Deck 19: Functions of the Blood Vessels

Question 1

If plasma oncotic pressure exceeds CHP,

A) fluid is filtered from the capillary into the interstitium.
B) fluid moves osmotically into the capillary from the interstitium.
C) plasma proteins diffuse from the capillary into the interstitium.
D) blood volume decreases.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is most related to the systolic reading,diastolic reading,and Korotkoff sounds?

A) Cardiac output
B) Blood pressure
C) The electrical activity of the heart
D) Coronary blood flow

Answer 2

Blood pressure

Question 3

What is the pulse pressure when a person's blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg?

A) 120 mm Hg
B) 80 mm Hg
C) 40 mm Hg
D) Can't determine the pulse pressure from this information

Answer 3

40 mm Hg

Question 4

What do the baroreceptors regulate?

A) Blood volume
B) Hematocrit
C) Blood pressure
D) Rate of capillary filtration

Question 5

Plasma oncotic pressure is caused primarily by

A) blood pressure.
B) plasma proteins, especially albumin.
C) lymph.
D) electrolytes such as sodium and chloride.

Question 6

Which of the following is most likely to induce a reflex bradycardia?

A) Development of hypovolemic (low blood volume) shock, as in hemorrhage
B) Exertion of pressure over the carotid sinus (tight collar)
C) Administration of nitroglycerine (a vasodilator drug)
D) Administration of a diuretic for hypertension

Question 7

Which artery is most often used to measure blood pressure?

A) Carotid
B) Brachial
C) Femoral
D) Circle of Willis

Question 8

Which of the following increases systemic vascular resistance,stroke volume,and heart rate?

A) Stimulation of the vagus nerve
B) Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
C) Administration of a sympatholytic drug
D) Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 9

Which of the following is most likely to develop if the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries increases?

A) Pedal edema
B) Pulsating jugular veins
C) Pulmonary edema
D) Varicose veins

Question 10

Which blood vessels have very thin walls and are called the exchange vessels?

A) Arterioles
B) Veins
C) Capillaries
D) Arteries

Question 11

Which of the following structures has the greatest effect on systemic vascular resistance?

A) Veins
B) Arterioles
C) Heart
D) Capillaries

Question 12

Which of the following is true? (CO is cardiac output,BP is blood pressure,SV is stroke volume,HR is heart rate,SVR is systemic vascular resistance.)

A) CO = HR ´ SV ´ pulse pressure
B) BP = CO ´ SV ´ SVR
C) BP = SV ´ pulse pressure
D) BP = SV ´ HR ´ SVR

Question 13

The characteristic of the arteriole that allows it to function as a resistance vessel is its

A) thin membrane.
B) porous membrane.
C) valves.
D) smooth muscle.

Question 14

Which condition is characterized by poor skin turgor?

A) Expanded blood volume
B) Pulmonary edema
C) Varicose veins
D) Dehydration

Question 15

Which of the following best indicates why a person who is taking antihypertensive drugs should not drink alcohol or sit in a hot tub?

A) Hypokalemia (low potassium) and flabby muscles
B) Hypertensive crisis and stroke
C) Vasodilation and hypotension
D) Hemolysis and jaundice

Question 16

If a child with nephrotic syndrome loses large amounts of albumin in the urine (albuminuria),

A) plasma oncotic pressure decreases and edema develops.
B) capillary hydrostatic pressure increases, causing edema.
C) plasma oncotic pressure increases, thereby "pulling" fluid into the capillary, causing poor skin turgor.
D) lymph flow decreases.

Question 17

Blood flow is slowest in the

A) aorta.
B) capillaries.
C) venules.
D) arterioles.

Question 18

Blood pressure is lowest in the

A) inferior vena cava.
B) aorta.
C) circle of Willis.
D) femoral artery.

Question 19

A sphygmomanometer measures

A) blood flow.
B) hematocrit.
C) blood pressure.
D) oxygen saturation.

Question 20

If capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)exceeds plasma oncotic pressure,

A) fluid moves from the interstitium into the capillary.
B) no net flux of water occurs.
C) blood volume expansion occurs.
D) fluid is filtered into the interstitium.

Question 21

An IV infusion of mannitol (a hypertonic sugar solution)is used to decrease intracranial pressure in a head-injured patient because the mannitol

A) provides calories for the healing of the injured brain.
B) is absorbed by the injured brain cells and pulls water into the brain cells from the tissue fluid.
C) pulls water out of the interstitium of the brain into the capillaries, thereby relieving edema.
D) "clumps" the plasma proteins together, thereby severely diminishing plasma oncotic pressure.

Question 22

Capillary hydrostatic pressure is a reflection of

A) plasma proteins.
B) albumin.
C) lymph.
D) blood pressure.

Question 23

If the lymphatic vessels are blocked or surgically removed,

A) excess fluid is filtered out of the capillary.
B) plasma oncotic pressure decreases, thereby causing fluid to leak out of the capillary.
C) fluid and protein accumulate in the interstitium, thereby causing edema.
D) excess fluid moves into the capillary, thereby "drying out" the interstitium.

Question 24

Edema is least likely to occur in which of the following situations?

A) Plasma oncotic pressure decreases because of starvation.
B) Plasma oncotic pressure decreases because the child filters large amounts of albumin into the urine.
C) Plasma osmolarity increases when the patient becomes dehydrated.
D) A woman with breast cancer has surgery that involves a breast amputation and removal of the lymph nodes and vessels.

Question 25

Which of the following drugs is most likely to increase systemic vascular resistance?

A) (+) Inotropic agent
B) Arteriolar constrictor
C) Arteriolar dilator
D) Vasodilator

Question 26

With which phrase is afterload most associated?

A) Heart rate
B) Arteriolar vasoconstriction
C) (+) Inotropic effect
D) Venous return

Question 27

A drug that activates alpha₁-adrenergic receptors

A) causes a vasodepressor effect.
B) is classified as a (-) inotropic drug.
C) elevates blood pressure.
D) is classified as an antihypertensive drug.

Question 28

If plasma osmolarity increases,as in dehydration or the infusion of mannitol (a sugar solution),

A) filtration rate increases.
B) fluid is forced out of the capillary into the interstitium.
C) fluid is "pulled" into the capillary from the interstitium.
D) plasma proteins diffuse out of the capillary into the interstitium.

Question 29

What is the term that refers to the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings?

A) Pulse deficit
B) Cardiac output
C) Stroke volume
D) Pulse pressure

Question 30

A sudden rise in blood pressure is most likely to produce a baroreceptor-induced

A) (+) inotropic effect.
B) bradycardia.
C) narrowed pulse pressure.
D) increased heart rate.

Question 31

Both epinephrine and norepinephrine are

A) steroids.
B) secreted by the adrenal cortex.
C) vasopressors.
D) blood pressure-lowering hormones.

Question 32

Which of the following is a consequence of sympathetic nerve stimulation?

A) Increased afterload
B) Peripheral vasoconstriction
C) Increased systemic vascular resistance
D) All of the above

Question 33

Which term refers to drugs that cause vasodilation and reduce vascular resistance?

A) Diuretics
B) Vasodepressors
C) Inotropics
D) Sympathomimetics

Question 34

A newly diagnosed hypertensive patient is started on prazosin,an alpha adrenergic blocker.Within the hour,he complains of dizziness and loses consciousness.What has happened?

A) The drug activated the baroreceptors, causing an intense parasympathetic discharge, and thereby increasing blood pressure and precipitating a mild stroke.
B) The prazosin decreased his blood pressure too much; the drug-induced hypotension caused the fainting event (syncope).
C) The prazosin caused spasm of the cerebral blood vessels, which, in turn, caused loss of consciousness.
D) The patient experienced a hypertensive crisis.

Question 35

Which of the following exerts a vasopressor effect?

A) Diuretic
B) Alpha1-adrenergic agonist
C) Beta1-adrenergic antagonist
D) Vagomimetic

Question 36

Which part of the brain participates in the baroreceptor reflex?

A) Cerebrum
B) Corpus callosum
C) Cerebellum
D) Medulla oblongata

Question 37

If the left ventricle of the heart fails,blood backs up in the pulmonary capillary,

A) decreasing plasma oncotic pressure and drying out the lungs.
B) blocking the flow of lymph and drying out the lungs.
C) increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure and forcing fluid into the lungs.
D) increasing plasma oncotic pressure, causing pulmonary edema.

Question 38

Which statement is not true about baroreceptors?

A) Can induce a reflex tachycardia
B) Located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch
C) Activated by hypoxemia
D) Activated by a hemorrhage-induced decline in blood pressure

Question 39

Which of the following elevates blood pressure?

A) Diuretics
B) Vasodilators
C) Vasopressors
D) Antihypertensive drugs

Question 40

A pregnant woman notices that her ankles are swollen after standing for 6 hours at her place of employment.In the evening,when she elevates her feet,the swelling diminishes because

A) capillary hydrostatic pressure in the blood vessels of the lower extremities decreases.
B) plasma oncotic pressure decreases.
C) plasma oncotic pressure increases.
D) lymphatic drainage decreases.

Question 41

Coolness,pain,pallor,pulselessness,paresthesia,and paralysis are caused by

A) hypertension.
B) impaired blood flow.
C) decreased oncotic pressure.
D) edema.

Question 42

A patient has hemorrhaged 1 liter of blood; he is diaphoretic (profuse perspiration),oliguric (decreased urinary output),and tachycardic.Physiologically,what is happening?

A) The patient has lost so much plasma protein (albumin) that fluid has shifted into his tissue spaces.
B) In response to the blood loss and declining blood pressure, the baroreceptor reflex has kicked in, causing a sympathetic discharge.
C) The shock-induced low blood pressure has caused a vagal discharge.
D) The shock-induced hypotension has inactivated all autonomic receptors.

Question 43

Which of the following is most responsible for the plasma oncotic pressure?

A) Albumin
B) Cl-
C) Na+
D) HCO3-

Question 44

With regard to the baroreceptor reflex,which event occurs first?

A) Activation of the baroreceptors in response to a drop in blood pressure
B) Reflex tachycardia
C) Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves
D) Stimulation of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and the vagus (CN X) nerves

Question 45

What is the mean arterial pressure of a blood pressure of 140/80?

A) 40 mm Hg
B) 100 mm Hg
C) 60 mm Hg
D) Can't determine from this data

Question 46

The function of the nozzle on a garden hose most closely resembles the function of the

A) heart.
B) parasympathetic nervous system.
C) arterioles.
D) venous valves.

Question 47

Which of the following is true of vasoconstriction?

A) Caused by parasympathetic nerve stimulation
B) Increases afterload
C) Caused by vagal discharge
D) Generally accompanied by arteriolar dilation

Question 48

In the dehydrated state,

A) capillary oncotic pressure decreases; fluid accumulates in the tissue spaces.
B) capillary filtration pressure decreases; tissue fluid is absorbed.
C) capillary filtration rate increases, thereby increasing lymph formation.
D) plasma protein is filtered into the tissue spaces, causing edema.

Question 49

A patient has a heart rate of 140 beats/min,a blood pressure of 110/60 mm Hg,and an ejection fraction of 35%.The blood pumped by the ventricle is

A) 65%.
B) 35%.
C) 60% to 90%.
D) unknown from the data.

Question 50

A decreased plasma oncotic pressure is caused by

A) loss of plasma proteins, such as albumin.
B) leukocytosis.
C) a hypoxemia-induced polycythemia.
D) dehydration and "tenting."

Question 51

Systemic vascular resistance and afterload decrease when the

A) blood viscosity increases.
B) stroke volume increases.
C) arterioles dilate.
D) arterioles respond to sympathetic nerve stimulation.

Question 52

While "taking" a blood pressure,you record the first Korotkoff sounds as the

A) pulse pressure.
B) mean arterial blood pressure.
C) diastolic reading.
D) systolic reading.

Question 53

An agent that is described as a vasopressor

A) causes peripheral vasodilation.
B) elevates blood pressure.
C) decreases systemic vascular resistance.
D) decreases cardiac output.

Question 54

Which of the following is not true of an adult male who has a blood pressure of 116/72 mm Hg?

A) It is a normotensive reading.
B) The 116 mm Hg is the systolic reading.
C) The 72 mm Hg is the diastolic reading.
D) The pulse pressure is 100 mm Hg.

Question 55

The skeletal muscle pump,respiratory pump,and venoconstriction

A) pump blood to the liver.
B) assist in the return of blood to the right heart.
C) primarily affect the arterial side of the circulation.
D) pump blood to the brain.

Question 56

Digital (finger press)pressure is exerted over the carotid sinus.You expect

A) the sympathetics to fire, thereby increasing blood pressure.
B) that the medulla oblongata will interpret the signal as high blood pressure and therefore fire the vagus nerve.
C) no effect, because the baroreceptors are "crushed."
D) reflex tachycardia.

Question 57

Baroreceptors

A) are found in all arterioles and sense plasma levels of CO2.
B) affect respiratory rate.
C) monitor [H+] and therefore regulate blood pH.
D) are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch and sense changes in blood pressure.

Question 58

Which of the following is not true about blood pressure?

A) The brachial artery is most commonly used to monitor blood pressure.
B) Blood pressure is higher in the arteries than in the capillaries.
C) Blood pressure is higher in the capillaries than in the veins.
D) Blood pressure is higher in the vena cava than in the arterioles.

Question 59

If capillary pore size increases,as in severe burns,

A) capillary filtration of water decreases.
B) albumin is filtered from the capillaries and is deposited in the tissue space.
C) blood volume overload develops, causing the heart to fail.
D) all of the above occur.

Question 60

A patient has a heart rate of 128 beats/min,a blood pressure of 90/60 mm Hg,and an ejection fraction of 35%.The pulse pressure is

A) 65%.
B) 30 mm Hg.
C) 150 mm Hg.
D) unknown from the data.

Question 61

An intense vagal discharge is most apt to cause

A) tachycardia.
B) syncope.
C) deep vein thrombosis.
D) white coat hypertension.

Question 62

Which of the following is true regarding the sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the baroreceptor reflex? They carry

A) sensory information from the baroreceptors to the SA and AV nodes of the heart.
B) sensory information from the SA and AV nodes to the spinal cord.
C) motor information from the spinal cord to the heart and blood vessels.
D) motor information from the heart and blood vessels to the aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors.

Question 63

Which of the following best explains why the skeletal muscle pump improves venous return of blood to the heart?

A) Paresthesia
B) Ischemia
C) External compression
D) Necrosis

Question 64

Which of the following is a true statement regarding baroreceptors?

A) Baroreceptor activation is a response to pedal edema.
B) Baroreceptors are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch.
C) Baroreceptors are activated only in response to a sudden decline in blood pressure.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 65

A tight collar might trigger the baroreceptor reflex because the

A) carotid baroreceptors sense a change in the osmolarity of the blood flowing through the carotid arteries.
B) carotid baroreceptors interpret the elevated carotid pressure as an elevation of blood pressure.
C) tight collar occludes blood flow to the brain, causing cerebral artery spasms.
D) tight collar impairs drainage of cerebral venous blood, causing cerebral edema.

Question 66

ADH increases blood pressure by all of the following except

A) acting as a vasopressor.
B) increasing blood volume by reabsorption of water by the kidneys.
C) vasoconstriction.
D) activating the baroreceptors.

Question 67

ANP and BNP are secreted by the heart in response to

A) distension of the heart walls.
B) low blood pressure.
C) tachycardia.
D) low blood volume.

Question 68

Which of the following is designed to promote the one-way flow of blood?

A) The slow velocity of blood flow in the capillaries
B) The presence of valves in the veins
C) The presence of smooth muscle in the arterioles
D) The presence of a tunica adventitia in all blood vessels

Question 69

Which of the following refers to an insufficient blood supply to an organ or body part?

A) Pallor
B) Ischemia
C) Paresthesia
D) Paresis

Question 70

In which direction does blood flow shift in response to exercise?

A) Increased blood flow to kidneys and digestive tract
B) Increased blood flow to skin and skeletal muscles
C) Increased blood flow to abdominal organs and kidneys
D) Decreased blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscles

Question 71

Your patient's initial blood pressure was 155/95 mm Hg.After 10 minutes his blood pressure was 125/75 mm Hg.Which of the following best reflects this observation?

A) Hemorrhage-induced hypotension
B) Hypertensive crisis
C) White coat hypertension
D) The "silent killer"

Question 72

Which statement is the best explanation of the following: Sympathetic nerve stimulation increases systemic vascular resistance.

A) Sympathetic nerve stimulation causes many of the arterioles in the peripheral circulation to constrict.
B) Sympathetic nerve stimulation causes peripheral venodilation and a decrease in preload.
C) Sympathetic nerve stimulation reduces afterload in the systemic circulation.
D) Sympathetic nerve stimulation causes a vasodepressor effect.

Question 73

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of venodilation,or "pooling" of the blood in the venous circulation?

A) Increased EDV (end-diastolic volume)
B) Increased afterload
C) Decreased preload
D) (+) Inotropic effect

Question 74

An elderly person has been on bed rest for 2 weeks.On her first attempt to get out of bed,she experiences an episode of syncope.What is the most likely cardiovascular explanation for her fainting episode?

A) White coat hypertension
B) Postural hypotension
C) Elevated blood pressure
D) Hypoglycemia

Question 75

Why does blood flow from the arterial side of the circulation to the venous side of the circulation?

A) Capillary pressure is higher than the pressure within the large arteries and veins.
B) The oncotic pressure in the venous side of the circulation is greater than the oncotic pressure on the venous side of the circulation.
C) The pressure on the arterial side of the circulation is higher than the pressure on the venous side of the circulation.
D) Blood volume is greater on the arterial side of the circulation than on the venous side of the circulation.

Question 76

The disappearance of Korotkoff sounds

A) indicates that blood flow has been restored in the previously occluded blood vessel.
B) is recorded as the diastolic reading.
C) is indicative of a life-threatening hypotension.
D) More than one of the above is true.

Question 77

A patient takes a drug that immediately causes a reflex tachycardia.What is the most likely explanation for this effect on heart rate?

A) The drug causes a sudden decline in blood pressure, thereby activating the baroreceptor reflex.
B) The drug spikes or elevates the blood pressure, thereby activating the baroreceptor reflex.
C) The drug causes venoconstriction, thereby increasing preload.
D) The drug stimulates the alpha1 receptors, causing an increase in SVR (systemic vascular resistance).

Question 78

Which of the following is the most likely outcome of persistent and prolonged ischemia of the lower extremity?

A) Necrosis
B) Red, flushed appearance
C) Increased surface temperature of the lower extremity
D) Palpation of the dorsalis pedis pulse

Question 79

Which of the following best explains the function of the skeletal muscle pump?

A) Enhanced movement of blood from the lower extremities toward the heart
B) Thinning of venous blood so as to prevent deep vein thrombosis
C) Enhanced arterial perfusion of the leg muscles in preparation for exercise
D) Enhanced diffusion of oxygen from the blood into the muscles