bucket that allows port 443, but not port 80.
C) Set up default encryption for the S3 bucket.
D) Enable Amazon CloudWatch Logs for the AWS account.
E) Enable API logging of data events for all S3 objects.
F) Enable S3 object versioning for the S3 bucket.

Question 25

A Software Engineer is trying to figure out why network connectivity to an Amazon EC2 instance does not appear to be working correctly. Its security group allows inbound HTTP traffic from 0.0.0.0/0, and the outbound rules have not been modified from the default. A custom network ACL associated with its subnet allows inbound HTTP traffic from 0.0.0.0/0 and has no outbound rules. What would resolve the connectivity issue?

A) The outbound rules on the security group do not allow the response to be sent to the client on the ephemeral port range.
B) The outbound rules on the security group do not allow the response to be sent to the client on the HTTP port.
C) An outbound rule must be added to the network ACL to allow the response to be sent to the client on the ephemeral port range.
D) An outbound rule must be added to the network ACL to allow the response to be sent to the client on the HTTP port.

Question 26

Which of the following minimizes the potential attack surface for applications?

A) Use security groups to provide stateful firewalls for Amazon EC2 instances at the hypervisor level.
B) Use network ACLs to provide stateful firewalls at the VPC level to prevent access to any specific AWS resource.
C) Use AWS Direct Connect for secure trusted connections between EC2 instances within private subnets.
D) Design network security in a single layer within the perimeter network (also known as DMZ, demilitarized zone, and screened subnet) to facilitate quicker responses to threats.

Question 27

An organization is moving non-business-critical applications to AWS while maintaining a mission-critical application in an on-premises data center. An on-premises application must share limited confidential information with the applications in AWS. The internet performance is unpredictable. Which configuration will ensure continued connectivity between sites MOST securely?

A) VPN and a cached storage gateway
B) AWS Snowball Edge
C) VPN Gateway over AWS Direct Connect
D) AWS Direct Connect

Question 28

The Security Engineer created a new AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) key with the following key policy: What are the effects of the key policy? (Choose two.)

A) The policy allows access for the AWS account 111122223333 to manage key access though IAM policies.
B) The policy allows all IAM users in account 111122223333 to have full access to the KMS key.
C) The policy allows the root user in account 111122223333 to have full access to the KMS key.
D) The policy allows the KMS service-linked role in account 111122223333 to have full access to the KMS key.
E) The policy allows all IAM roles in account 111122223333 to have full access to the KMS key.

Question 29

A financial institution has the following security requirements: Cloud-based users must be contained in a separate authentication domain. Cloud-based users cannot access on-premises systems. As part of standing up a cloud environment, the financial institution is creating a number of Amazon managed databases and Amazon EC2 instances. An Active Directory service exists on-premises that has all the administrator accounts, and these must be able to access the databases and instances. How would the organization manage its resources in the MOST secure manner? (Choose two.)

A) Configure an AWS Managed Microsoft AD to manage the cloud resources.
B) Configure an additional on-premises Active Directory service to manage the cloud resources.
C) Establish a one-way trust relationship from the existing Active Directory to the new Active Directory service.
D) Establish a one-way trust relationship from the new Active Directory to the existing Active Directory service.
E) Establish a two-way trust between the new and existing Active Directory services.

Question 30

A company plans to move most of its IT infrastructure to AWS. They want to leverage their existing on-premises Active Directory as an identity provider for AWS. Which combination of steps should a Security Engineer take to federate the company's on-premises Active Directory with AWS? (Choose two.)

A) Create IAM roles with permissions corresponding to each Active Directory group.
B) Create IAM groups with permissions corresponding to each Active Directory group.
C) Configure Amazon Cloud Directory to support a SAML provider.
D) Configure Active Directory to add relying party trust between Active Directory and AWS.
E) Configure Amazon Cognito to add relying party trust between Active Directory and AWS.

Question 31

A company uses AWS Organization to manage 50 AWS accounts. The finance staff members log in as AWS IAM users in the FinanceDept AWS account. The staff members need to read the consolidated billing information in the MasterPayer AWS account. They should not be able to view any other resources in the MasterPayer AWS account. IAM access to billing has been enabled in the MasterPayer account. Which of the following approaches grants the finance staff the permissions they require without granting any unnecessary permissions?

A) Create an IAM group for the finance users in the FinanceDept account, then attach the AWS managed ReadOnlyAccess IAM policy to the group.
B) Create an IAM group for the finance users in the MasterPayer account, then attach the AWS managed ReadOnlyAccess IAM policy to the group.
C) Create an AWS IAM role in the FinanceDept account with the ViewBilling permission, then grant the finance users in the MasterPayer account the permission to assume that role.
D) Create an AWS IAM role in the MasterPayer account with the ViewBilling permission, then grant the finance users in the FinanceDept account the permission to assume that role.

Question 32

The Development team receives an error message each time the team members attempt to encrypt or decrypt a Secure String parameter from the SSM Parameter Store by using an AWS KMS customer managed key (CMK). Which CMK-related issues could be responsible? (Choose two.)

A) The CMK specified in the application does not exist.
B) The CMK specified in the application is currently in use.
C) The CMK specified in the application is using the CMK KeyID instead of CMK Amazon Resource Name.
D) The CMK specified in the application is not enabled.
E) The CMK specified in the application is using an alias.

Question 33

A Security Engineer received an AWS Abuse Notice listing EC2 instance IDs that are reportedly abusing other hosts. Which action should the Engineer take based on this situation? (Choose three.)

A) Use AWS Artifact to capture an exact image of the state of each instance.
B) Create EBS Snapshots of each of the volumes attached to the compromised instances.
C) Capture a memory dump.
D) Log in to each instance with administrative credentials to restart the instance.
E) Revoke all network ingress and egress except for to/from a forensics workstation.
F) Run Auto Recovery for Amazon EC2.

Question 34

The InfoSec team has mandated that in the future only approved Amazon Machine Images (AMIs) can be used. How can the InfoSec team ensure compliance with this mandate?

A) Terminate all Amazon EC2 instances and relaunch them with approved AMIs.
B) Patch all running instances by using AWS Systems Manager.
C) Deploy AWS Config rules and check all running instances for compliance.
D) Define a metric filter in Amazon CloudWatch Logs to verify compliance.

Question 35

Which approach will generate automated security alerts should too many unauthorized AWS API requests be identified?

A) Create an Amazon CloudWatch metric filter that looks for API call error codes and then implement an alarm based on that metric's rate.
B) Configure AWS CloudTrail to stream event data to Amazon Kinesis. Configure an AWS Lambda function on the stream to alarm when the threshold has been exceeded.
C) Run an Amazon Athena SQL query against CloudTrail log files. Use Amazon QuickSight to create an operational dashboard.
D) Use the Amazon Personal Health Dashboard to monitor the account's use of AWS services, and raise an alert if service error rates increase.

Question 36

A Security Engineer who was reviewing AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) key policies found this statement in each key policy in the company AWS account. What does the statement allow?

A) All principals from all AWS accounts to use the key.
B) Only the root user from account 111122223333 to use the key.
C) All principals from account 111122223333 to use the key but only on Amazon S3.
D) Only principals from account 111122223333 that have an IAM policy applied that grants access to this key to use the key.

Question 37

A Solutions Architect is designing a web application that uses Amazon CloudFront, an Elastic Load Balancing Application Load Balancer, and an Auto Scaling group of Amazon EC2 instances. The load balancer and EC2 instances are in the US West (Oregon) region. It has been decided that encryption in transit is necessary by using a customer-branded domain name from the client to CloudFront and from CloudFront to the load balancer. Assuming that AWS Certificate Manager is used, how many certificates will need to be generated?

A) One in the US West (Oregon) region and one in the US East (Virginia) region.
B) Two in the US West (Oregon) region and none in the US East (Virginia) region.
C) One in the US West (Oregon) region and none in the US East (Virginia) region.
D) Two in the US East (Virginia) region and none in the US West (Oregon) region.

Question 38

A pharmaceutical company has digitized versions of historical prescriptions stored on premises. The company would like to move these prescriptions to AWS and perform analytics on the data in them. Any operation with this data requires that the data be encrypted in transit and at rest. Which application flow would meet the data protection requirements on AWS?

A) Digitized files -> Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics
B) Digitized files -> Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose -> Amazon S3 -> Amazon Athena
C) Digitized files -> Amazon Kinesis Data Streams -> Kinesis Client Library consumer -> Amazon S3 -> Athena
D) Digitized files -> Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose -> Amazon Elasticsearch

Question 39

An application has been written that publishes custom metrics to Amazon CloudWatch. Recently, IAM changes have been made on the account and the metrics are no longer being reported. Which of the following is the LEAST permissive solution that will allow the metrics to be delivered?

A) Add a statement to the IAM policy used by the application to allow logs:putLogEvents and logs:createLogStream Add a statement to the IAM policy used by the application to allow logs:putLogEvents and logs:createLogStream
B) Modify the IAM role used by the application by adding the CloudWatchFullAccess managed policy. Modify the IAM role used by the application by adding the CloudWatchFullAccess managed policy.
C) Add a statement to the IAM policy used by the application to allow cloudwatch:putMetricData . Add a statement to the IAM policy used by the application to allow cloudwatch:putMetricData .
D) Add a trust relationship to the IAM role used by the application for cloudwatch.amazonaws.com . Add a trust relationship to the IAM role used by the application for cloudwatch.amazonaws.com

Question 40

A Security Engineer has been asked to troubleshoot inbound connectivity to a web server. This single web server is not receiving inbound connections from the internet, whereas all other web servers are functioning properly. The architecture includes network ACLs, security groups, and a virtual security appliance. In addition, the Development team has implemented Application Load Balancers (ALBs) to distribute the load across all web servers. It is a requirement that traffic between the web servers and the internet flow through the virtual security appliance. The Security Engineer has verified the following: 1. The rule set in the Security Groups is correct 2. The rule set in the network ACLs is correct 3. The rule set in the virtual appliance is correct Which of the following are other valid items to troubleshoot in this scenario? (Choose two.)

A) Verify that the 0.0.0.0/0 route in the route table for the web server subnet points to a NAT gateway.
B) Verify which Security Group is applied to the particular web server's elastic network interface (ENI).
C) Verify that the 0.0.0.0/0 route in the route table for the web server subnet points to the virtual security appliance.
D) Verify the registered targets in the ALB.
E) Verify that the 0.0.0.0/0 route in the public subnet points to a NAT gateway.

Question 41

A Development team has asked for help configuring the IAM roles and policies in a new AWS account. The team using the account expects to have hundreds of master keys and therefore does not want to manage access control for customer master keys (CMKs). Which of the following will allow the team to manage AWS KMS permissions in IAM without the complexity of editing individual key policies?

A) The account's CMK key policy must allow the account's IAM roles to perform KMS EnableKey.
B) Newly created CMKs must have a key policy that allows the root principal to perform all actions.
C) Newly created CMKs must allow the root principal to perform the kms CreateGrant API operation.
D) Newly created CMKs must mirror the IAM policy of the KMS key administrator.

Question 42

The Security Engineer is managing a traditional three-tier web application that is running on Amazon EC2 instances. The application has become the target of increasing numbers of malicious attacks from the Internet. What steps should the Security Engineer take to check for known vulnerabilities and limit the attack surface? (Choose two.)

A) Use AWS Certificate Manager to encrypt all traffic between the client and application servers.
B) Review the application security groups to ensure that only the necessary ports are open.
C) Use Elastic Load Balancing to offload Secure Sockets Layer encryption.
D) Use Amazon Inspector to periodically scan the backend instances.
E) Use AWS Key Management Services to encrypt all the traffic between the client and application servers.

Question 43

Some highly sensitive analytics workloads are to be moved to Amazon EC2 hosts. Threat modeling has found that a risk exists where a subnet could be maliciously or accidentally exposed to the internet. Which of the following mitigations should be recommended?

A) Use AWS Config to detect whether an Internet Gateway is added and use an AWS Lambda function to provide auto-remediation.
B) Within the Amazon VPC configuration, mark the VPC as private and disable Elastic IP addresses.
C) Use IPv6 addressing exclusively on the EC2 hosts, as this prevents the hosts from being accessed from the internet.
D) Move the workload to a Dedicated Host, as this provides additional network security controls and monitoring.

Question 44

A Developer who is following AWS best practices for secure code development requires an application to encrypt sensitive data to be stored at rest, locally in the application, using AWS KMS. What is the simplest and MOST secure way to decrypt this data when required?

A) Request KMS to provide the stored unencrypted data key and then use the retrieved data key to decrypt the data.
B) Keep the plaintext data key stored in Amazon DynamoDB protected with IAM policies. Query DynamoDB to retrieve the data key to decrypt the data
C) Use the Encrypt API to store an encrypted version of the data key with another customer managed key. Decrypt the data key and use it to decrypt the data when required.
D) Store the encrypted data key alongside the encrypted data. Use the Decrypt API to retrieve the data key to decrypt the data when required.

Question 45

A company runs an application on AWS that needs to be accessed only by employees. Most employees work from the office, but others work remotely or travel. How can the Security Engineer protect this workload so that only employees can access it?

A) Add each employee's home IP address to the security group for the application so that only those users can access the workload.
B) Create a virtual gateway for VPN connectivity for each employee, and restrict access to the workload from within the VPC.
C) Use a VPN appliance from the AWS Marketplace for users to connect to, and restrict workload access to traffic from that appliance.
D) Route all traffic to the workload through AWS WAF. Add each employee's home IP address into an AWS WAF rule, and block all other traffic.

Question 46

A Systems Administrator has written the following Amazon S3 bucket policy designed to allow access to an S3 bucket for only an authorized AWS IAM user from the IP address range 10.10.10.0/24: When trying to download an object from the S3 bucket from 10.10.10.40, the IAM user receives an access denied message. What does the Administrator need to change to grant access to the user?

A) Change the "Resource" from "arn: aws:s3:::Bucket" to "arn:aws:s3:::Bucket/*".
B) Change the "Principal" from "*" to {AWS:"arn:aws:iam: : account-number: user / username"}
C) Change the "Version" from "2012-10-17" to the last revised date of the policy
D) Change the "Action" from ["s3:*"] to ["s3:GetObject", "s3:ListBucket"]

Question 47

A Security Analyst attempted to troubleshoot the monitoring of suspicious security group changes. The Analyst was told that there is an Amazon CloudWatch alarm in place for these AWS CloudTrail log events. The Analyst tested the monitoring setup by making a configuration change to the security group but did not receive any alerts. Which of the following troubleshooting steps should the Analyst perform?

A) Ensure that CloudTrail and S3 bucket access logging is enabled for the Analyst's AWS account. B Verify that a metric filter was created and then mapped to an alarm. Check the alarm notification action.
B) Check the CloudWatch dashboards to ensure that there is a metric configured with an appropriate dimension for security group changes.
C) Verify that the Analyst's account is mapped to an IAM policy that includes permissions for cloudwatch: GetMetricStatistics and Cloudwatch: ListMetrics.

Question 48

An organization operates a web application that serves users globally. The application runs on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. There is an Amazon CloudFront distribution in front of the load balancer, and the organization uses AWS WAF. The application is currently experiencing a volumetric attack whereby the attacker is exploiting a bug in a popular mobile game. The application is being flooded with HTTP requests from all over the world with the User-Agent set to the following string: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; ExampleCorp; ExampleGame/1.22; Mobile/1.0) What mitigation can be applied to block attacks resulting from this bug while continuing to service legitimate requests?

A) Create a rule in AWS WAF rules with conditions that block requests based on the presence of ExampleGame/1.22 in the User-Agent header
B) Create a geographic restriction on the CloudFront distribution to prevent access to the application from most geographic regions
C) Create a rate-based rule in AWS WAF to limit the total number of requests that the web application services.
D) Create an IP-based blacklist in AWS WAF to block the IP addresses that are originating from requests that contain ExampleGame/1.22 in the User-Agent header.

Question 49

An application has been built with Amazon EC2 instances that retrieve messages from Amazon SQS. Recently, IAM changes were made and the instances can no longer retrieve messages. What actions should be taken to troubleshoot the issue while maintaining least privilege? (Choose two.)

A) Configure and assign an MFA device to the role used by the instances.
B) Verify that the SQS resource policy does not explicitly deny access to the role used by the instances.
C) Verify that the access key attached to the role used by the instances is active.
D) Attach the AmazonSQSFullAccess managed policy to the role used by the instances.
E) Verify that the role attached to the instances contains policies that allow access to the queue.

Question 50

Which of the following is the most efficient way to automate the encryption of AWS CloudTrail logs using a Customer Master Key (CMK) in AWS KMS?

A) Use the KMS direct encrypt function on the log data every time a CloudTrail log is generated.
B) Use the default Amazon S3 server-side encryption with S3-managed keys to encrypt and decrypt the CloudTrail logs.
C) Configure CloudTrail to use server-side encryption using KMS-managed keys to encrypt and decrypt CloudTrail logs.
D) Use encrypted API endpoints so that all AWS API calls generate encrypted CloudTrail log entries using the TLS certificate from the encrypted API call.

Question 51

The Security Engineer has discovered that a new application that deals with highly sensitive data is storing Amazon S3 objects with the following key pattern, which itself contains highly sensitive data. Pattern: "randomID_datestamp_PII.csv" Example: "1234567_12302017_000-00-0000 csv" The bucket where these objects are being stored is using server-side encryption (SSE). Which solution is the most secure and cost-effective option to protect the sensitive data?

A) Remove the sensitive data from the object name, and store the sensitive data using S3 user-defined metadata.
B) Add an S3 bucket policy that denies the action s3:GetObject
C) Use a random and unique S3 object key, and create an S3 metadata index in Amazon DynamoDB using client-side encrypted attributes.
D) Store all sensitive objects in Binary Large Objects (BLOBS) in an encrypted Amazon RDS instance.

Question 52

An organization is using AWS CloudTrail, Amazon CloudWatch Logs, and Amazon CloudWatch to send alerts when new access keys are created. However, the alerts are no longer appearing in the Security Operations mail box. Which of the following actions would resolve this issue?

A) In CloudTrail, verify that the trail logging bucket has a log prefix configured.
B) In Amazon SNS, determine whether the "Account spend limit" has been reached for this alert.
C) In SNS, ensure that the subscription used by these alerts has not been deleted.
D) In CloudWatch, verify that the alarm threshold "consecutive periods" value is equal to, or greater than 1.

Question 53

A Security Architect is evaluating managed solutions for storage of encryption keys. The requirements are: -Storage is accessible by using only VPCs. -Service has tamper-evident controls. -Access logging is enabled. -Storage has high availability. Which of the following services meets these requirements?

A) Amazon S3 with default encryption
B) AWS CloudHSM
C) Amazon DynamoDB with server-side encryption
D) AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store

Question 54

A company has a forensic logging use case whereby several hundred applications running on Docker on EC2 need to send logs to a central location. The Security Engineer must create a logging solution that is able to perform real-time analytics on the log files, grants the ability to replay events, and persists data. Which AWS Services, together, can satisfy this use case? (Choose two.)

A) Amazon Elasticsearch
B) Amazon Kinesis
C) Amazon SQS
D) Amazon CloudWatch
E) Amazon Athena

Question 55

A company has two AWS accounts, each containing one VPC. The first VPC has a VPN connection with its corporate network. The second VPC, without a VPN, hosts an Amazon Aurora database cluster in private subnets. Developers manage the Aurora database from a bastion host in a public subnet as shown in the image. A security review has flagged this architecture as vulnerable, and a Security Engineer has been asked to make this design more secure. The company has a short deadline and a second VPN connection to the Aurora account is not possible. How can a Security Engineer securely set up the bastion host?

A) Move the bastion host to the VPC with VPN connectivity. Create a VPC peering relationship between the bastion host VPC and Aurora VPC.
B) Create a SSH port forwarding tunnel on the Developer's workstation to the bastion host to ensure that only authorized SSH clients can access the bastion host.
C) Move the bastion host to the VPC with VPN connectivity. Create a cross-account trust relationship between the bastion VPC and Aurora VPC, and update the Aurora security group for the relationship.
D) Create an AWS Direct Connect connection between the corporate network and the Aurora account, and adjust the Aurora security group for this connection.

Question 56

A Security Engineer must add additional protection to a legacy web application by adding the following HTTP security headers: -Content Security-Policy -X-Frame-Options -X-XSS-Protection The Engineer does not have access to the source code of the legacy web application. Which of the following approaches would meet this requirement?

A) Configure an Amazon Route 53 routing policy to send all web traffic that does not include the required headers to a black hole.
B) Implement an AWS Lambda@Edge origin response function that inserts the required headers.
C) Migrate the legacy application to an Amazon S3 static website and front it with an Amazon CloudFront distribution.
D) Construct an AWS WAF rule to replace existing HTTP headers with the required security headers by using regular expressions.

Question 57

In response to the past DDoS attack experiences, a Security Engineer has set up an Amazon CloudFront distribution for an Amazon S3 bucket. There is concern that some users may bypass the CloudFront distribution and access the S3 bucket directly. What must be done to prevent users from accessing the S3 objects directly by using URLs?

A) Change the S3 bucket/object permission so that only the bucket owner has access.
B) Set up a CloudFront origin access identity (OAI), and change the S3 bucket/object permission so that only the OAI has access.
C) Create IAM roles for CloudFront, and change the S3 bucket/object permission so that only the IAM role has access.
D) Redirect S3 bucket access to the corresponding CloudFront distribution.

Question 58

During a security event, it is discovered that some Amazon EC2 instances have not been sending Amazon CloudWatch logs. Which steps can the Security Engineer take to troubleshoot this issue? (Choose two.)

A) Connect to the EC2 instances that are not sending the appropriate logs and verify that the CloudWatch Logs agent is running.
B) Log in to the AWS account and select CloudWatch Logs. Check for any monitored EC2 instances that are in the "Alerting" state and restart them using the EC2 console.
C) Verify that the EC2 instances have a route to the public AWS API endpoints.
D) Connect to the EC2 instances that are not sending logs. Use the command prompt to verify that the right permissions have been set for the Amazon SNS topic.
E) Verify that the network access control lists and security groups of the EC2 instances have the access to send logs over SNMP.

Question 59

A company plans to move most of its IT infrastructure to AWS. The company wants to leverage its existing on-premises Active Directory as an identity provider for AWS. Which steps should be taken to authenticate to AWS services using the company's on-premises Active Directory? (Choose three).

A) Create IAM roles with permissions corresponding to each Active Directory group.
B) Create IAM groups with permissions corresponding to each Active Directory group.
C) Create a SAML provider with IAM.
D) Create a SAML provider with Amazon Cloud Directory.
E) Configure AWS as a trusted relying party for the Active Directory
F) Configure IAM as a trusted relying party for Amazon Cloud Directory.

Question 60

A Security Engineer must design a system that can detect whether a file on an Amazon EC2 host has been modified. The system must then alert the Security Engineer of the modification. What is the MOST efficient way to meet these requirements?

A) Install antivirus software and ensure that signatures are up-to-date. Configure Amazon CloudWatch alarms to send alerts for security events.
B) Install host-based IDS software to check for file integrity. Export the logs to Amazon CloudWatch Logs for monitoring and alerting.
C) Export system log files to Amazon S3. Parse the log files using an AWS Lambda function that will send alerts of any unauthorized system login attempts through Amazon SNS.
D) Use Amazon CloudWatch Logs to detect file system changes. If a change is detected, automatically terminate and recreate the instance from the most recent AMI. Use Amazon SNS to send notification of the event.

Question 61

A Security Engineer for a large company is managing a data processing application used by 1,500 subsidiary companies. The parent and subsidiary companies all use AWS. The application uses TCP port 443 and runs on Amazon EC2 behind a Network Load Balancer (NLB). For compliance reasons, the application should only be accessible to the subsidiaries and should not be available on the public internet. To meet the compliance requirements for restricted access, the Engineer has received the public and private CIDR block ranges for each subsidiary. What solution should the Engineer use to implement the appropriate access restrictions for the application?

A) Create a NACL to allow access on TCP port 443 from the 1;500 subsidiary CIDR block ranges. Associate the NACL to both the NLB and EC2 instances
B) Create an AWS security group to allow access on TCP port 443 from the 1,500 subsidiary CIDR block ranges. Associate the security group to the NLB. Create a second security group for EC2 instances with access on TCP port 443 from the NLB security group.
C) Create an AWS PrivateLink endpoint service in the parent company account attached to the NLB. Create an AWS security group for the instances to allow access on TCP port 443 from the AWS PrivateLink endpoint. Use AWS PrivateLink interface endpoints in the 1,500 subsidiary AWS accounts to connect to the data processing application.
D) Create an AWS security group to allow access on TCP port 443 from the 1,500 subsidiary CIDR block ranges. Associate the security group with EC2 instances.

Question 62

A company had one of its Amazon EC2 key pairs compromised. A Security Engineer must identify which current Linux EC2 instances were deployed and used the compromised key pair. How can this task be accomplished?

A) Obtain the list of instances by directly querying Amazon EC2 using: aws ec2 describe-instances --filters "Name=key-name,Values=KEYNAMEHERE" . Obtain the list of instances by directly querying Amazon EC2 using: aws ec2 describe-instances --filters "Name=key-name,Values=KEYNAMEHERE" .
B) Obtain the fingerprint for the key pair from the AWS Management Console, then search for the fingerprint in the Amazon Inspector logs.
C) Obtain the output from the EC2 instance metadata using: curl http: //169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public- keys/0/.
D) Obtain the fingerprint for the key pair from the AWS Management Console, then search for the fingerprint in Amazon CloudWatch Logs using: aws logs filter-log-events . Obtain the fingerprint for the key pair from the AWS Management Console, then search for the fingerprint in Amazon CloudWatch Logs using: aws logs filter-log-events

Question 63

A company has five AWS accounts and wants to use AWS CloudTrail to log API calls. The log files must be stored in an Amazon S3 bucket that resides in a new account specifically built for centralized services with a unique top-level prefix for each trail. The configuration must also enable detection of any modification to the logs. Which of the following steps will implement these requirements? (Choose three.)

A) Create a new S3 bucket in a separate AWS account for centralized storage of CloudTrail logs, and enable "Log File Validation" on all trails.
B) Use an existing S3 bucket in one of the accounts, apply a bucket policy to the new centralized S3 bucket that permits the CloudTrail service to use the "s3: PutObject" action and the "s3 GetBucketACL" action, and specify the appropriate resource ARNs for the CloudTrail trails.
C) Apply a bucket policy to the new centralized S3 bucket that permits the CloudTrail service to use the "s3 PutObject" action and the "s3 GelBucketACL" action, and specify the appropriate resource ARNs for the CloudTrail trails.
D) Use unique log file prefixes for trails in each AWS account.
E) Configure CloudTrail in the centralized account to log all accounts to the new centralized S3 bucket.
F) Enable encryption of the log files by using AWS Key Management Service

Question 64

A company has a few dozen application servers in private subnets behind an Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) in an AWS Auto Scaling group. The application is accessed from the web over HTTPS. The data must always be encrypted in transit. The Security Engineer is worried about potential key exposure due to vulnerabilities in the application software. Which approach will meet these requirements while protecting the external certificate during a breach?

A) Use a Network Load Balancer (NLB) to pass through traffic on port 443 from the internet to port 443 on the instances.
B) Purchase an external certificate, and upload it to the AWS Certificate Manager (for use with the ELB) and to the instances. Have the ELB decrypt traffic, and route and re-encrypt with the same certificate.
C) Generate an internal self-signed certificate and apply it to the instances. Use AWS Certificate Manager to generate a new external certificate for the ELB. Have the ELB decrypt traffic, and route and re-encrypt with the internal certificate.
D) Upload a new external certificate to the load balancer. Have the ELB decrypt the traffic and forward it on port 80 to the instances.

Question 65

Which of the following are valid event sources that are associated with web access control lists that trigger AWS WAF rules? (Choose two.)

A) Amazon S3 static web hosting
B) Amazon CloudFront distribution
C) Application Load Balancer
D) Amazon Route 53
E) VPC Flow Logs

Question 66

A company is building a data lake on Amazon S3. The data consists of millions of small files containing sensitive information. The Security team has the following requirements for the architecture: • Data must be encrypted in transit. • Data must be encrypted at rest. • The bucket must be private, but if the bucket is accidentally made public, the data must remain confidential. Which combination of steps would meet the requirements? (Choose two.)

A) Enable AES-256 encryption using server-side encryption with Amazon S3-managed encryption keys (SSE-S3) on the S3 bucket.
B) Enable default encryption with server-side encryption with AWS KMS-managed keys (SSE-KMS) on the S3 bucket.
C) Add a bucket policy that includes a deny if a PutObject request does not include aws:SecureTransport . Add a bucket policy that includes a deny if a PutObject request does not include aws:SecureTransport .
D) Add a bucket policy with aws:SourceIp to Allow uploads and downloads from the corporate intranet only. Add a bucket policy with aws:SourceIp to Allow uploads and downloads from the corporate intranet only.
E) Add a bucket policy that includes a deny if a PutObject request does not include s3:x-amz-server-side-encryption: "aws:kms" . request does not include s3:x-amz-server-side-encryption: "aws:kms"
F) Enable Amazon Macie to monitor and act on changes to the data lake's S3 bucket.

Question 67

A Security Engineer must implement mutually authenticated TLS connections between containers that communicate inside a VPC. Which solution would be MOST secure and easy to maintain?

A) Use AWS Certificate Manager to generate certificates from a public certificate authority and deploy them to all the containers.
B) Create a self-signed certificate in one container and use AWS Secrets Manager to distribute the certificate to the other containers to establish trust.
C) Use AWS Certificate Manager Private Certificate Authority (ACM PCA) to create a subordinate certificate authority, then create the private keys in the containers and sign them using the ACM PCA API.
D) Use AWS Certificate Manager Private Certificate Authority (ACM PCA) to create a subordinate certificate authority, then use AWS Certificate Manager to generate the private certificates and deploy them to all the containers.

Question 68

The AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store is being used to store database passwords used by an AWS Lambda function. Because this is sensitive data, the parameters are stored as type SecureString and protected by an AWS KMS key that allows access through IAM. When the function executes, this parameter cannot be retrieved as the result of an access denied error. Which of the following actions will resolve the access denied error?

A) Update the ssm.amazonaws.com principal in the KMS key policy to allow kms: Decrypt.
B) Update the Lambda configuration to launch the function in a VPC.
C) Add a policy to the role that the Lambda function uses, allowing kms: Decrypt for the KMS key.
D) Add lambda.amazonaws.com as a trusted entity on the IAM role that the Lambda function uses.

Question 69

A company uses user data scripts that contain sensitive information to bootstrap Amazon EC2 instances. A Security Engineer discovers that this sensitive information is viewable by people who should not have access to it. What is the MOST secure way to protect the sensitive information used to bootstrap the instances?

A) Store the scripts in the AMI and encrypt the sensitive data using AWS KMS Use the instance role profile to control access to the KMS keys needed to decrypt the data.
B) Store the sensitive data in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store using the encrypted string parameter and assign the GetParameters permission to the EC2 instance role.
C) Externalize the bootstrap scripts in Amazon S3 and encrypt them using AWS KMS. Remove the scripts from the instance and clear the logs after the instance is configured.
D) Block user access of the EC2 instance's metadata service using IAM policies. Remove all scripts and clear the logs after execution.

Question 70

A Security Engineer is building a Java application that is running on Amazon EC2. The application communicates with an Amazon RDS instance and authenticates with a user name and password. Which combination of steps can the Engineer take to protect the credentials and minimize downtime when the credentials are rotated? (Choose two.)

A) Have a Database Administrator encrypt the credentials and store the ciphertext in Amazon S3. Grant permission to the instance role associated with the EC2 instance to read the object and decrypt the ciphertext.
B) Configure a scheduled job that updates the credential in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store and notifies the Engineer that the application needs to be restarted.
C) Configure automatic rotation of credentials in AWS Secrets Manager.
D) Store the credential in an encrypted string parameter in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. Grant permission to the instance role associated with the EC2 instance to access the parameter and the AWS KMS key that is used to encrypt it.
E) Configure the Java application to catch a connection failure and make a call to AWS Secrets Manager to retrieve updated credentials when the password is rotated. Grant permission to the instance role associated with the EC2 instance to access Secrets Manager.

Question 71

A Security Engineer is defining the logging solution for a newly developed product. Systems Administrators and Developers need to have appropriate access to event log files in AWS CloudTrail to support and troubleshoot the product. Which combination of controls should be used to protect against tampering with and unauthorized access to log files? (Choose two.)

A) Ensure that the log file integrity validation mechanism is enabled.
B) Ensure that all log files are written to at least two separate Amazon S3 buckets in the same account.
C) Ensure that Systems Administrators and Developers can edit log files, but prevent any other access.
D) Ensure that Systems Administrators and Developers with job-related need-to-know requirements only are capable of viewing-but not modifying-the log files.
E) Ensure that all log files are stored on Amazon EC2 instances that allow SSH access from the internal corporate network only.

Question 72

An application uses Amazon Cognito to manage end users' permissions when directly accessing AWS resources, including Amazon DynamoDB. A new feature request reads as follows: Provide a mechanism to mark customers as suspended pending investigation or suspended permanently. Customers should still be able to log in when suspended, but should not be able to make changes. The priorities are to reduce complexity and avoid potential for future security issues. Which approach will meet these requirements and priorities?

A) Create a new database field "suspended_status" and modify the application logic to validate that field when processing requests.
B) Add suspended customers to second Cognito user pool and update the application login flow to check both user pools.
C) Use Amazon Cognito Sync to push out a "suspension_status" parameter and split the IAM policy into normal users and suspended users.
D) Move suspended customers to a second Cognito group and define an appropriate IAM access policy for the group.

Question 73

An Amazon S3 bucket is encrypted using an AWS KMS CMK. An IAM user is unable to download objects from the S3 bucket using the AWS Management Console; however, other users can download objects from the S3 bucket. Which policies should the Security Engineer review and modify to resolve this issue? (Choose three.)

A) The CMK policy
B) The VPC endpoint policy
C) The S3 bucket policy
D) The S3 ACL
E) The IAM policy

Question 74

A Security Engineer is working with a Product team building a web application on AWS. The application uses Amazon S3 to host the static content, Amazon API Gateway to provide RESTful services; and Amazon DynamoDB as the backend data store. The users already exist in a directory that is exposed through a SAML identity provider. Which combination of the following actions should the Engineer take to enable users to be authenticated into the web application and call APIs? (Choose three.)

A) Create a custom authorization service using AWS Lambda.
B) Configure a SAML identity provider in Amazon Cognito to map attributes to the Amazon Cognito user pool attributes.
C) Configure the SAML identity provider to add the Amazon Cognito user pool as a relying party.
D) Configure an Amazon Cognito identity pool to integrate with social login providers.
E) Update DynamoDB to store the user email addresses and passwords.
F) Update API Gateway to use a COGNITO_USER_POOLS authorizer. Update API Gateway to use a COGNITO_USER_POOLS authorizer.

Question 75

The Accounting department at Example Corp. has made a decision to hire a third-party firm, AnyCompany, to monitor Example Corp.'s AWS account to help optimize costs. The Security Engineer for Example Corp. has been tasked with providing AnyCompany with access to the required Example Corp. AWS resources. The Engineer has created an IAM role and granted permission to AnyCompany's AWS account to assume this role. When customers contact AnyCompany, they provide their role ARN for validation. The Engineer is concerned that one of AnyCompany's other customers might deduce Example Corp.'s role ARN and potentially compromise the company's account. What steps should the Engineer perform to prevent this outcome?

A) Create an IAM user and generate a set of long-term credentials. Provide the credentials to AnyCompany. Monitor access in IAM access advisor and plan to rotate credentials on a recurring basis.
B) Request an external ID from AnyCompany and add a condition with sts:Externald to the role's trust policy. Request an external ID from AnyCompany and add a condition with sts:Externald to the role's trust policy.
C) Require two-factor authentication by adding a condition to the role's trust policy with aws:MultiFactorAuthPresent. Require two-factor authentication by adding a condition to the role's trust policy with aws:MultiFactorAuthPresent.
D) Request an IP range from AnyCompany and add a condition with aws:SourceIp to the role's trust policy. Request an IP range from AnyCompany and add a condition with aws:SourceIp

Question 76

A company uses identity federation to authenticate users into an identity account (987654321987) where the users assume an IAM role named IdentityRole. The users then assume an IAM role named JobFunctionRole in the target AWS account (123456789123) to perform their job functions. A user is unable to assume the IAM role in the target account. The policy attached to the role in the identity account is: What should be done to enable the user to assume the appropriate role in the target account?

A) Update the IAM policy attached to the role in the identity account to be:
B) Update the trust policy on the role in the target account to be:
C) Update the trust policy on the role in the identity account to be:
D) Update the IAM policy attached to the role in the target account to be:

Question 77

A Security Engineer is implementing a solution to allow users to seamlessly encrypt Amazon S3 objects without having to touch the keys directly. The solution must be highly scalable without requiring continual management. Additionally, the organization must be able to immediately delete the encryption keys. Which solution meets these requirements?

A) Use AWS KMS with AWS managed keys and the ScheduleKeyDeletion API with a PendingWindowInDays set to 0 to remove the keys if necessary.
B) Use KMS with AWS imported key material and then use the DeletelmportedKeyMaterial API to remove the key material if necessary.
C) Use AWS CloudHSM to store the keys and then use the CloudHSM API or the PKCS11 library to delete the keys if necessary.
D) Use the Systems Manager Parameter Store to store the keys and then use the service API operations to delete the key if necessary.

Question 78

To meet regulatory requirements, a Security Engineer needs to implement an IAM policy that restricts the use of AWS services to the us-east-1 Region. What policy should the Engineer implement?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 79

A company's security policy requires that VPC Flow Logs are enabled on all VPCs. A Security Engineer is looking to automate the process of auditing the VPC resources for compliance. What combination of actions should the Engineer take? (Choose two.)

A) Create an AWS Lambda function that determines whether Flow Logs are enabled for a given VPC.
B) Create an AWS Config configuration item for each VPC in the company AWS account.
C) Create an AWS Config managed rule with a resource type of AWS:: Lambda:: Function.
D) Create an Amazon CloudWatch Event rule that triggers on events emitted by AWS Config.
E) Create an AWS Config custom rule, and associate it with an AWS Lambda function that contains the evaluating logic.

Question 80

An AWS Lambda function was misused to alter data, and a Security Engineer must identify who invoked the function and what output was produced. The Engineer cannot find any logs created by the Lambda function in Amazon CloudWatch Logs. Which of the following explains why the logs are not available?

A) The execution role for the Lambda function did not grant permissions to write log data to CloudWatch Logs.
B) The Lambda function was executed by using Amazon API Gateway, so the logs are not stored in CloudWatch Logs.
C) The execution role for the Lambda function did not grant permissions to write to the Amazon S3 bucket where CloudWatch Logs stores the logs.
D) The version of the Lambda function that was executed was not current.