Deck 12: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia

Question 1

Autism is classified by the DSM?IV as a pervasive psychotic disorder.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Autism spectrum disorder includes autism, childhood disintegrative disorder, and childhood schizophrenia.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

According to Kanner, the fundamental disturbance in autism is the inability to relate to people.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The three DSM-IV diagnostic features of autism are impaired communication, impaired social interaction, and restricted, stereotyped behaviors and interests.

Question 5

By definition, children with autism have insecure attachment.

Question 6

Although language deficits are common in youth with autism, those who acquire language are especially competent in the pragmatics of communication.

Question 7

Hyperlexia is when a child reads for hours on end in the form of an obsessive hobby.

Question 8

A youth who is disturbed by the sound of a vacuum cleaner may be displaying oversensitivity to stimuli.

Question 9

Jimmy is shown a toy car. He hyper-focuses on the wheels spinning them round and round. He does not use the car as a toy and ignores a role model trying to show him how to move the car around on the ground. This is an example of overselectivity.

Question 10

Approximately 70% of children with autism exhibit intellectual disability.

Question 11

Splinter skills are skills that are strikingly better than those seen in normally developing youth.

Question 12

On adaptive behavior scales, youth with autism and higher intelligence tend to have a mismatch between their intellectual abilities and their adaptive skills (adaptive skills lower than expected).

Question 13

Faux pas stories are designed to test adaptive behavior.

Question 14

Another term for theory of mind is mindblindness.

Question 15

There is evidence that youth with autism tend to process perceptual information in a more holistic, global way than do nonautistic children.

Question 16

Executive dysfunction is evident in toddlers and late preschool-age children with autism.

Question 17

Research by Totsika et al., (2011) found no differences in hyperactivity, emotional symptoms, or conduct problems between youth with autism and typically developing youth.

Question 18

The theory that "refrigerator" parenting causes autism is no longer accepted.

Question 19

Genetic studies imply that autism should be considered on a continuum (varying levels of severity) rather than conceptualized as categorical (yes or no).

Question 20

Advanced paternal age can increase the risk of autism.

Question 21

Later born children (e.g., third or fourth in a family) are more likely to have autism.

Question 22

About 25% of those with autism have seizure disorder.

Question 23

Current research supports the idea that the MMR vaccine is a possible cause of autism.

Question 24

Compared to autism, Asperger's disorder has a later age of onset.

Question 25

Social behavior in youth with Asperger's disorder tends to be active and odd; whereas in autism it is passive and aloof.

Question 26

According to the case study on Nicholas, the young boy with childhood disintegrative disorder, at 48 months of age his repetitive behaviors ceased, his social gaze increased and his spontaneous language remained the same.

Question 27

A "wait and see" approach to assessment of autism is recommended by the American Medical Association.

Question 28

The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is sensitive to the differences between autism and PDD-NOS.

Question 29

Research on the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), an early intervention program for autism, found that toddlers in the program demonstrated better adaptive skills than children who did not have intervention, but did not improve on language performance.

Question 30

Risperidone is used to reduce irritability, aggression, self-injury and temper tantrums.

Question 31

Goals for the first 2 to 4 weeks of treatment in the Young Autism Project included imitating speech sounds, labeling objects, and expanding self-help skills.

Question 32

Schriebman's (2000) summary of well established facts notes that intensive treatments for many hours a day and in many environments can be extremely effective.

Question 33

Nearly 40% of young adults with autism receive no services during the first few years after high school.

Question 34

A majority of schizophrenia cases are diagnosed before age 10.

Question 35

Hallucinations are false perceptions that occur in the absence of identifiable stimuli.

Question 36

Hearing a command such as "murder your mother" is an example of a delusion.

Question 37

When applied to schizophrenia, the term thought disorder refers to false beliefs such as the belief that someone intends to bring harm.

Question 38

With regard to the onset of childhood schizophrenia, nonpsychotic symptoms often occur prior to psychotic symptoms.

Question 39

A majority of children and adolescents with schizophrenia have good outcomes with only mild impairments.

Question 40

Schizophrenia is associated with risk for premature death.

Question 41

A relatively common finding is that the brain ventricles are larger than average in persons with schizophrenia.

Question 42

The COMT gene (chromosome 22) is implicated in dopamine regulation.

Question 43

Birth complications have been associated with enlarged ventricles.

Question 44

There is little evidence that psychosocial stress contributes to schizophrenia.

Question 45

Early identification and treatment has little impact on the outcome for schizophrenia.

Question 46

Clozapine, an anti-psychotic medication that is especially effective for children and adolescents with schizophrenia, carries a greater risk for serious side effects than other anti-psychotics.

Question 47

Who is credited with first describing infantile autism as a disorder different from other childhood disorders?

A) Kanner
B) Kraepelin
C) Lovaas
D) Rett

Question 48

The DSM-IV classifies autistic disorder under the category of

A) Childhood Disintegrative Disorders.
B) Childhood Psychoses.
C) Childhood Schizophrenias.
D) Pervasive Developmental Disorders.

Question 49

Which of the following is most likely for a very young child with autism?

A) They are overly visually responsive.
B) They often fail to respond to their names.
C) They crave touch and will often cling to their mothers.
D) They have an expressive gaze, even if they are mute.

Question 50

Autistic children have been found to show deficits in joint attention interactions. A clear example of a joint attention interaction is

A) expressing friendship by hugging a person.
B) expressing a command verbally by saying "be quiet."
C) showing especially high interest in a stimulus, for example, by visually attending to it.
D) drawing someone's attention to an object by pointing to it.

Question 51

Kevin's doctor is evaluating him for symptoms of autism. The doctor asks Kevin, "How are you today?" Kevin says, "How are you today?" This is possibly a sign of

A)repetitive behavior.
B)vocal tics.
C)echolalia.
D)low intelligence.

Question 52

Kyle's doctor is evaluating him for symptoms of autism. The doctor asks Kyle, "How are you today?" Kyle says, "He is fine." This might be a sign of

A) morphological deficits.
B) expressive language disorder.
C) auditory processing disorder.
D) pronoun reversal.

Question 53

About what percent of children with autism do not develop spoken language?

A) 30
B) 50
C) 65
D) 85

Question 54

Lower level repetitive sensorimotor behaviors include:

A) an obsession with numbers.
B) toe walking.
C) hoarding.
D) over focus on hobbies.

Question 55

With regard to the intelligence test performance of children with autism,

A) there is relative strength in visual-spatial ability.
B) there is relative strength in verbal ability.
C) scores are remarkably even across the different kinds of tasks.
D) most children with autism score somewhat above average.

Question 56

_______________ is the ability to infer mental states in others and in one's self.

A)Joint attention
B)Pragmatic communication
C)Central coherence
D)Theory of mind

Question 57

By what age do children typically have first-order theory of mind abilities?

A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 1 to 2 years
D) 3 to 4 years

Question 58

Brent appears to understand that Jim can understand some of what Ted is thinking. Brent thus seems to have which ability?

A) First-order theory of mind
B) Second-order theory of mind
C) First-order inhibition
D) Second-order inhibition

Question 59

Deficiencies in central coherence are demonstrated by children's inability to

A) plan ahead when problem solving.
B) pay attention to the task at hand.
C) integrate parts into wholes.
D) become attached to their caretakers.

Question 60

On the Wechsler intelligence measure, Kendra, who has autism, performs in the superior range on block design and the impaired range on every other subtest. This is indicative of her being able to see parts of design. However, this means she make be weak in

A) verbal abilities.
B) theory of the mind.
C) central coherence.
D) splinter skills.

Question 61

_____________ is a special awareness that persons have of each other that motivates them to communicate with the emotions and interests of others.

A) Intersubjectivity
B) Empathy
C) Sympathy
D) Objectivity

Question 62

Which of the following is true regarding children with autism?

A) They are more likely to exhibit minor physical anomalies
B) If they are clumsy (which is rare), they usually outgrow it my age 8
C) They are good eaters
D) They are less likely than typically developing youth to exhibit sleep problems

Question 63

Which of the following is true regarding the prevalence of autism?

A) The CDC (2012) indicates that 1 in 88 U.S. children has been diagnosed with autism
B) Males and females are equally likely to be diagnosed with autism
C) Autism is more prevalent in upper social classes
D) U.S. African American children are more likely to be diagnosed with autism

Question 64

Research on the developmental course of autism has revealed that

A)for most children the symptoms of autism are not evident until about age 6.
B)regression occurs in less than 5% of cases.
C)symptoms rarely persist into adulthood and most individuals with autism live independently.
D)higher intellectual ability is associated with better outcomes.

Question 65

Which of the following parts of the brain has been especially implicated in autism?

A) Medulla
B) Temporal lobe-limbic system
C) Pituitary gland
D) Hypothalamus

Question 66

Which has been found with regard to autism?

A) Low levels of serotonin in blood platelets
B) Unusually large brain size in toddlers
C) Reduced volume of gray and white tissue in the cerebellum
D) Elevated activity in the amygdala

Question 67

In regard to genetics, which of the following is true?

A) The concordance rate is higher in dizygotic twin pairs.
B) The rate of autism in the siblings of a child with autism is about the same as the rate in the general population.
C) A higher than expected rate for all pervasive developmental disabilities is found in families of children with autism.
D) Adoption studies have not supported a genetic relationship in autism.

Question 68

Asperger's disorder is characterized by:

A) significant language delay.
B) deficits in intelligence.
C) problems in social interaction.
D) adaptive behavior deficits in all areas.

Question 69

Which clinical manifestation best differentiates autism and Asperger's disorder?

A) Language skills
B) Stereotypic behaviors
C) Social impairments
D) Restricted interests

Question 70

Which pervasive developmental disorder is often viewed as high-functioning, or mild, autism?

A) Childhood disintegrative disorder
B) Asperger's disorder
C) Tuberous sclerosis
D) Rett's disorder

Question 71

PDD-NOS is diagnosed when

A)the child has impaired communication but strong social interaction skills.
B)the child is female with early onset.
C)the child shows a regressive pattern in development.
D)the child has impaired social interaction and either impaired communication or stereotyped behavior.

Question 72

Which of the following is true regarding childhood disintegrative disorder?

A) This diagnosis is more common than autism.
B) The impairments are generally mild compared to other pervasive developmental disorders.
C) These children are more likely to be mute and have very low IQ scores.
D) These children tend to improve over time.

Question 73

Shanda developed normally the first few months of life, but by 18 months she had slowed head growth and stereotyped hand movements. She became socially disengaged and lost language. Genetic testing revealed a mutation in the MECP2 gene. Shanda has

A)autism.
B)PDD-NOS.
C)childhood disintegrative disorder.
D)Rett syndrome.

Question 74

Treatment of autism with traditional antipsychotic medications

A) may result in adverse motor side effects.
B) is the primary treatment for this disorder.
C) aims at reducing levels of the opiates.
D) has proven to be effect for adolescents and adults with autism.

Question 75

In regard to Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT), which of the following is true?

A) Reducing aggression is the key component.
B) Intervention occurs in naturalistic settings and involves parents and teachers.
C) Activities are selected by the adult based on what the child needs to learn.
D) Treatment gains have occurred for targeted behaviors only.

Question 76

The Young Autism Project

A)found that participants receiving less than 10 hours a week of treatment performed as well as participants receiving 40 hours a week of treatment.
B)found no differences in IQ between participants receiving treatment and those not receiving treatment.
C)found that treatment gains were maintained for children who had received more intensive training.
D)found that all of the participants benefited from the treatment.

Question 77

The TEACCH intervention program

A) was initiated by professionals committed to psychoanalytic treatment.
B) is designed primarily for preschool-age children.
C) is widely recognized as having the strongest scientific design for evaluation research.
D) is a comprehensive education, family, and community intervention for autistic children.

Question 78

With regard to the education of children with autism,

A) the TEACCH program is now mandated by the federal government.
B) there is wide agreement that full school inclusion is the best setting.
C) autism is not included in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
D) peers can be active participants in intervention and model good social behavior.

Question 79

An example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia is

A) a hallucination.
B) lack of goal-directed activity.
C) disorganized, loose speech.
D) a delusion.

Question 80

An example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia is

A) lack of emotion.
B) lack of goal-directed behavior.
C) disorganized speech.
D) language that contains little information.