Deck 13: Disorders of Basic Physical Functions

Question 1

It is common for children to exhibit some difficulty in acquiring appropriate habits of elimination, sleep, and eating.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The view that enuresis is the result of emotional or psychiatric disturbance is well supported.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Family histories of youngsters with enuresis rarely reveal a number of relatives with the same problem.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Encopresis refers to the passage of feces into the clothing or other unacceptable area when this is not due to physical disorder.

Question 5

A majority of children with encopresis are constipated.

Question 6

Research indicates that after age 11, the hours a young person spends asleep decreases significantly, particularly during the week.

Question 7

Parasomnias involve difficulty with initiating and maintaining sleep.

Question 8

Research indicates that good sleepers do not wake up during the night.

Question 9

Obstructive sleep apnea can be diagnosed through a clinical interview.

Question 10

Research and clinical observations suggest that sleepwalking is due to nervous system immaturity and is therefore unaffected by psychological factors.

Question 11

A majority of children who sleepwalk exhibit an EEG pattern common to children during the first year of life and uncommon to children older than age 3.

Question 12

Sleep terrors occur during the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep and at fairly random times during the child's sleeping pattern.

Question 13

Research by Muris et al. (2001) indicates that parents tend to overestimate their children's nighttime fears.

Question 14

Medications are the best treatment for sleep disorders.

Question 15

Children's feeding behaviors are a common concern for at least 50 percent of parents.

Question 16

Rumination refers to a disorder of eating in which a child's concerns about eating certain foods result in anxiety and vomiting.

Question 17

Pica is frequently observed among developmentally delayed youngsters.

Question 18

One feeding disorder associated with infancy or early childhood is sometimes referred to as "failure to thrive."

Question 19

About 1 to 5 percent of pediatric hospital admissions are due to failure to thrive.

Question 20

Poor attachment, parental psychopathology, low birth weight, and developmental disability have all been correlated with failure to thrive.

Question 21

According to the Centers for Disease Control (2010), the rate of obesity in children and adolescents has steadily declined since the mid 1980s.

Question 22

Aside from health issues, children who are obese have few problems.

Question 23

Parents often model poor eating and exercise habits.

Question 24

Research indicates that in order to be successful, behavioral treatment for weight loss with youth must include a family or parental component.

Question 25

Subclinical concerns with weight and unusual eating behaviors are increasingly common in younger adolescents.

Question 26

Research suggests that African American and Hispanic females report less body satisfaction than European American females.

Question 27

Over 50 percent of cases of anorexia nervosa end in death.

Question 28

There is some evidence that eating conflicts, struggles with food, and unpleasant meals in childhood are associated with symptoms of anorexia in adolescence.

Question 29

Early sexual abuse puts a child at risk for psychopathology, including eating disorders.

Question 30

Our society's valuing of slim and young bodies likely contributes to the development and prevalence of eating disorders.

Question 31

Research indicates that body image in young men is seemingly uninfluenced by culture.

Question 32

Families of people with eating disorders are reported to have a higher incidence of weight problems, but are less likely to have physical illnesses, affective disorders, or alcoholism.

Question 33

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) does not directly target eating symptoms, but addresses interpersonal deficits, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions and grief.

Question 34

Antidepressants have recently been found to be helpful in maintaining weight in anorexic patients.

Question 35

Prevention programs designed to help young girls to recognize and challenge cultural messages have been proven to increase body esteem.

Question 36

The usual sequence of control over elimination is

A) nighttime bowel control, nighttime bladder control, daytime bowel control, nighttime bladder control.
B) nighttime bowel control, daytime bowel control, nighttime bladder control, daytime bladder control.
C) nighttime bowel control, daytime bowel control, daytime bladder control, nighttime bladder control.
D) daytime bowel control, daytime bladder control, nighttime bowel control, nighttime bladder control.

Question 37

The lack of urinary controls is usually not diagnosed as enuresis prior to the age of

A) 18 months.
B) 3 years.
C) 5 years.
D) 10 years.

Question 38

A 5-year-old boy is referred to a clinic for the treatment of enuresis. He wets his bed at night, but remains dry during the daytime. He does not exhibit any other behavior problems. His mother reports that her son slept through the night without wetting for about a year, or until his baby sister was born. The boy would probably be described as exhibiting

A) nocturnal and secondary enuresis.
B) diurnal and secondary enuresis.
C) nocturnal and primary enuresis.
D) aggressive enuresis.

Question 39

Which of the following statements regarding enuresis is accurate?

A) Prevalence of enuresis increases with age.
B) Boys and girls are equally likely to have enuresis.
C) Elevated levels of antidiuretic hormones are associated with enuresis.
D) Reduced bladder capacity may be associated with enuresis.

Question 40

The hypothesis that enuresis is a disorder of sleep arousal refers to the idea that

A) the child's wetting causes arousal, thus interrupting sleep.
B) the child with enuresis is an unusually deep sleeper.
C) the child is sexually aroused by dreams and this results in wetting.
D) repeated bed wetting leads to disruption of the sleep-wake cycle.

Question 41

The medication most frequently employed in the treatment of enuresis is

A) librium.
B) diuretics.
C) desmopressin acetate.
D) imipramine.

Question 42

Which of the following statements regarding the urine-alarm system is accurate?

A) There is little research support for this approach.
B) The system works by sounding an alarm at given periods during the night, thus waking the child before he or she urinates.
C) The system is effective in a majority of cases.
D) The system has been found to be more expensive than medication.

Question 43

The treatment program for enuresis developed by Houts and his colleagues is known as

A) the Desmopressin Program.
B) Full Bladder Training.
C) Full Spectrum Home Training.
D) the Retention Control Program.

Question 44

Results of research, such as that by Houts and his colleagues, suggest that the prevention of relapses in treating enuresis is facilitated by

A) overlearning.
B) covert conditioning.
C) treating younger children.
D) the addition of verbal psychotherapy.

Question 45

Most treatments of encopresis

A) combine medical and psychodynamic management.
B) combine medical and behavioral management.
C) combine behavioral and psychodynamic management.
D) avoid the use of enemas.

Question 46

Current treatments for encopresis

A) are not very successful.
B) try to avoid parental involvement.
C) are likely to include positive reinforcement for appropriate toileting behavior and being clean.
D) are initially successful, but relapse rates are high.

Question 47

Which of the following statements regarding normal sleep patterns is correct?

A) There is considerable individual variation in what would be considered normal sleep.
B) The amount of time spent in REM sleep increases as we age.
C) The sequence (pattern) in which various sleep stages occur remains the same from birth through early adolescence.
D) EEG waves are faster during the deepest part of sleep.

Question 48

The two broad phases of sleep are

A) childhood and adult.
B) rapid eye movement and nonrapid eye movement.
C) EEG and non-EEG.
D) nocturnal and diurnal.

Question 49

Surveys suggest that approximately _______ percent of infants and younger children experience some form of sleep problem that is disturbing to the family.

A) 5
B) 15
C) 25
D) 45

Question 50

Sleep disorders are usually classified into two major categories

A) difficulties in initiation and maintenance and difficulties in arousal and transition.
B) insomnias and hypersomnias.
C) nightmares and dreams.
D) nightmares and night terrors.

Question 51

A child experiences difficulty regarding arousal from sleep and transitions between sleep stages. These problems fall in the category of

A) REM sleep.
B) non-REM sleep.
C) dyssomnia.
D) parasomnia.

Question 52

Obstructive sleep apnea is

A) rare in children in adolescents.
B) treated with stimulant medication.
C) easily recognizable by parents and professionals.
D) characterized by loud snoring, pauses and difficulty breathing, restlessness and sweating during sleep.

Question 53

Sleepwalking

A) is always followed by the child achieving full consciousness.
B) is clearly not a physical danger since it occurs only among very agile children.
C) is probably the acting out of a dream.
D) occurs primarily in the first one to three hours of sleep.

Question 54

Regarding sleepwalking,

A) approximately 1 to 6 percent of children experience isolated episodes of walking in their sleep.
B) sleepwalking disorder occurs in approximately 15 percent of children.
C) it appears to be influenced by insufficient sleep, changes in sleep routines and settings and stress.
D) no genetic component is evident.

Question 55

A sleeping child suddenly sits upright in bed and screams. The child still appears to be sleeping, but shows obvious physiological signs of distress and appears disoriented. Eventually, the child returns to sleep without fully awakening and has no memory of this event the next day. The child has experienced

A) a nightmare.
B) a sleep terror.
C) insomnia.
D) an anxiety attack.

Question 56

Sleep terrors

A) occur during REM sleep.
B) usually occur about 2 hours into sleep.
C) are quite common.
D) are remembered for their vivid dreams.

Question 57

Nightmares

A) occur during REM sleep.
B) occur during the first third of the night.
C) are quite rare.
D) are unrelated to daytime anxieties.

Question 58

The differentiation between children's nightmares and sleep terrors includes which of the following?

A) Nightmares occur during non-REM sleep, whereas sleep terrors occur during REM sleep.
B) During nightmares the child is easy to arouse and responsive to the environment, whereas during sleep terrors the child is difficult to arouse and largely unresponsive to the environment.
C) There is limited or no memory for nightmares, whereas the contents of sleep terrors may be remembered fairly clearly.
D) There is intense physiological arousal during nightmares, whereas there is only moderate physiological arousal during sleep terrors.

Question 59

Which of the following interventions for the problems of bedtime refusal, difficulty falling asleep, and nighttime wakenings are supported by research?

A) Punishment
B) Bedtime routines.
C) Scheduled awakenings
D) Pharmacological treatments.

Question 60

___________ appears to be successful in the treatment of sleep terrors.

A) Scheduled awakenings
B) Family education
C) Play therapy
D) Pharmacological treatment

Question 61

Rumination is an eating disorder in which the youngster

A) worries about what kinds of foods to eat.
B) has concerns with weight and body image.
C) experiences anxiety when eating occurs outside of the home.
D) voluntarily regurgitates food or liquid.

Question 62

The most common explanation of rumination is that

A) it is the infant's way of worrying.
B) it is caused by an overindulgent mother.
C) it is associated with self stimulation and sensory deprivation in the environment.
D) the infant's immature nervous system doesn't experience the events as aversive.

Question 63

A child who habitually eats substances such as paint, dirt, and bugs would likely be described as displaying the disorder known as

A) pica.
B) rumination.
C) bulimia.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 64

The diagnosis of pica is made only after the child is 2 years old because

A) observation of behavior must cover at least a several-year period.
B) prior to this the symptoms associated with pica are characteristic of normally developing infants.
C) children cannot be interviewed prior to this age.
D) children do not feed themselves until they are 2.

Question 65

A young child exhibits a persistent failure to eat adequately that results in the child's failure to gain weight. This child would likely receive a diagnosis of

A) rumination disorder.
B) pica.
C) infantile anorexia.
D) feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood.

Question 66

Which of the following statements regarding childhood obesity is accurate?

A) There are no ethnic differences in regard to risk for childhood obesity.
B) Obesity is characterized by a body mass index at or above the 85^th percentile.
C) The prevalence of childhood obesity has decreased.
D) The rates of obesity have only increased in girls.

Question 67

Which of the following statements regarding childhood obesity is supported by research?

A) In a sample of inner city students, overweight children were more likely to be absent than normal weight children.
B) Children who are overweight are generally perceived as likeable and friendly.
C) Negative attitudes about obesity begin around puberty.
D) Any negative effects of obesity disappear after high school.

Question 68

In a study by Israel and Shapiro, parents of overweight children enrolled in a weight-loss program completed behavior problem checklists. In general, the results suggest that these overweight children have psychological difficulties to a ______ extent than do members of the general child population, but that the extent of their problems are ______ as those of children referred to clinics for psychological services.

A) greater; as great
B) greater; not as great
C) lesser; as great
D) lesser; not as great

Question 69

Current knowledge regarding the etiology of obesity suggests that

A) psychological factors are primary.
B) biological factors are primary.
C) social factors are primary.
D) the causes are probably multiple and complex.

Question 70

The results of the Israel et al. study of parent training and the treatment of obese children suggest that

A) parent training results in parents being overinvolved with their children and therefore the child is less successful.
B) the knowledge of child management skills is not enhanced by the addition of this specific training to a standard behavioral weight-loss program.
C) parent training results in superior maintenance of weight loss over a one-year follow-up period.
D) parent training produces improvements over the weight maintenance achieved by the standard treatment group at the end of treatment, but not at one year following treatment.

Question 71

The Israel et al. study examining the inclusion of enhanced self-management skills in the treatment of obese youngsters found that self-management training

A) resulted in poorer weight loss during treatment.
B) resulted in superior weight loss during treatment.
C) increased the likelihood of a youngster returning to pretreatment weight patterns following treatment.
D) reduced the likelihood of a youngster returning to pretreatment weight patterns following treatment.

Question 72

A young person eats more during an hour period than most people would be expected to eat during that period. She also reports that she was unable to control her eating during this period. This behavior is known as

A) a binge.
B) a purge.
C) bulimia.
D) anorexia.

Question 73

In conceptualizing eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, an important distinction that has received some support is

A) between restricting intake or purging.
B) between individuals diagnosed as anorexia nervosa whose weight is near normal and those with the diagnosis whose weight is 15 percent or more below ideal weight.
C) between individuals diagnosed with bulimia who binge and those who do not.
D) between pre- and post-menarchal females with anorexia.

Question 74

"Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified"

A) may be applied for binge eating disorder.
B) is not a DSM-IV diagnosis.
C) is not a DSM-IV diagnosis that can be applied to children or adolescents.
D) is a DSM-IV diagnosis only for males.

Question 75

An adolescent female whose ideal weight is 120 lbs. weighs 95 lbs. She repeatedly engages in self-induced vomiting and exhibits an intense fear of gaining weight. She claims she feels fat and is highly concerned with her body's shape. In addition, her menstruation has been disrupted and she has a number of other physical problems. According to DSM-IV she would most likely receive the diagnosis of

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) bulimia nervosa.
C) phobia.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 76

DSM-IV distinguishes between two types of anorexia known as

A) normal weight vs. underweight.
B) binging vs. purging.
C) binge-eating/purging vs. restricting.
D) primary vs. secondary.

Question 77

A young woman whose ideal weight is 105 pounds, weighs 110 pounds. She engages in recurrent episodes of binge eating and repeatedly fasts and engages in excessive exercise to prevent weight gain. The young woman's self-esteem is based primarily on how her body looks. She would most likely receive a DSM-IV diagnosis of

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) bulimia nervosa.
C) restructuring anorexia.
D) borderline obesity.

Question 78

DSM-IV distinguishes between two types of bulimia labeled as

A) anorexic and obese.
B) normal weight and overweight.
C) purging and nonpurging.
D) binging and nonbinging.

Question 79

Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of eating disorders is accurate?

A) Youth with "partial syndrome" or subclinical symptoms do not experience much impairment.
B) EDNOS is less common than anorexia and bulimia.
C) Females represent about 90 percent of all cases.
D) Anorexia nervosa is more commonly diagnosed than bulimia nervosa.

Question 80

Which of the following is true?

A) By the 4^th or 5^th grade many girls are worried about becoming overweight or desire to be thinner.
B) Young women in westernized culture are at no greater risk for eating disorders.
C) Co-occurring problems are rare.
D) The typical age of onset for eating disorders is 9-12 years of age.