Deck 5: Risk Factors and Issues of Prevention

Question 1

Characteristics, events, or processes the increase the likelihood that children will develop psychological problems are called:

A) Protective factors
B) Risk factors
C) Phenotypic factors
D) Psychometric factors

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Risk factors are usually:

A) Individual characteristics within the child
B) Characteristics within the family
C) Characteristics within the school or community
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

An infant's personal and individual style in relation to the frequency of expression of needs and emotions is known as:

A) Temperament
B) Attachment
C) Triangulation
D) Protective

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Temperament is categorized into the following:

A) Easy, slow-to-warm-up, and difficult
B) Secure and insecure
C) Primary, secondary, and tertiary
D) Internal, familial, and community

Question 5

Which of the following is considered a risk factor?

A) Secure attachment
B) Difficult temperament
C) Slow-to-warm-up temperament
D) Both b and c are correct

Question 6

The relationship that develops between the infant and the caregiver over the first year of life is the:

A) Genotype
B) Temperament
C) Attachment
D) Phenotype

Question 7

Anxious insecure attachment styles are:

A) Considered an actual psychopathology themselves
B) Very common in infants
C) Associated with more emotional/behavioral problems in childhood
D) All of the above

Question 8

Examples of risk factors related to genetic predisposition include:

A) Attachment
B) Parental psychopathology
C) Self-esteem
D) All of the above

Question 9

Clinically disturbed individuals tend to become involved with and have children with other individuals who are clinically disturbed.This patterns is known as:

A) Assortative mating
B) Predetermined mating
C) Preferential mating
D) Birds of a feather mating

Question 10

Parental depression is associated with internalizing problems in children:

A) Consistently
B) If there are high levels of interparental conflict
C) If there are low levels of interparental conflict
D) Very rarely

Question 11

Approximately how many children who lose a parent to death show a diagnosable mental disorder after the death?

A) 1 out of 5 (20%)
B) 2 out of 5 (40%)
C) 3 out of 5 (60%)
D) 4 out of 5 (80%)

Question 12

Children who lose a parent to death are more likely to show problems if:

A) The parental death was due to a long-term illness
B) The child had a conflicted relationship with the deceased parent
C) The child had a stable, loving, and close relationship with the deceased parent
D) Both a and b are correct

Question 13

The connections between interparental conflict and children's emotional/behavioral problems have been found:

A) Whether or not parents are still together
B) Internationally
C) Are especially strong when parents put children between them in the argument
D) All of the above

Question 14

The research studies by Dr.E.Mark Cummings, where research assistants get into arguments with children's parents or other research assistants, are designed to:

A) Explore parents' coping mechanisms in the face of conflict
B) Put children at risk for emotional/behavioral problems
C) Explore the causal links between interparental conflict and children's emotional/behavioral problems
D) All of the above

Question 15

When a child is put in the middle of the parents' arguments, it is known as:

A) Triangulation
B) Assortative mating
C) Protection from one parent against the other
D) Circular questioning

Question 16

Who is most at risk for physical abuse?

A) Boys more so than girls
B) Girls more so than boys
C) Boys under the age of 12 and girls over the age of 12
D) Girls under the age of 12 and boys over the age of 12

Question 17

Which of the children below is most at risk for physical abuse (based on epidemiological studies)?

A) 14-year-old, Bob, who lives with both his mother and his father in a middle-class neighborhood
B) 8-year-old, Amy, who has adequate intelligence and lives with her single mother
C) 6-year-old, Jim, who has an IQ of approximately 40 due to Downs Syndrome
D) 11-year-old, Ray, who lives with his caretaking grandmother

Question 18

Children who are physically abused are:

A) More likely to abuse their own children
B) Less likely to abuse their own children
C) Equally as likely to abuse their own children
D) None of the above

Question 19

Childhood physical abuse is associated with the development of:

A) Depression
B) Conduct disorder
C) Rejection by peers
D) All of the above

Question 20

There are connections between child physical abuse and problematic brain development in children.Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) This connection is almost solely due to children who sustain traumatic brain injuries during the abuse
B) This connection does not appear to be due to brain injuries sustained during the abuse
C) New technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be able to help identify physical abuse due to the problematic brain development in some children
D) Both b and c are correct

Question 21

In a study Walker and colleagues that explored the connections between having a parent diagnosed with schizophrenia and being physically abused, there were three groups of children that were studied: Children who had a parent with schizophrenia (but who were not abused), children who were abused (but did not have a parent with schizophrenia), and children who were both abused and who had a parent diagnosed with schizophrenia.This study found that:

A) Children who had a parent with schizophrenia showed more emotional/behavioral problems than children in the other groups
B) Children who were abused showed more emotional/behavioral problems than children in the other groups
C) Children who were both abused and who had a parent diagnosed with schizophrenia showed more emotional/behavioral problems than children in the other groups
D) There were no differences between children in all three groups

Question 22

When compared with children who are not physically challenged, children with physical disabilities:

A) Are at increased risk for physical abuse and sexual abuse
B) Are at increased risk for sexual abuse, but not physical abuse
C) Are at increased risk for physical abuse, but not sexual abuse
D) Are not at increased risk for physical and sexual abuse

Question 23

Which of the following factors related to sexual abuse is associated with increased risk for emotional/behavioral problems?

A) Longer periods of time during which the abuse is perpetrated
B) The perpetrator is a father or father-figure
C) Use of physical force or coercion
D) All of the above

Question 24

Which theory highlights the following four factors as being central to the adverse outcomes of sexual abuse: Exposure to age-inappropriate sexual behaviors, feelings of powerlessness, being stigmatized, and feelings of betrayal?

A) Stimulus-Organism-Response-Consequence (S-O-R-C) model
B) Traumagenic dynamics model
C) Transactional model
D) Family systems model

Question 25

Terrorizing, missocializing, and isolating are all examples of:

A) Physical abuse
B) Sexual abuse
C) Psychological maltreatment
D) Neglect

Question 26

When compared with physical abuse and sexual abuse, psychological abuse:

A) Is almost only seen in children from impoverished neighborhoods
B) Is associated with worse outcomes for children
C) Has received much less research attention
D) All of the above

Question 27

Which school transition appears to be most difficult for youth?

A) From preschool to elementary school
B) From elementary school to middle school
C) From middle school to high school
D) From high school to college

Question 28

The School Transitional Environment Program (STEP) was instituted in certain schools where there were higher risk factors for the development of emotional/behavioral problems.What type of program was it?

A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Therapy program

Question 29

The connections between childhood psychopathology and living in an impoverished environment:

A) Are well established
B) Are particularly true when children have other risk factors (such as harsh or inconsistent parenting)
C) Are particularly true when the neighborhood has high levels of violence
D) All of the above are true

Question 30

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The large majority of poor children in the United States (70%) live in families where a family-member is employed
B) In a survey of first- and second-graders in the inner city of Washington, D.C., the large majority (90%) had witnessed at least one arrest
C) Children who witness violence within the family are at ten times greater risk for psychopathology than children from nonviolent homes
D) The effects of poverty appear to impact African American children to an even larger degree than children from other ethnic and racial backgrounds

Question 31

Allostatic load:

A) Is a concept that has been discredited by recent research
B) Refers to the difficulties in multiple physiological systems that occur when individuals face chronic stressors
C) Is considered the "wear and tear" on the body after multiple, chronic stressors
D) Both b and c are correct

Question 32

Define temperament and describe the three primary categories of temperament.What are the long-term outcomes of children with each of these types of temperament?

Question 33

Describe the four types of attachment.Discuss the outcomes in childhood of children who experienced these different types of attachment during childhood.

Question 34

Describe the latest research findings on interparental conflict.

Question 35

When children lose a parent to death, what are the pre-death characteristics that are associated with fewer problems in children after the parents' death?

Question 36

Which characteristics of children make them more vulnerable to physical abuse?

Question 37

Which characteristics of children make them more vulnerable to sexual abuse?

Question 38

Describe the four factors associated with the Traumagenic Dynamics Model of sexual abuse.

Question 39

Define psychological abuse and provide four types of psychological abuse.Discuss the outcome of children who experience psychological abuse.

Question 40

Discuss risk factors that are evident in school systems.

Question 41

What are the research findings on poverty, community violence, and increased risk for emotional/behavioral problems?