Deck 13: Theories and Models for Health Promotion and Changing Nutrition Behavior

Question 1

Representations of approaches to programming that offer explanations of the processes involved are called:

A) frameworks.
B) models.
C) concepts.
D) paradigms.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Words or concepts having different meanings for different people are part of which type of model?

A) Mental
B) Physical
C) Symbolic
D) Spiritual

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The phases of which model are entry, needs assessment, planning, doing, and renewal?

A) Health Belief Model
B) P-Process
C) Healthy Communities: The Process
D) Stages of Change

Answer 3

C

Question 4

When concepts and constructs are related to each other and combined to form a unit, the resulting entity may be labeled as which of the following?

A) Framework
B) Model
C) Theory
D) All of these are correct.

Question 5

The main idea in Social Learning Theory is that of "reciprocal determinism." This means that behavior is determined by the interaction among which three elements?

A) The person, the person's behavior, and the environment
B) The person, the person's attitude, and the diet
C) The person, the person's behavior, and the nutritionist
D) All of these are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following is a grass-roots community development process?

A) P-Process
B) PRECEDE-PROCEED
C) Healthy Communities: The Process
D) The Stage of Change

Question 7

Memorization produces change in behavior.

Question 8

The Theory of Reasoned Action states that behavior is determined directly by a person's intention to perform the behavior.

Question 9

Intentions are the instructions people give to themselves to behave in certain ways.

Question 10

Behavioral capacity, efficacy expectations, and outcome expectations are the three major concepts in the Social Marketing Theory.

Question 11

Behavior change theories can indicate how to tailor nutrition messages so they are more relevant to individuals or communities.

Question 12

Several behavior change theories indicate how to tailor messages so they are more relevant to individuals or communities.

Question 13

Transtheoretical or Stages of Change Model involves considering areas of concern in the client's diet as well as the client's level of readiness or motivation to change their behavior.

Question 14

The Health Belief Model centers on the client's perception of the risks and benefits associated with changing behavior.

Question 15

A physical model is a specific, observable replica of a real structure (e.g., chemical equations, anatomical models, and food models).

Question 16

Symbolic models have a higher level of abstraction than do physical models.

Question 17

Mental models have an even greater level of abstraction than both physical and symbolic models because they convey a mental image, not a real picture.

Question 18

The Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior Model states that a new knowledge does not leads to changes in attitude.

Question 19

Both motivational and instrumental, or how-to, knowledge are needed for effective nutrition education designed to promote behavioral change.

Question 20

The Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior Model is an educational strategy that uses an intervention approach.

Question 21

In the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, complex innovations are more difficult to communicate and understand and are, therefore, less likely to be adopted.

Question 22

In the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, cost efficiency is desirable if its perceived benefits, both tangible and intangible, outweigh its perceived costs.

Question 23

When using the Diffusion of Innovation Theory to promote systemic change within WIC, for example, it is important to talk about the relative benefits of the innovation (e.g., a decrease in iron deficiency anemia in children) rather than mandating use of a new system or process.

Question 24

In the Stages of Change Model, Individuals in precontemplative stage have no intention of changing their behavior.

Question 25

In the Stages of Change Model, individuals in contemplative stage have the intention to change, but have no specific plans to change soon.

Question 26

In the Stages of Change Model, individuals in action stage have started to change their behavior, but the behavior change is fairly recent and may be inconsistent.

Question 27

In the Stages of Change Model, individuals in maintenance stage have maintained consistent behavior change for a long time. The newly acquired behavior has become a part of their lives.

Question 28

PRECEDE-PROCEED is an acronym for the components of the model. PRECEDE stands for Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational/Environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation.

Question 29

Research suggests that some types of knowledge are more motivating than others. Rogers refers to "awareness" knowledge as the kind that captures people's attention, increases awareness, and enhances motivation, whereas "how-to" knowledge is the kind people need when they are already motivated.

Question 30

List the six Stages of Change.

Question 31

When concepts and constructs are related to each other and purposely combined to form a unit, the resulting entity may be labeled a _____________ model, or a theory.

A) program paradigms
B) framework
C) theories

Question 32

A __________ is a construct that accounts for or organizes events, and it provide nutritionists with different lenses through which to see situations; each lens provides a different view and understanding.

A) theory
B) model
C) framework
D) programs

Question 33

Which of the following emphasizes perceived threat as a motivating force and perceived benefits (fewer barriers) as a preferred path to action?

A) Health Belief Model
B) Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior Model
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Theory of Reasoned Action

Question 34

Which of the following stresses that a gain in new knowledge leads to changes in attitude, which, in turn, result in improved dietary behavior or practices?

A) Health Belief Model
B) Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior Model
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Theory of Reasoned Action

Question 35

Emphasizing the interactive nature of the effects of cognitive and other personal factors and environmental events on behavior, the three major constructs/concepts in which of the following are behavioral capacity, efficacy expectations, and outcome expectations?

A) Health Belief Model
B) Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior Model
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Theory of Reasoned Action

Question 36

Which of the following is a highly specific theory outlining cognitive and attitudinal determinants of behavior in which attitudes and subjective norms determine an individual's intentions, which are foretelling of behavior, and that behavior is likely to follow the stated intentions when there is a shorter time span between intentions and behavior?

A) Health Belief Model
B) Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior Model
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Theory of Reasoned Action

Question 37

Which of the following examines the process in which an innovative idea or practice achieves acceptance, and behavior change in specific cultural groups or populations may be seen as the adoption of an innovative behavior?

A) Diffusion of Innovation Theory
B) Transtheoretical Stages Of Change Model
C) Social Marketing Theory
D) Health Belief Model

Question 38

According to which conceptual model is the health behavior change process gradual, continuous, and dynamic; people do not immediately change from old to new behaviors; instead, they progress through a sequence of five discrete states?

A) Diffusion of Innovation Theory
B) Transtheoretical Stages Of Change Model
C) Social Marketing Theory
D) Health Belief Model

Question 39

Which of the following is the use of marketing concepts and tools to increase the acceptability of social ideas or practices that employs a consumer orientation, audience analysis and segmentation, and aspects of exchange theory in seeking to increase the acceptability of a behavior in a target group?

A) Diffusion of Innovation Theory
B) Transtheoretical Stages Of Change Model
C) Social Marketing Theory
D) Health Belief Model

Question 40

PRECEDE-PROCEED model provides a comprehensive guide to planning and implementing health promotion activities in:

A) ten phases.
B) nine phases.
C) five phases.
D) eight phases.

Question 41

John is using a model that is useful for planning behavioral intervention programs called the transtheoretical stages of change model. It progresses through a sequence of discrete states that include all of the following except:

A) precontemplative and contemplative.
B) action and preparation.
C) maintenance.
D) changes and implementation.

Question 42

Alex received funding to plan a nutrition program for individuals with HIV. The theory he selected can be used around the world. This theory consists of six steps that are followed in sequence to develop and implement effective communication strategies, programs, and activities. This theory is called the:

A) PRECEDE-PROCEED Model.
B) P-Process.
C) Process Model.
D) Theory of Reasoned Action.

Question 43

People do not immediately change from old to new behaviors; instead, they progress through a sequence of five discrete states; which of the following models could be used to maybe overcome these barriers?

A) The processes described in the Stages of Change Model
B) The processes described in the Social Learning Theory
C) The processes described in the Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior Model
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 44

Leslie is attempting to increase the acceptability of social ideas or practices in a target group and should select the theory that uses the marketing concepts and tools. Which theory uses the marketing concept?

A) Social Marketing Theory
B) Marketing communication
C) Healthy Communities: The Process
D) Diffusion of Innovation Theory

Question 45

Which of the following provides nutritionists with different lenses through which to see situations; each lens provides a different view and understanding?

A) Beliefs
B) Programs
C) Theories
D) Backgrounds

Question 46

Which of the following emphasizes the interactive nature of the effects of cognitive and other personal factors, as well as the effects of environmental events on behavior?

A) Social Learning Theory
B) Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior Model
C) Health Belief Model
D) Transtheoretical Model

Question 47

In Wallace's personal characteristics study about the practice of osteoporosis-protective behaviors, results showed that:

A) 50.7 percent of the participants did not follow the exercise guidelines and 67.8 percent did not follow the guidelines for calcium.
B) 40 percent of the participants did not follow the exercise guidelines and 60 percent did not follow the guidelines for calcium.
C) 50.7 percent of the participants followed the exercise guidelines and 67.8 percent followed the guidelines for calcium.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 48

The phases of the Healthy Community: The Process model include needs assessment, planning, doing, and renewal.

Question 49

PRECEDE-PROCEED is an acronym for the components of the model. PRECEDE stands for Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational/Environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation. As its name implies, it represents the process that precedes, or leads up to, an intervention. PROCEED stands for Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development.

Question 50

The P-Process is rarely used in developing countries.

Question 51

Flexibility in Diffusion of Innovation Theory will work if the innovations can be unraveled and used as separate components and applicable in a wider variety of user settings.

Question 52

Reversibility is a part of Diffusion of Innovation Theory, innovations that are not capable of termination are more likely to be adopted.

Question 53

Program models are really not ways of viewing real events.

Question 54

According to the Theory of Reasoned Action model, behavior is determined directly by a person's intention to perform the behavior.

Question 55

General nutrition education interventions have used Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior Model, which emphasizes dissemination of "how-to" (e.g., how to reduce fat intake) or "skills" information (e.g., shopping with a grocery list).