Deck 9: Mental Health

Question 1

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) and International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition (ICD-10) are

A) classification systems for disorders.
B) pharmaceutical mental reference manuals.
C) mental health treatment systems.
D) anti-anxiolytic treatment modalities.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Complete the following statement. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2013), the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) defines a mental disorder as

A) a syndrome characterised by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour.
B) a collection of psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.
C) a socially deviant set of behaviours (political, religious, or sexual) that results in conflicts between the individual and society.
D) reflecting an expectable or culturally approved responses to a common stressor or loss, such as the death of a loved one.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Currently, which Indigenous group is the best documented in terms of mental health history?

A) Registered Indian people
B) Urban Status Indian people
C) Rural Métis people
D) Inuit people

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following are causal factors for poor mental health?

A) Community dependence on government
B) Racism
C) Residential schools
D) All of the above

Question 5

Causes for poor mental health among Indigenous peoples include all of the following except

A) community interdependence on government.
B) loss of traditional ceremonies.
C) geographic isolation.
D) racism.

Question 6

Manifestations of poor mental health include

A) post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD).
B) low suicide rate.
C) substance abuse.
D) a and c

Question 7

Canadian sources for data on addictions and Indigenous youth are

A) an up-to-date realistic look at the mental health of Indigenous youth in Canada.
B) overestimates of addictions and mental health conditions of Indigenous youth in Canada.
C) underestimates of addictions and mental health conditions of Indigenous youth in Canada.
D) an unrealistic look at the mental health of Indigenous youth in Canada.

Question 8

In November 2000, the internationally known mental health crisis affecting the Labrador Innu community of Davis Inlet deteriorated to the point where

A) as many as 50 children, some as young as five, could be found in the woods sniffing gas on any given night of the week.
B) the Innu leaders called on the Canadian government to take away their children and place them into addiction treatment programs.
C) Health Canada, working with the Innu and the Newfoundland government, initiated treatment programs developed for long-term solutions since many of the children who were sent away for treatment resumed sniffing gas on their return
D) all of the above

Question 9

"Holism" in health must be a central goal of Indigenous treatment centres, and not only of healthcare professionals, citizens and their governments, because

A) they are omitted as part of the public infrastructure system.
B) they should deal with the other issues faced by Indigenous peoples, such as the impacts of the residential schools and sexual abuse, and not just alcohol abuse.
C) they should implement government developed mental health programs.
D) health outcomes following alcohol treatment help them in dealing with their other issues.

Question 10

Causes of accidents and injury include

A) cultural and material losses.
B) reckless and potentially self-destructive behaviour.
C) drug and alcohol use.
D) all of the above.

Question 11

One reason many suicides have a direct link to depression might be due to

A) linkages to legal fears.
B) individuals being over-extended.
C) individuals being underdiagnosed.
D) individuals lacking information.

Question 12

Studies have determined that depression has direct links to

A) reduced levels of suicide, alcoholism, violence.
B) culturally insecure communities which have lower suicide rates.
C) acculturation and residential school syndrome.
D) all of the above.

Question 13

All of the following are factors that affect the mental health of Indigenous people except

A) racism.
B) poverty.
C) past experiences.
D) genetics.

Question 14

Which of the following statements best defines acculturation?

A) The process of passing on a culture from one generation to the next
B) A form of inclusion whereby an individual is brought in to participate in the dominant culture through the process of change in one's beliefs or traditional practices
C) A form of rejection whereby an individual is denied the opportunity to participate in the dominant culture
D) A reality that a variety of injustices have been committed against different groups

Question 15

Since Confederation, the Canadian government sought to

A) displace the Indigenous population of Canada.
B) suppress Indigenous cultural resistance by any means, particularly through military force.
C) use various approaches to change the beliefs and traditional practices of Indigenous peoples and integrate them into the Canadian population.
D) keep the Indigenous population politically separate and distinct from the non-Indigenous population.

Question 16

Many First Nations and Inuit children were sent to church administered Indian residential schools across Canada to

A) educate them well enough to sign treaties with the government in colonial times.
B) make Indigenous people into "normal" Canadians.
C) make them recognise the authority of the Canadian, territorial, or provincial governments.
D) force them to surrender their lands in treaties.

Question 17

An example of indoctrination as it applies to Indigenous peoples is

A) residential schools
B) evolution of the Métis culture.
C) participation of Indigenous people in the fur trade.
D) use of traditional medicine in the biomedical system.

Question 18

Which of the following statements best defines indoctrination?

A) The process of defining one's culture from one generation to the next
B) A form of acceptance in which individuals are given the opportunity to participate.
C) Forcing people to accept new beliefs uncritically
D) The reality that a variety of opportunities to adapt are available to different groups

Question 19

The belief that some cultures, because of their supposed belief in their own superiority and power, have the right to incorporate other cultures is called

A) cultural imperialism.
B) assimilation.
C) segregation.
D) annihilation.

Question 20

The process of two or more cultures adapting to one another so that people from both respective cultures can interact with each other is called

A) acculturation.
B) assimilation.
C) segregation.
D) annihilation.

Question 21

Treatment centres for addictions for Indigenous communities are more successful if

A) they utilise harm reduction philosophy.
B) they utilise abstinence philosophy.
C) are based on traditional healing practices.
D) are based on Western healing practices.

Question 22

The Canadian residential school system left a legacy of

A) successfully preparing graduates for the workforce.
B) systematic abuse and neglect of Indigenous children.
C) excellent conditions widely imitated in other school systems in Canada.
D) high quality education, but primitive facilities and inedible food.

Question 23

Residential schools were created to

A) preserve Indigenous traditions and language.
B) force Indigenous children to assimilate into the non-Indigenous population.
C) provide a place for homeless orphans to go to school.
D) make jobs for unemployed teachers.

Question 24

Residential school syndrome is

A) a pattern of repressed memories tied to negative experiences in residential schools.
B) a mental disorder closely related to PTSD.
C) not very common.
D) a physical disability caused by exposure to tuberculosis in residential schools.

Question 25

Primary behaviours associated with fetal alcohol syndrome disorder (FASD) are a result of

A) the learning environment.
B) structural/chemical changes in the brain.
C) social skill development.
D) lack of structure in the environment.

Question 26

Secondary characteristics associated with FASD are a result of

A) environment.
B) physical disabilities.
C) structural changes to the brain during fetal development.
D) chemical changes to the brain after birth.

Question 27

Fetal alcohol syndrome disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term encompassing fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE). FASD

A) is 100% preventable.
B) is the leading cause of developmental delays in infants/children.
C) has links to binge drinking during pregnancy.
D) all of the above.

Question 28

Which statement is true about patterns of drinking (alcohol) in Indigenous communities?

A) A tendency towards daily overuse of alcohol
B) A tendency towards little alcohol use
C) A tendency towards binge drinking rather than daily drinking
D) A tendency towards daily binge drinking

Question 29

The traumatic event in 1992 that lead the Mushuau Innu and the Innu Nation of Davis Inlet to hold an internal enquiry that resulted in a seven-point long-term plan was when

A) two community members drowned on a fishing trip.
B) three teenagers died drinking antifreeze.
C) five children died in a motor vehicle crash.
D) six children died in house fire.

Question 30

Overcrowding and substandard housing affects which segments of the Indigenous population?

A) Inuit
B) On-reserve First Nations
C) Off-reserve First Nations
D) Métis
E) All of the Above

Question 31

In terms of violence, and not unintentional accidents, what is one of the leading causes of death/injury among Indigenous peoples?

A) Poisonings
B) Gunshot wounds
C) Diabetes
D) Beating (without a weapon)

Question 32

Some studies suggest that though less than 1 in 10 of non-Indigenous women are abused, in contrast the ratio of Indigenous women being abused is

A) 1:1.
B) 1:2.
C) 1:3.
D) 1:4.

Question 33

Most Indigenous women do not come forwards to report the acts of violence committed against them because

A) they don't view the abuse as violence unless they are abused at least 10 times.
B) they are offered a chance to begin their lives again in a different community.
C) they feel support either from the Canadian justice system or from Indigenous leaders.
D) the convicted offenders are returned to their communities.

Question 34

Child abuse is usually perpetrated by

A) teachers in residential schools.
B) older children.
C) family members.
D) none of the above.

Question 35

Child abuse comes in many forms and may be classified as physical, sexual, emotional and spiritual abuse. Tackling the issue of violence directed towards children has proven to be problematic in that

A) it often involves multiple abuses by multiple perpetrators.
B) it is often related to alcohol and drug abuse.
C) it often is complicated by custody and access issues.
D) all of the above.

Question 36

Inuit children are more likely to abuse what substance?

A) Alcohol
B) Prescription drugs
C) Non-prescription drugs
D) Solvents

Question 37

The most commonly abused substance among Indigenous youth is

A) tobacco.
B) morphine.
C) codeine.
D) crystal meth.

Question 38

Half of Inuit who smoke started at what age?

A) As adults
B) Younger than age 14 years
C) The teen years
D) Younger than 7 years of age

Question 39

Addiction in Indigenous communities is a major cause of

A) suicide.
B) child abuse.
C) domestic violence.
D) all of the above.

Question 40

Which of the following are considered to impact the treatment of mental illness in a population?
I) Access to considerable resources iii. Depression
Ii) Cycle of sexual abuse or physical abuse iv. History of alcohol/substance abuse

A) None of the above
B) i, ii and iii
C) All of the above
D) i and iii

Question 41

In December 2000, Health Canada, in partnership with the Innu and the Newfoundland government, promised

A) to initiate programs for entire families in Davis Inlet.
B) to build a permanent treatment centre in Labrador.
C) to create long-term solutions for children who resumed sniffing gas on their return.
D) all of the above.

Question 42

Studies have determined that the causes of accidents and injury are the result of all of the following except

A) adverse psycho-social and economic factors.
B) cultural and material losses.
C) reckless and potentially self-destructive behaviour.
D) transportation and use of firearms.

Question 43

Some of the consequences of accidents and injuries include hospitalisation, increased healthcare costs, long-term disability and death by injury occurring

A) two times as likely.
B) four times as likely.
C) six times as likely.
D) eight times as likely.

Question 44

Indigenous suicide victims tend to be

A) male youths and young men.
B) female youths and young women.
C) elders.
D) alcoholic parents.

Question 45

Suicides account for up to a quarter of all injury deaths in the Indigenous population. The following are characteristics exhibited by females versus males when the act of suicide is committed

A) Hanging and firearms are most commonly used by males
B) Hanging and drug overdose are most commonly used by males
C) Hanging and firearms are most commonly used by females
D) Hanging and cluster suicides are most commonly used by females

Question 46

According to the study conducted by Tjepkema and Kumar (2019), Canada's highest rate of suicide is

A) among terminally ill non-Indigenous people.
B) among Indigenous male youth and young men.
C) among Indigenous female youth and women.
D) among chronically ill First Nations women.

Question 47

The act of suicide is not evenly distributed and indeed most communities have none, or very few suicides occurring. This means that suicide rates are

A) much, much higher in the few Indigenous communities where they are concentrated.
B) much, much less evenly distributed in the general Canadian population.
C) negatively correlated with retention of languages and practices.
D) a and c

Question 48

What are the different characteristics exhibited by males versus females when the act of suicide is committed?

A) Males tend to be less successful than females.
B) Males tend to be less violent than females.
C) Males tend to overdose whereas females tend to hang themselves.
D) Males tend to be more violent than females.

Question 49

What are the key stressors identified that make Indigenous individuals more susceptible to committing suicide over non-Indigenous individuals?

A) The key stressors are relationship problems and depression.
B) The key stressors are mental illness and relationship problems
C) The key stressors are depression and financial problems.
D) The key stressors are mental illness and criminal behaviour.

Question 50

Suicide rates vary widely from one Indigenous community to another and the impact of suicide outbreaks can be devastating. Responses of crisis intervention to suicides in communities

A) is often driven by the news cycle.
B) are not based on valid measures of need.
C) are not applied equitably.
D) all of the above.

Question 51

The roots of the problem with regard to the lack of support to Indigenous communities with mental health needs are due to

A) federal/provincial jurisdiction issues.
B) the lack of strategies in identifying mental health issues at an early stage.
C) the lack of support and remuneration available for appropriate mental health services.
D) all of the above.

Question 52

Indigenous women and girls are victims of suicide at much higher rates than non-Indigenous women and girls, but the ratio is much lower than for that of Indigenous males.

Question 53

Poor mental health may be demonstrated in some Indigenous communities through high rates of injury and accidents, violence and suicide.

Question 54

One reason why there have been mixed results in addressing some Indigenous communities' poor mental health outcomes is that there have been many attempts in forcing a biomedical mental disease classification and treatment system.

Question 55

It is uncommon for suicides to occur in clusters at times.

Question 56

Alcohol use in the Indigenous population is high, but not remarkably higher than in the non-Indigenous population.

Question 57

The money allotted to Davis Inlet in Labrador for relocation by the government has had a significantly positive impact on the health of the population.

Question 58

Secondary characteristics of FASD are a result of brain damage caused by prenatal consumption of alcohol

Question 59

Residential schools were responsible for a significant amount of the mental health issues in the Indigenous population.

Question 60

Assaults are greater within Indigenous populations than among those involving non-Indigenous people and are characterized by use of firearms as the weapon of choice.

Question 61

Suicide rates are much higher among Indigenous women and girls than among non-Indigenous women and girls.

Question 62

Although suicide rates for Indigenous people are higher than non-Indigenous people, discuss the factors that contribute to the LOWER rate of suicide in some Indigenous communities.

Question 63

How and why did the goal of the Canadian government, which was to make the Indigenous population a part of the Canadian polity, lead to the poor mental health outcomes experienced by some of the Indigenous communities today?

Question 64

Mental health issues affect all Canadians. However, Indigenous children and youths have higher rates of addictions that are linked to higher rates of suicide, substance misuse, depression, etc.
Explain three causal factors that have led Indigenous children and youth to experience higher rates of mental health issues.