Deck 14: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions

Question 1

The earlier term Psychosomatic Disorders is an historical predecessor of the DSM-IV category Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Minority and poor children are overrepresented among youth with asthma.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Psychological stimuli and emotional upset are often considered triggers of asthmatic attacks.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Research suggests that negative family emotional climate is associated with asthma severity.

Question 5

The effects of any chronic illness on a family or the individual are likely to be small and inconsequential.

Question 6

Research indicates that there is little variability in adjustment in chronically ill youth.

Question 7

A functional limitation of a chronic illness is defined as a restriction the youth experiences as a result of the chronic condition.

Question 8

Research by Wagner and colleagues (2003) found that parental distress impacted young people with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis regardless of how they perceived their illness.

Question 9

Research on issues of conflict, organization and control in families of youth with diabetes found that low conflict and high organization were associated with better outcomes.

Question 10

The research on family cohesion in cancer survivors indicates that the level of cohesion is consistent from diagnosis through years after remission.

Question 11

The five-year survival rate for childhood cancer hovers around 40 percent.

Question 12

There is evidence that radiation and chemotherapy are associated with later impairment in cognitive and academic functioning.

Question 13

Youngsters with HIV are at risk for significant learning, language, and attention difficulties in addition to the impairments associated with the disease; however, improved antiviral therapy has slowed down the progression of the disease.

Question 14

Attempts to directly reduce the symptoms of actual physical illnesses through traditional psychotherapy have largely been successful.

Question 15

Hyperglycemia is the term used to describe excessively high levels of blood glucose.

Question 16

The concept of a "honeymoon period" for diabetes refers to the fact the onset of diabetes often occurs following the stress of a major life event.

Question 17

Knowledge about a disease, such as diabetes, is not always associated with compliance with treatment regimens to control the disease.

Question 18

Adherence to the diabetes regimen typically increases during adolescence.

Question 19

Health care providers have little influence on adherence to medical regimens in the adolescent population.

Question 20

The term biofeedback refers to a procedure in which a medical device gives immediate feedback to the person about a particular biological function.

Question 21

The three response systems that may be assessed in children's pain during medical procedures are cognitive-affective, behavioral, and physiological.

Question 22

The perception of control during adverse treatment procedures seems to have positive outcomes.

Question 23

Emotive imagery is a technique where images are used to increase emotions.

Question 24

Research indicates that valium is as effective as cognitive behavioral strategies for pain management.

Question 25

Less than 10 percent of people are hospitalized during their youth.

Question 26

Presently, approximately 98% percent of hospitals in the U.S. and Canada allow unrestricted parental visitation during childhood hospitalizations.

Question 27

Injuries are the leading age of death for youth over the age of 1.

Question 28

The currently accepted psychological approach to children who are dying is to protect them from the truth and not burden them with the reality of their death.

Question 29

Pediatric psychology

A) examines the impact of social and psychological factors on medical conditions.
B) is another term for child psychology.
C) is practiced only by medical doctors or nurses.
D) involves children under the age of 13 (when the patient is older it is considered adolescent medicine).

Question 30

In regard to managing asthma, the Loren case study in the textbook highlighted which of the following?

A)Separating the child from his/her parent to decrease attacks
B)Increasing medication as children age
C)Encouraging the parent to take more responsibility
D)Teaching the child to control emotions more effectively

Question 31

A study by Purcell and his colleagues tested the hypothesis that asthmatic children would become symptom free soon after being sent away from their parents. The results of this study indicated that

A) all asthmatic children improved dramatically when they were separated from their parents.
B) the children whose symptoms had been classically conditioned improved during separation, whereas the other children did not improve.
C) the children for whom emotions were important precipitants improved during the separation, whereas the other children did not improve.
D) the children for whom emotions were important precipitants did not improve during the separation, whereas the other children did improve.

Question 32

The current view on whether changes in the psychological atmosphere are the basis for improvement in asthmatic symptoms suggests that

A) separation from the parents produced changes because the parents were causing the asthma.
B) separation may have been successful because the surrogate parents were able to achieve increased compliance with medical regimens.
C) changes in the psychological/home environment cannot affect asthma symptoms.
D) psychological factors play no role in the understanding of asthma management.

Question 33

Research on asthma suggests that

A) asthma arises from an excessive, unresolved dependence on the mother and resultant fear of separation.
B) psychological factors play an important role in the initial development of hypersensitivity of air passages in asthmatic children.
C) psychological factors play an important role in triggering asthmatic attacks.
D) genetic factors do not play a role.

Question 34

Which of the following is true regarding asthma?

A) Asthma arises from excessive unresolved dependence on the mother.
B) Asthma is the result of a hypersensitivity of the air passages.
C) A "parentectomy" is currently a commonly suggest treatment.
D) Family emotional climate has little impact on asthma symptoms.

Question 35

More recent research on the role of family functioning in asthma suggests that

A) family functioning plays no role in asthma.
B) family functioning is a major cause in the initial development of asthma.
C) family functioning influences the frequency and severity of asthmatic symptoms.
D) parents' management of the child's asthma is not relevant for young children.

Question 36

When one is discussing the impact on adjustment of type of illness, severity, or degree of impairment of functioning associated with illness, one is discussing the role of

A) psychosocial stress.
B) illness parameters.
C) functional impairments.
D) adherence.

Question 37

Findings regarding the association between chronic illness and children's social/emotional adjustment suggest that

A) in general, children with chronic illnesses are better adjusted than a normal control sample.
B) the impact of illness severity on adjustment is clear and consistent.
C) the young person's attitude toward the illness may impact the illness.
D) there is no association between chronic illness and social/emotional problems in children.

Question 38

Research by LeBovidge, Lavigne, & Miller (2005) on arthritis and depression found

A) young people with arthritis are more depressed than those with other chronic illnesses.
B) there was no difference in depressive symptoms for youth with high versus low stress.
C) youth with a positive illness attitude had fewer depressive symptoms than youth with negative illness attitudes.
D) negative illness attitudes created more depressive symptoms only when the stress was high.

Question 39

Timko and her colleagues' research on risk and resilience factors in the adjustment of youngsters with juvenile rheumatic disease suggests that the

A) the adjustment of fathers, but not mothers, was a risk factor.
B) the adjustment of mothers, but not fathers, was a risk factor.
C) adjustment for both mothers and fathers were risk factors, and social relations for mothers, but not fathers, were protective factors.
D) adjustment for both mothers and fathers were risk factors and social relations for both mothers and fathers were protective factors.

Question 40

Research by Berg and colleagues on young adolescents with diabetes found

A)the child's relationship with his/her father was unrelated to diabetes outcome.
B)monitoring of the illness by the parents was associated with better diabetes outcome.
C)monitoring of the illness by the parents led to decreased compliance with treatment regimens.
D)parental involvement in managing the illness decreased the teen's self efficacy.

Question 41

Adjustment to a chronic illness by a youngster and family is

A) an issue immediately following the diagnosis.
B) of concern during periods of worsening symptoms.
C) an ongoing process.
D) an issue following relapse.

Question 42

Which of the following statements regarding chemotherapy and related treatments for childhood cancer is accurate?

A) These treatments have not improved the survival rates for childhood cancer.
B) These treatments have immediate, but not long-term, negative side effects.
C) These treatments may result in impairment in areas such as attention and learning.
D) Impairments from chemotherapy are of particular concern for adolescents.

Question 43

Which of the following is accurate with regard to the impact of HIV/AIDS in children and adolescents?

A) The number of HIV babies born to HIV-positive women in the U.S. has increased over time.
B) HIV is considered terminal and care is focused on keeping the patient comfortable until he/she dies.
C) All HIV-infected youth have cognitive, emotional or behavioral problems.
D) Youth with HIV have likely been exposed to other high risk factors such as parental loss, parental psychopathology or drug use.

Question 44

The term "adherence" describes

A) how well a youngster or family follows recommended medical treatments.
B) how following religious beliefs helps relieve stress and improves health.
C) how a family's discipline practices affect the health of the youngster.
D) how closely individual family members are to each other.

Question 45

Which of the following is true regarding diabetes?

A) Type I diabetes is the result of the pancreas producing insufficient amounts of insulin.
B) Type II diabetes is quite rare in childhood, making up less than 5 percent of new cases in youth.
C) Type II diabetes occurs more frequently in Caucasian populations.
D) Young people with type II diabetes do not need insulin injections.

Question 46

The first task in the treatment of juvenile diabetes is to

A) gain control of the diabetic condition.
B) reduce the stress related to the illness.
C) teach the child how to talk about the illness with friends.
D) stop eating sugar.

Question 47

Adolescence, compared to earlier development, is a period of problematic adherence to medical regimens because of which of the following?

A) Professionals often underestimate the adolescent's knowledge of the disease.
B) Parents often refuse to give up control.
C) The adolescent may have low self-efficacy in regard to the ability to manage the illness.
D) These teens tend to have few friends so they have no one to help them monitor their illness.

Question 48

Research on adherence to diabetes regimens, by Palmer and colleagues, suggests that

A) low self-reliance and low pubertal status results in poorer diabetic control.
B) low self-reliance and low pubertal status results in greater diabetic control.
C) maternal involvement is only influential when the teen is highly self reliant.
D) maternal involvement is more influential when the teen is high in pubertal status.

Question 49

Regarding the case study on Cindy, the teen with chronic headaches reported in your textbook, which of the following is true?

A) Increasing her medication was crucial to her recovery.
B) She was able to produce dramatic changes on physiological responses using biofeedback.
C) The cognitive behavioral techniques were not very effective.
D) She experienced a complete remission in her pain symptoms .

Question 50

Regarding the measurement of pain in young patients,

A) it is difficult to differentiate the pain the youngster is suffering from the anxiety the youngster is experiencing while undergoing an aversive medical procedure.
B) the physiological component is the aspect of pain that is most frequently assessed.
C) the behavioral component is the aspect of pain that is most frequently assessed.
D) it is important to assess pain in the same way for youngsters of all ages.

Question 51

Which of the following is accurate regarding helping a youngster cope with an aversive medical procedure?

A) Reassurance from medical staff is often ineffective.
B) Unexpected stress is better than predictable stress.
C) Giving the child some sense of control over the procedure is believed to be helpful.
D) Parents are often more helpful if they reassure and apologize during the procedure.

Question 52

The work of Jay and her colleagues (1987, 1991, 1995) on reducing children's distress during painful medical procedures included which of the following components in the intervention?

A) filmed modeling
B) negative reinforcement
C) parent training
D) muscle relaxers

Question 53

Preparation of children for hospitalization

A) is rarely done in most pediatric hospitals.
B) should include having the child observe a model who is apprehensive, but copes with the stresses of hospitalization.
C) is likely to involve the child undergoing a medical procedure and then later observing a model who experiences the same procedure.
D) might recommend that the child avoid contact with parents and other family members.

Question 54

Efforts at preventing childhood injury are impeded by

A) the knowledge that serious injuries are very infrequent.
B) the perception that most injuries are chance events and therefore unavoidable.
C) the absence of behavioral antecedents to injury.
D) the impossibility of providing contingencies for injury-related behavior.

Question 55

Professionals working in the area of childhood injury have suggested abandoning the term "accident" in favor of "unintentional injury" because

A) the term "accident" should be reserved for automobile accidents and similar events.
B) "accidents" include purposeful attempts to injure the child.
C) "unintentional injury" acknowledges that the event, though not deliberate, might have been avoided.
D) "unintentional injury" indicates that there were no behavioral antecedents to the event.

Question 56

An understanding of death as final and inevitable, and of personal mortality, emerges at about

A) age 5 or 6.
B) age 9 or 10.
C) age 12 or 13.
D) age 15 or 16.

Question 57

What is asthma? What is a trigger? Explain the difference between a physical and psychological trigger. Give examples.

Question 58

Describe the difficulties in measuring adjustment to a chronic illness. According to the model by Wallander and Varni (1998), what variables need to be considered? (There are seven; list and describe three categories.)

Question 59

Describe variables that might be investigated if one were interested in the impact of "illness parameters" on the psychological adjustment of youngsters with chronic illnesses.

Question 60

In the Lisa case study (the 14-year-old with diabetes)reported in the textbook, what variables were impacting her adjustment to and management of her diabetes? What variables may have motivated her to not manage her illness effectively?

Question 61

Briefly describe the research on family cohesion and cancer.

Question 62

What are the potential issues associated with cancer in adolescence? What is it about this particular developmental period that adds to the potential for risk in terms of adjustment?

Question 63

Briefly describe four factors that contribute to concern for youngsters born infected with HIV.

Question 64

List 7 common activities required of diabetic children and families.

Question 65

Briefly describe three different reasons adolescence appears to be a time of difficulty regarding adherence to medical regimens.

Question 66

Describe the methods use to assess pain and distress in youth undergoing medical procedures.

Question 67

Describe some skills taught to assist children in coping with medical procedures. Give an example of emotive imagery.

Question 68

What are the common antecedents to injury? Note those that are present in the youth, their peers, and their parents.

Question 69

What should a dying child and his/her family be told? What other needs do they have?