Deck 2: Theories of Normality and Abnormality in Children and Adolescents

Question 1

Based on the special box about Prevention and Culture, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) One American child or teen is killed or injured by gunfire nearly every 30 Minutes
B) In a study of 23 industrialized nations, a total of 87% of children under the age of 15 who died by gun violence lived in the United States
C) Over half of youth who commit suicide with a gun obtained it from their own home
D) All of the above statements are true

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A systematic set of statements designed to help analyze, explain, and predict phenomena is the definition of a:

A) Psychometric study
B) Theory
C) Longitudinal investigation
D) Zeitgeist

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good theory?

A) Account for new data, regardless of accounting for existing data
B) Provide a relevant explanation with logical reasons
C) Have the ability to be tested
D) Predict new and novel events

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The "cause" of emotional/behavioral problems is known as:

A) Etiology
B) Outcome
C) Investigation
D) Homeostasis

Question 5

According to Freud, the correct order of psychosexual stages is as follows (from earliest to latest):

A) Oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic
B) Anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency
C) Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
D) Oral, latency, anal, phallic, genital

Question 6

One of the more recent psychodynamic theories is known as:

A) Behavioral genetics
B) Multifinality
C) Object relations
D) Niche-picking

Question 7

Regarding mothers and fathers in clinical child research:

A) Mother and fathers are approximately equally represented in clinical child research
B) Because mothers are more responsible for the development of psychopathology, there is a legitimate reason that mothers are included in research more often than fathers
C) Surprisingly, more fathers are included in clinical child research than mothers
D) More mothers than fathers are included in clinical child research and this pattern is considered problematic by many researchers

Question 8

Mica is 9-months old.She will sometimes crawl away from her parents to explore her environment, but she seems happy to reunite with her parents and she seems to use them as a base from which to explore new environments.Mica's attachment style to her parents is most likely:

A) Secure attachment
B) Anxious avoidant insecure attachment
C) Disorganized attachment
D) Anxious ambivalent insecure attachment

Question 9

Joey just turned one-year old.He gets very upset and distressed when his parents leave the room, but then he seems angry when they return (sometimes he even rejects them when they return).Joey's attachment style to his parents is most likely:

A) Secure attachment
B) Anxious avoidant insecure attachment
C) Disorganized attachment
D) Anxious ambivalent insecure attachment

Question 10

Genetic make up that is inherited from biological parents is called:

A) Phenotype
B) Genotype
C) Behavioral genetics
D) Equifinality

Question 11

The proportion of variation from genetic influences (which is calculated by dividing the variance due to genotype by the variance due to phenotype) is known as:

A) Genotype
B) Multifinality
C) Heritability
D) Phenotype

Question 12

Which of the following show the highest degree of similar genetic material?

A) Dizygotic twins
B) Monozygotic twins
C) Parent-child pairs
D) Any of the above could show the highest degree of similar genetic material-It depends on which characteristic is being explored

Question 13

Don and Henley are identical twins who are being raised in different homes.Freddie and Mercury are identical twins who are being raised together.If they were all included in a study of a behavioral characteristic (such as creativity), the study would most likely be a(n):

A) Attachment study
B) Social context study
C) Community survey study
D) Adoption study

Question 14

Biological influences of the development of psychopathology are explored through studies of:

A) Brain structure and functioning
B) Central nervous system functioning
C) Maturational rates
D) All of the above

Question 15

The unique aspects of the family that each sibling experiences differently than the others is known as:

A) Shared environment
B) Nonshared environment
C) Genotype
D) Heritability

Question 16

Learning theory, with a focus on the consequences that follow behavior, is conceptualized within the:

A) Family systems theory
B) Psychodynamic theory
C) Behavioral theory
D) Behavioral genetics theory

Question 17

Within the cognitive-behavioral theory, which of the following is considered LEAST important in understanding the development of psychopathology?

A) Behavior
B) Cognitive distortions
C) Automatic thoughts
D) Genotype

Question 18

Jackson, a 13-year-old, is constantly arguing with his father.He gets in fights at school and even argues with his teachers on occasion.From a family theory perspective, what might be occurring for Jackson?

A) His father is too demanding
B) He is experiencing normal behaviors for a teenager
C) He is showing oppositional defiant disorder and there are concerns about the development of conduct disorder
D) He can be considered the identified problem

Question 19

Many family therapists find that families want to maintain the same patterns of behavior, even when the behavior is troubling.The family's tendency to stay the same is known as:

A) Homeostasis
B) Exosystem
C) Multifinality
D) Disengagement

Question 20

According to family theories, which of the following statements about culture and family functioning is FALSE?

A) Culture is considered one of many contexts in which families exist
B) Healthy families have the same patterns of functioning (e.g., closeness, level of communication) regardless of their culture
C) Family therapists are often trained to consider their own cultural background, in that it may relate to their expectations about families they treat
D) The usefulness of family therapy may differ depending on the family's cultural background

Question 21

According to the Ecological Systems Theory, which of the following includes a child's neighborhood, community, and socioeconomic status?

A) Mesosystem
B) Exosystem
C) Macrosystem
D) Microsystem

Question 22

The internal state that relates to the child's development and adaptation (such as biological factors, affect regulation, and intellectual level) is known as the:

A) Macrosystem
B) Exosystem
C) Ontogenic development
D) Social context

Question 23

Based on the Global Issues box about children without a home, what are the three stages of the refugee process?

A) Preparation, movement, and relocation
B) Fear, joy, and sadness
C) Pre-migration, migration, and post-migration
D) Stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3

Question 24

Niche-picking refers to:

A) The intentional process through which children choose which of their parents' rules to follow
B) The way that divorced parents pick another partner after divorce
C) The mechanism through which adoptive families are assigned to children
D) The intentional process through which children and adolescents choose their peer group and friends

Question 25

Susie's family is extremely close-Even though she is 17 years old, she has no secrets from her parents and she knows everything about her parents' relationship.Her mother often confides in Susie about difficulties with Susie's father, including sexual difficulties.Likewise, Susie shares the intimate details of her dating life with her mother.There are almost no boundaries between Susie and her parents.According to the family theory perspective, the family is likely:

A) Enmeshed
B) Disengaged
C) Ontogenic
D) Functioning normally

Question 26

There are links between viewing violence on television and aggressive behavior.According to your book, research in this area suggests that:

A) It is a random connection: There is no causal connection between television violence and children's aggression
B) Younger children are more influenced by televised violence than are older children and adolescents
C) Certain characteristics of the violence (but not the child viewer) are related to the impact of the viewed violence
D) Certain characteristics of the violence and of the child viewer are associated with more of a connection between television violence and aggressive behavior

Question 27

The research on videogame violence and children's well-being is:

A) Clear cut-violent videogames are associated with higher rates of aggression
B) Complicated, partly because different researchers are finding different things
C) Surprisingly under-studied
D) Clear cut-violent videogames allow youth to release their inner aggression in a
D) Clear cut-violent videogames allow youth to release their inner aggression in a
Socially acceptable manner and thus are associated with lowered levels of
Aggression

Question 28

Three children from different families all have a depressed parent.One child shows symptoms of depression, one is withdrawn, and the third is diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder.What concept does this pattern illustrate?

A) Equifinality
B) Multifinality
C) Resilience
D) Nonshared environment

Question 29

A particular behavioral outcome may have many different sources.For example, oppositional behavior may be due to genetic predispositions or poor parental monitoring in a conflicted family environment.What concept does this pattern illustrate?

A) Equifinality
B) Multifinality
C) Resilience
D) Shared environment

Question 30

When children overcome adverse environments and achieve healthy developmental outcomes, they have shown:

A) Equifinality
B) Multifinality
C) Resilience
D) Resistance
D) Resistance

Question 31

Define a theory.Discuss the pros and cons of conducting theory-based research.

Question 32

Describe Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory as it relates to the development of psychopathology in children and adolescents.

Question 33

Discuss the patterns of involvement of mothers versus fathers in clinical child research and treatment.

Question 34

Discuss the different types of attachment.After describing each one, make sure that you describe the characteristics of the parents whose children experience that type of attachment and describe the outcomes of children based on earlier attachment style.

Question 35

Describe and discuss genotype, phenotype, and heritability.

Question 36

Choose three different theories of the development of psychopathology.Describe each theory and then provide the strengths and weaknesses of each theory.

Question 37

Outline a brief case study that you have created.Discuss the relevant points from three different theories, making sure to show how different theories would explain the development of specific problems.

Question 38

Describe the different contexts that impact the development of children.Make comments on the possible links to healthy versus unhealthy behavioral outcomes for each context.

Question 39

Choose one theory that you think best describes the development of psychopathology.Provide a description of the theory and delineate the evidence supporting this theory.

Question 40

List and describe four concepts from the theory of developmental psychopathology.