Deck 23: Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, and Systemic Diseases

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true of infection caused by Yersinia pestis?
(a) It can produce enlarged lymph nodes (buboes).
(b) It can infect the circulatory system, causing septicemia.
(c) It can cause pneumonia.
(d) It is called sylvatic plague in areas where it is carried by wild rodents.
(e) All of these are true.

Answer 1

The plague is a severe and potentially fatal infection caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. Rodents such as rats are carriers of the disease and it is spread by the rat fleas.
The disease may occur in one of the three forms mentioned below:
• Bubonic plague, which is characterized by immense enlargement of lymph nodes termed as 'buboes.'
• Septicemic plague characterized by the entry of the pathogen in the circulatory system which causes hemorrhage and necrosis in all parts of the body.
• Pneumonic plague in which infection is acquired through inhalation of contaminated aerosols.
The plague is primarily a disease of wild rodents, which is transmitted to humans through the flea bites. An infection of humans by wild animals is described as sylvatic stage, and hence, the disease is called sylvatic plague in areas where it is carried by rodents.
Hence, the correct answer, which is true of infection caused by Yersinia pestis is (e) All of these are true.

Question 2

Describe the normal flora of the cardiovascular system.

Answer 2

The human body provides many unique environments for the different microbial communities to live. This gives rise to what is known as the normal flora of the human body. The microbes that colonize the human body at the time of birth or shortly thereafter remain associated throughout the life are referred to as normal flora. The normal flora is found in most of the body parts like skin, respiratory tract, intestinal tract, urinogenital tract, oral cavity, and so on. However, brain, circulatory system and lungs are sites that remain free of microbes (sterile).
The cardiovascular system lacks any resident microflora. However, microbes do occasionally enter the blood stream to cause a temporary bacteremia. Bacteria enter the blood through the wounds or through the other areas of infections such as boils, pimples or abscessed tooth. In some infections of other systems, bacteria may invade the blood stream. The organisms that enter the bloodstream are commonly destroyed by antibodies or phagocytes.

Question 3

A pathogen of both humans and cattle that causes undulant fever is a member of the genus:
(a) Yersinia
(b) Borellia
(c) Brucella
(d) Pediculus
(e) Streptococcus

Answer 3

Several species of the genus, Brucella cause the disease Brucellosis, also known as undulant fever. It is a zoonosis that affects cattle and is highly infective in humans. Brucellosis is characterized by a daily fever cycle that is high in the afternoon and low at night. This undulant occurrence of fever is due to the release of the bacteria from granulomas into the blood stream.
Yersinia pestis , member of the genus Yersinia is the causative agent of plague.
The relapsing fever is an acute disease caused by several species of the genus, Borellia. The disease is characterized by an alternating fever and non-fever periods.
Pediculus is a genus of human body. They are head lice that are ectoparasites as well as vectors of the disease relapsing fever.
Some species of the genus, Streptococcus are the normal inhabitants of the human body and are causative agents of several diseases ranging from skin infections to rheumatic fever and pneumonia.
Hence, the correct answer for the causative pathogen of undulant fever is a member of the genus (c) Brucella.

Question 4

Why could treatment with antibiotics bring on cases of septic shock?

Question 5

Alternate periods with fever along with periods without fe ver are characteristics of relapsing fever caused by members of the genus:
(a) Borellia
(b) Yersinia
(c) Brucella
(d) Pediculus
(e) Streptococcus

Question 6

What does a vegetation found in the heart consist of? How and why does it form? What effects does it have?

Question 7

Ruth was having her first baby. Thirty-six weeks into her pregnan cy her doctor did an examination and had a culture done to see if she was colonized with group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae). The culture came back positive. Ruth is now in labor and her doctor is recommending that she be given antibiotics. Ruth is confused. She is not sick and her baby is not sick. Why does she need to be given an antibiotic? What might happen if she does not get the antibiotic? Visit the following website to learn the answers to these questions and find out more about this important pathogen: Learn more about this disease and pre vention at the following website and other CDC site links. http://www.cdc.gov/groupbsstrep/guidelines/guidelines.html.

Question 8

Which of the following diseases is not a zoonosis?
(a) Relapsing fever
(b) Tularemia
(c) Anthrax
(d) Plague
(e) Brucellosis

Question 9

Describe the two diseases of the cardiovascular system and the bacteria that cause them that are associated with childbirth.

Question 10

List the virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis in anthrax. How do these factors work to cause death in the host?

Question 11

Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete , __________which is carried and transmitted by the black-legged tick__________ __________ .
(a) Yersinia pestis; Pulex irritans
(b) Borrelia recurrentis; Musca domestica
(c) Borrelia burgdorferi; Ixodes scapularis
(d) Rickettsia akari; Aedes aegypti
(e) Francisella tularensis; Culex pipiens

Question 12

Why would anthrax make such a good agent for biological warfare?

Question 13

The normal microflora of the heart includes species of:
(a) Gram-positive bacteria
(b) Gram-negative bacteria
(c) Fungi
(d) Viruses
(e) None of these

Question 14

A louseborne disease that has influenced the course of wars (epidemic typhus) is caused by:
(a) Bartonella bacilliformis
(b) Rickettsia prowazekii
(c) Rickettsia akari
(d) Borrelia burgdorferi
(e) Yersinia pestis

Question 15

How does portal of entry affect plague symptoms and mortality rate?

Question 16

Plague has been only sporadic in humans in the United States in recent years, but has a world history of producing massive epidemics. Do you think that the United States could ever have a plague epidemic?

Question 17

A possible symptom of Lyme disease is:
(a) A bull's-eye rash at the point of the insect bite
(b) Flulike symptoms
(c) Arthritis
(d) Symptoms resembling Alzheimer's disease
(e) All of these

Question 18

Why is it important to seek early treatment for Lyme disease?

Question 19

Which of the following is commonly directly responsible for causing septic shock today?
(a) Bacterial hemagglutinins
(b) Bacterial endotoxins
(c) Bacterial exotoxins
(d) Fungal aflatoxins
(e) Bacterial neurotoxins

Question 20

Match the following rickettsial and rickettsial-related sys temic diseases to their descriptions:

Question 21

How does Q fever differ from other rickettsial diseases?

Question 22

Arthropod-transmitted diseases usually have rather specific vectors. Why can't a particular arthropod-transmitted disease be transmitted by a wider variety of arthropods?

Question 23

Although the initial infections are usually self-limiting, a second infection with a different virus strain can lead to immu nological reactions that produce hemorrhagic disease. This oc curs in:
(a) Dengue fever
(b) Typhus fever
(c) Yellow fever
(d) Rift Valley fever
(e) All of these

Question 24

How does Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana differ from other rickettsiae?

Question 25

All of the following are symptoms of septic shock EXCEPT:
(a) Shock
(b) Lymphangitis
(c) Chills
(d) Fever
(e) Collapsed blood vessels

Question 26

In humans, the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus) primarily infects:
(a) Heart muscle cells
(b) Cells lining the alveoli
(c) B lymphocytes
(d) Sensory neurons
(e) Cells of the intestinal epithelium

Question 27

If you have had infectious mononucleosis, do you still carry the virus? If so, what can it do?

Question 28

Relapsing fever is caused by species of the genus Borrelia. What causes the victim to relapse after intervals of relief from fever in this disease?

Question 29

Which of these increases the risk of lymphoma?
(a) Toxoplasmosis
(b) Infection with Borrelia myamotoi
(c) Infection with Epstein-Barr virus
(d) Tularemia

Question 30

What diseases are caused by B19?

Question 31

_____are the leading cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis while cause the multisystem disorder rheumatic fever.
(a) Group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae); β-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes
(b) β-hemolytic Staphylococcus pyogenes; Group B strepto cocci (Streptococcus agalactiae)
(c) β-hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneu moniae
(d) Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella pneumoniae
(e) (b) and (c)

Question 32

Filoviruses have an unusual shape that may be U- or fish hook-shaped. One disease caused by a filovirus is:
(a) Yellow fever virus
(b) Rift Valley fever virus
(c) Epstein-Barr virus
(d) Ebola virus
(e) Dengue virus

Question 33

How does carrying a gene for sickle-cell anemia protect against malaria?

Question 34

What is the most likely explanation of how Streptococcus pyogenes causes rheumatic fever?
(a) Strep throat infections migrate down to the heart.
(b) Endotoxin production causes septicemia.
(c) Vegetation followed by fibrin deposition.
(d) Cross-reactivity of an antibody for a Streptococcus pyogenes antigen to a heart cell antigen.
(e) It is an opportunistic infection triggered by coronary ar tery disease and atherosclerosis.

Question 35

Which of the following is true about fifth disease?
(a) It is caused by parvovirus B19 that destroys stem cells that give rise to red blood cells.
(b) It is common in children aged 5 to 14 and is not a con cern unless the afflicted has chronic hemolytic anemia or an immunodeficiency.
(c) It gets its name from a nineteenth-century list of child hood rash diseases.
(d) b and c
(e) a, b, and c

Question 36

Over what period should travelers take antimalarial drugs? Why?

Question 37

Heart problems brought on by rheumatic fever are se quelae of:
(a) β-hemolytic Streptococcal infection
(b) Lymphangitis
(c) Chamydia pneumoniae infection
(d) Filariasis
(e) Dengue fever

Question 38

Match the following diseases with a mode of transmission:

Question 39

Who is at risk for toxoplasmosis?

Question 40

Blood flukes causing schistosomiasis require a particular
as an intermediate host to complete their life cycle, while roundworms causing filariasis depend on a host to complete their life cycle.
(a) mussel; black fly
(b) fish; tick
(c) virus; porcine
(d) metacercariae; tsetse fly
(e) snail, mosquito

Question 41

Match the following protozoan systemic diseases with their mode of transmission and causative agent:

Question 42

What do Yersinia pestis and human immunodeficiency virus have in common?
(a) They are spread by flea bites.
(b) They are incurable diseases.
(c) They require a common allele of CCR5 for entry in host cells.
(d) They cause buboes.
(e) All of the above.

Question 43

Which of the following systemic diseases is one of the world's greatest public health problems, being endemic in most tropical areas, and with up to 500 million cases and 1.5 tO₃ million deaths per year?
(a) Rheumatic fever
(b) Lyme disease
(c) Malaria
(d) Yellow fever
(e) Infectious mononucleosis