Deck 9: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Question 1

There is cross cultural agreement on a two factor model of ADHD.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The DSM IV permits diagnosticians to assign people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder to three subgroups based on two behavioral factors.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Children with ADHD are unable to pay attention even when a task is interesting and they are motivated.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Selective attention is the ability to continue to focus on a task over time.

Question 5

Dane, Schacher and Tannock (2000) found that in school, children with ADHD were as active as their peers in the morning but became significantly more active and fidgety in the afternoon.

Question 6

The stop-signal task has been used to assess deficits in inhibition.

Question 7

Children with ADHD are more likely to experience motor incoordination.

Question 8

Kent and colleagues (2011) found that adolescents with ADHD were 8 times more likely to drop out of high school than teens without ADHD.

Question 9

Approximately 10-35 percent of students with ADHD fail to graduate high school.

Question 10

Barkley et al., 2002 notes that ADHD is often a disorder where children fail to perform a task even though they have learned how to do it.

Question 11

Children with ADHD-combined type often underestimate their social competence.

Question 12

Research indicates that parents and teachers tend to be more controlling and directive with ADHD children than with normal children.

Question 13

Children with ADHD are at higher risk for accidents and injuries.

Question 14

It is unusual for parents to report sleep problems in children with ADHD.

Question 15

Older youth with ADHD are at greater risk for automobile accidents.

Question 16

Maternal smoking is correlated to ADHD-C but not ADHD-I.

Question 17

The case study of Tim (the young male with ADHD-I) reported in the textbook indicates that academic problems appear to worsen as these children move to higher grades.

Question 18

Research indicates that the presence of ADHD can lead to the development of a reading disability in a child.

Question 19

ADHD often co-occurs with oppositional and conduct-disordered behavior, but it appears to protect children from anxiety and depression.

Question 20

ADHD co-occurs with bipolar disorder in 50-75 percent of cases.

Question 21

Research by Miller, Nigg and Miller (2009) indicates that African American youth have fewer ADHD symptoms than Caucasian youth which is why they are less likely to receive treatment.

Question 22

Most cases of ADHD are diagnosed during the elementary school years.

Question 23

Follow-up studies of ADHD indicate that a sizable percent of children exhibit heterotypic continuity of symptoms.

Question 24

Barkley believes that the basic deficit in the predominantly inattentive type of ADHD is an inability to inhibit behavior.

Question 25

Children with ADHD often underestimate the passage of time.

Question 26

The part of the brain most strongly implicated in the etiology of ADHD is the frontal-striatal area.

Question 27

Research indicates that the brains of children diagnosed with ADHD are overaroused.

Question 28

Stimulant medications often work by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine.

Question 29

Shaw and colleagues (2011) demonstrated that the rate of cortical thinning, a sign of brain maturation, was delayed for children with ADHD, particularly when the symptoms were severe.

Question 30

Research into the genetic etiology of ADHD has revealed that heritability rates are in the .25 to .35 range.

Question 31

Recent genome research by Williams et al., (2010) found no difference in the frequency of copy number variations between ADHD samples and healthy controls.

Question 32

Most researchers believe that psychosocial influences are the primary cause of ADHD.

Question 33

Prenatal influences and birth complications are certain causes of ADHD.

Question 34

From the research evidence it can be concluded that sugar and other components of diet, along with exposure to environmental lead, account for a large percent of cases of ADHD.

Question 35

When a parent suspects that a child might have ADHD, it has been found that home and/or school observations are ineffective assessment tools.

Question 36

Tutoring, parent training and social skills training are all noted as possible methods of prevention of the impairment associated with ADHD.

Question 37

Once medication for ADHD is discontinued, improvements generally continue.

Question 38

As many as 45% of children with ADHD do not take their medication as prescribed.

Question 39

Approximately 10-20 percent of children medicated for ADHD show no improvement when they are on medication.

Question 40

Among children medicated for ADHD, there is evidence that stimulant use causes later drug abuse .

Question 41

Medication use increased in adolescent and young adult ADHD populations between 2000 and 2007.

Question 42

Reich and colleagues found that 35% of their sample received stimulant medication even though they did not meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD.

Question 43

Token economies, daily report cards and written contracts are all classroom management techniques that are effective and recommended in ADHD interventions.

Question 44

One result of the MTA study was that children in the combined medication and treatment group took lower doses of medication than children in the medication only group.

Question 45

Which of the following terms have historically been used to refer to ADHD?

A) Cognitive Impairment
B) Hyperkinetic Syndrome
C) Diffuse Morality Deficit
D) Impulsivity Disorder

Question 46

DSM-IV subtyping of ADHD is based on evidence that the major behavioral manifestations of ADHD fall into which two factors?

A) Hyperactivity and inattention
B) Impulsivity and hyperactivity
C) Hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention
D) Inattention-hyperactivity and impulsivity

Question 47

According to the DSM-IV, which of the following is a criterion for the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A) Occurrence of symptoms before age 18
B) Occurrence of symptoms in at least two settings
C) Deficits on the stop-signal task
D) Clear family history of the disorder

Question 48

With regard to attention processes and ADHD,

A) evidence for deficits in sustained attention is stronger than for selective attention.
B) children with ADHD perform as well as non-ADHD children on tests of attention.
C) deficits in attention are most obvious on tasks that appear exciting and stimulating.
D) executive attention is impaired in children with ADHD.

Question 49

The motor activity problems displayed by children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

A) are excessive but goal-directed.
B) are highly consistent across settings.
C) are best measured with the Matching Familiar Figures Test.
D) are most likely to be displayed in highly structured situations.

Question 50

Which is the clearest example of impulsive behavior?

A) Nicky talks incessantly.
B) John is unable to concentrate on school lessons.
C) Sarah often cuts into others' conversations.
D) Leah easily forgets what she has just learned in school.

Question 51

With regard to intellectual/academic performance, youngsters with ADHD

A) usually progress in school similarly to typical children, despite behavioral problems.
B) are at risk for specific learning disabilities.
C) as a group, perform higher than average on tests of general intelligence.
D) as a group, perform much lower than average on tests of general intelligence.

Question 52

The stop-signal task is used primarily to evaluate

A) impulsivity.
B) sustained attention.
C) selective attention.
D) hyperactivity.

Question 53

When children are presented with the stop-signal task, they are instructed to

A) select a letter that matches a standard letter.
B) press a button to identify a stimulus on a screen, but sometimes, to inhibit this response.
C) signal the researcher when they feel restless.
D) signal the researcher when they feel anxious.

Question 54

Executive functions include

A) planning and organizing.
B) respiration.
C) heart rate.
D) hunger and thirst.

Question 55

Which of the following is true concerning the social behavior of youngsters with ADHD?

A) Children with combined type ADHD may overestimate their social acceptance.
B) The youngsters who display only inattention do not have social difficulties
C) There is evidence suggesting children with ADHD have more conflict with their fathers than their mothers.
D) ADHD behavior does not appear to have much impact the child-teacher relationship.

Question 56

Based on the case study of Jimmy reported in the textbook, children with ADHD-C

A) will excel in sports.
B) will more than likely achieve their potential without intervention, particularly if they are bright.
C) will likely be ignored by their parents and teachers.
D) will likely be disliked by peers and experience peer rejection.

Question 57

Which subtype of ADHD is characterized by lethargic, daydreamy behavior?

A) Predominantly inattentive
B) Predominantly hyperactive
C) Predominantly impulsive
D) Combined type

Question 58

Which is true of ADHD-I compared to ADHD-C?

A) ADHD-I has earlier onset.
B) ADHD-I is more associated with conduct disorder.
C) ADHD-I is more prevalent in females.
D) ADHD-I may be more strongly associated with externalizing problems.

Question 59

Compared to conduct disorder, ADHD is more strongly linked to

A) psychosocial disadvantage.
B) adverse family variables.
C) child maltreatment.
D) cognitive deficits.

Question 60

Youth with co-occurring ADHD and conduct/oppositional symptoms, compared to youth with only ADHD,

A) display less severe ADHD symptoms.
B) have earlier onset of symptoms.
C) have experienced more positive parenting.
D) have families of higher social class.

Question 61

Which is true with regard to the co-occurrence of ADHD and internalizing disorders?

A) Having comorbid depression actually improves outcomes in children with ADHD.
B) Children with ADHD and anxiety may show less hyperactivity and impulsivity than children with only ADHD.
C) Children with ADHD and anxiety tend to have families with poor supervision.
D) There is little evidence that children with ADHD are at higher risk for internalizing disorders.

Question 62

The prevalence of ADHD

A) is estimated to be between 3 and 7 percent of the school-age children in the U.S.
B) is higher in girls than boys.
C) increases with age from childhood to adolescence.
D) is remarkably consistent across cultures.

Question 63

According to the trajectories of children with ADHD as calculated by Shaw, Lacourse & Nagin (2005), what percentage of children have a chronic course?

A) 5-7
B) 20
C) 27
D) 47

Question 64

About what percent of children with ADHD have symptoms that persist into adolescence and/or adulthood?

A) 5-25
B) 25-50
C) 40-80
D) 75-100

Question 65

Which is true with regard to the continuity of childhood ADHD into adolescence/adulthood?

A) Childhood ADHD does not always continue into adolescence/adulthood.
B) For those teens who do not meet criteria any longer, adjustment is indistinguishable from peers with no history of ADHD.
C) Female teens with a history of ADHD who no longer meet criteria are as well adjusted as peers with no history of an ADHD diagnosis.
D) Young men with a history of ADHD were more likely than young women with a history of ADHD to exhibit major depression in adulthood.

Question 66

Brad, age 17, has difficulty refraining from swearing in front of his grandparents. He enjoys swearing in everyday life where he gets a positive response from his peers when he swears. According to Barkley's model this is an example of

A) an inability to inhibit competing stimuli.
B) an inability to interrupt a behavior that is already underway.
C) an inability to inhibit a prepotent response.
D) an inability to exert motor control.

Question 67

Some investigators suggest that deficits in motivation are central in ADHD. Relevant to this position is evidence suggesting that children with ADHD

A) are not very interested in rewards.
B) require strong incentives for behavioral control.
C) perform well under partial schedules of reinforcement.
D) prefer delayed over immediate reinforcement.

Question 68

The triple pathway model of ADHD includes which of the following constructs?

A) Delay aversion
B) Reward focus
C) Underarousal
D) Hyperactivity

Question 69

Which of the following has been shown regarding brain structure/functioning in ADHD?

A) Reduction in total volume estimated at 5-10%
B) Larger than average size of the frontal area
C) High levels of metabolism in the frontal-striatal area
D) Rapid brain waves

Question 70

In the research by Shaw and colleagues (2007) which part of the brain demonstrates the most delayed maturation in children with ADHD?

A) Corpus callosum
B) Prefrontal region
C) Occipital lobes
D) Brain stem

Question 71

The DRD4 and DAT1 genes that have been linked to ADHD are known to be involved with which neurotransmitter?

A) Epinephrine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Serotonin
D) Dopamine

Question 72

Investigations into the causes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder have revealed

A) a strong association with a high-sugar diet.
B) evidence that cigarette smoking and drinking while pregnant increases the risk of ADHD in offspring.
C) no evidence of gene-environment interaction.
D) no link to low birth weight or prematurity.

Question 73

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of psychosocial factors on ADHD?

A) Psychosocial factors play no role in etiology.
B) Psychosocial factors influence the nature and severity of ADHD.
C) Psychosocial school factors are more important than family factors.
D) Psychosocial factors play a strong role in etiology.

Question 74

Which of the following is a Conner's Third Edition scale?

A) Depression
B) Anxiety
C) Executive Functions
D) Obsessions

Question 75

The continuous performance task measures

A) inattention.
B) problem solving.
C) intellectual abilities.
D) motivation.

Question 76

Which class of medications is most commonly used in treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?

A) Antidepressants
B) Antipsychotics
C) Tranquilizers
D) Stimulants

Question 77

About what percentage of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder benefit from treatment with stimulant medications?

A) 35
B) 55
C) 75
D) 90

Question 78

Which of the following is a reported side effect of stimulant medications prescribed for ADHD?

A) Sleepiness
B) Increased appetite
C) Jitteriness and irritability
D) Weight gain

Question 79

The goals of the Summer Treatment Program include

A) improving executive functions.
B) finding the correct combination of medications.
C) intensive parent training.
D) improving peer relationships.

Question 80

The MTA study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of

A) combined stimulant and behavioral intervention.
B) assessment techniques for identifying ADHD.
C) treatments for ADHD-C compared to ADHD-I.
D) parental management of ADHD children in single-parent versus two-parent families.