Deck 19: Nutrition and Health: Assessment, Ethics, Marketing, and Disease Prevention

Question 1

Julie is a dietitian who frequently uses the ABCDs of Nutritional Assessment in Older Persons. These include anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, clinical evaluation, and which of the following?

A) Dietary history/functional assessment
B) Diabetes risk
C) Dietary tendency/functional assessment
D) Didactic measurements

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Amanda's 74-year-old grandmother is classified as being at risk for poor nutritional status. Which of the following is not a common risk factor?

A) Chronic medication use
B) Social isolation
C) Dementia
D) Living with family members

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The safest way to supplement the diet is to take a multivitamin and mineral supplement that provides no more than _______ of the Daily Value.

A) 80%
B) 90%
C) 100%
D) 110%

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is not a phytochemical?

A) Lycopene
B) Resveratrol
C) Lycopene
D) Cholesterol

Question 5

Unstable oxygen compounds found normally during metabolism that can damage cells are called what?

A) Reductases
B) Lipases
C) Free radicals
D) IMRs

Question 6

A nutritionist wants to create a wellness program at a high school in his town. He will start by assessing the need for a program. This is known as what type of evaluation?

A) Summative
B) Formative
C) Cumulative
D) Relative

Question 7

Which of the following is a commonly used data-collection method in nutrition programs?

A) Focus groups
B) Surveys
C) Medical record reviews
D) All of these are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following methods will provide the overall structure needed for creating the data system?

A) Only quantitative
B) Only qualitative
C) A combination of quantitative and qualitative
D) None of these is a suitable method

Question 9

The P-Process has been used around the globe for over 25 years and consists of:

A) two steps.
B) three steps.
C) six steps.
D) eight phases
D) nine steps.

Question 10

Which of the following is defined as representations of approaches to programming that offer explanations of the processes involved?

A) Program paradigms
B) Theory components
C) Model structures
D) Project models

Question 11

A program ______________ describes what the nutritionist should do to provide both effective instruction and the support services needed to persist in the learning process long enough to create a behavior change.

A) paradigm
B) framework
C) model
D) theory

Question 12

Which of the following often requires the principal investigator to address the recruitment of special populations, including gender and racial/ethnic groups as well as women and children?

A) Block grants
B) Formula grants
C) Open grants
D) Segment grants

Question 13

Which of the following should you send to the grantor after receiving and utilizing the grant?

A) Press clippings
B) Program reporting forms
C) Public event invitations
D) All of these are correct.

Question 14

Which of the following includes a moral duty to weigh and balance benefits against harms to increase benefits and reduce the occurrence of harm?

A) Rule of Contingency
B) Rule of Utility
C) Rule of Mobility
D) Rule of Principality

Question 15

Jeanine is a community nutritionist who strives to always make good moral judgments by using four main assumptions. These include all of the following except:

A) beneficence.
B) nonmaleficience.
C) autonomy.
D) dependence.

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the three basic ethical principles?

A) Respect for persons
B) Plausibility
C) Justice
D) Beneficence

Question 17

Josh decided to look for ways to make an accurate ethical decision. Which of the following would he do?

A) Identify the problem.
B) Collect additional information.
C) Identify all the options available.
D) Think the situation through.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 18

JoAnn and Andrea are dietitians at the public health department. They were both in the elevator one day when Andrea started discussing problems her client is having. If JoAnna were going to give an ethical response, what would her response be?

A) Listen intently to what Andrea is saying and provide advice.
B) Give advice to Andrea.
C) Tell Andrea she will discuss her situation when they are out of the elevator.
D) Ask for the opinions of other people in the elevator.

Question 19

The step that is critical to the ultimate success of an entire marketing plan is sometimes called SWOT analysis. SWOT is an acronym for:

A) strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
B) strengths, weakness, outcome, and threats.
C) strengths, weakness, outcome, and target.
D) strength, weakness, occupation, and threats.

Question 20

Social marketing impacts the practice of dietetics by boosting clients' awareness of health issues and healthy foods, and it is also able to help move consumers toward behavioral change. The components of a business marketing plan are known as the five Ps of marketing, which include:

A) product, price, place, promotion, and position.
B) product, program, place, practice, and position.
C) product, price, practice, place, and position.
D) product, place, program, price, and position.

Question 21

An educator can communicate important health promotion messages quickly to wide and diverse audiences, or to a specific population by developing public service announcements (PSAs) for radio or television. Radio PSAs are usually:

A) 10, 30, and 35 seconds long.
B) 10, 20, and 30 seconds long.
C) 8, 13, and 18 seconds long.
D) None of these is correct.

Question 22

A marketing plan should contain which of the following?

A) Executive summary
B) Situation analysis, objectives, and goals
C) Marketing strategy
D) Action programs, budgets, and control
E) All of these are correct.

Question 23

Marketing research includes conducting a competitive analysis. This will help the community nutritionist to position the nutrition program as being different or better, and to determine the competitors' strengths and weaknesses. The competitors include which of the following?

A) Those businesses/programs that offer similar services
B) Clinical dietitians
C) Those businesses/programs that offer similar services and clinical dietitians
E) None of these is correct.

Question 24

All of the following are broad terms that includes both public and private payers who cover medical expenditures incurred by a defined population in a variety of settings except:

A) premiums.
B) insurance.
C) health care.
D) health condition.

Question 25

Research shows a higher incidence of iron deficiency anemia in low-income children, and that the incidence of heart disease, cancer, hypertension, and obesity increases with:

A) increasing income.
B) decreasing income.
C) increasing education.
D) decreasing education.

Question 26

In the United States, health insurance coverage is generally classified as either ___________ (nongovernment) coverage or government-sponsored coverage.

A) private
B) public
C) communal
D) independent

Question 27

Medicaid covers all but which of the following demographics?

A) Low-income elderly
B) Children
C) Blind/disabled people
D) Employed adults

Question 28

Community nutritionists encouraging clients to practice the reduction of the incidence of cancer may recommend that they eat foods that are low in antioxidants and drink green tea.

Question 29

The National Cancer Institute's dietary guidelines for the prevention of cancer include consuming five or more servings of fruits and vegetables every day.

Question 30

Consumption of tomatoes and tomato sauce may reduce the incidence of prostate cancer.

Question 31

Arginine is high in plant protein and seems to lower blood cholesterol, while lysine and methionine (amino acids that are higher in animal proteins) seem to raise plasma cholesterol levels.

Question 32

Vitamin E is an important complement to calcium because it facilitates absorption of calcium from the diet.

Question 33

Scientists have identified some genes that cause obesity when they are damaged, but the actual mechanism that predisposes an individual to obesity is not clear.

Question 34

Program evaluation is not the method for determining whether a service was truly needed or whether it was conducted as planned.

Question 35

Cost-benefit analysis does not evaluate costs of a program in relation to health outcome.

Question 36

In developing a comprehensive health program, 4 months or less is necessary for the development of a program.

Question 37

Social marketing is the use of marketing concepts and tools to increase the acceptability of social ideas or practices.

Question 38

In the Stages of Change Model, individuals in preparation stage have no plans to change their behavior.

Question 39

Collaboration is a mutual sharing and working together to achieve common goals in such a way that all persons or groups are recognized and growth is enhanced.

Question 40

All grant applicants are successful on their first attempt.

Question 41

Motivating clients to participate in health promotion activities does not require a variety of appealing strategies that include adapting the program educational materials to the demographic characteristics of the target audience.

Question 42

The cognitive domain of learning involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills, including the recall or recognition of specific facts, procedural patterns, and concepts that serve in the development of intellectual abilities and skills.

Question 43

The affective domain of learning includes the way individuals deal with things emotionally, including feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasm, motivation, and attitude.

Question 44

In nutrition education, the main purpose of a marketing plan is not to attract the attention of the target audience.

Question 45

A Program identifier is a logo, slogan, motto, or tagline that conveys the main concept of the education program.

Question 46

The promotion of nutritional advantages (low-fat, no cholesterol, high-fiber, and calcium-added) and the use of health claims (lowers cholesterol, prevents cancer) can increase sales.

Question 47

Establishing targets for changes, a practice set by government but executed by the industry to protect children from media messages, is called industry performance indicators.

Question 48

Americans obtain most of their food and nutrition information from books and magazines.

Question 49

Poor health and physical and mental disabilities can lead to food insecurity by limiting the ability to acquire and prepare food and by affecting nutrient needs.

Question 50

Scientists have several theories about aging. The caloric restriction model has been successful in prolonging life in mice, rats, and other rodents. The most appropriate caloric restriction approach is to add more fruits and vegetables to a diet in order to decrease chronic disease risk and subsequently reduce the aging process.

Question 51

Preventive nutrition is the:

A) dietary practices and interventions directed toward the reduction in disease risk and/or improvement in health outcomes.
B) process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants of good health and subsequently improve their health.
C) process of enabling people to increase control and improve their health.

Question 52

Clemson University's Extension Program provided a nutrition intervention program to different groups in the community to increase their nutrition knowledge and reduce fat intake. At the end of the program, what percentage of the participants surveyed said that the program increased their nutrition knowledge?

A) 75%
B) 72%
C) 89%
D) 87%

Question 53

Signs that can be observed and measured and are used to quantify the changes that occurred due to nutrition intervention are called:

A) signs of causation.
B) nutrition care indicators.
C) nutrition process points.
D) medical points.

Question 54

Sensitivity is the ability to correctly identify and classify individuals within the population who are truly malnourished as confirmed by a test, while specificity is the ability to correctly identify individuals:

A) who are truly malnourished but do not require a test.
B) who are not malnourished within a population, as confirmed by screening which produces a negative result.
C) who are not malnourished within a population, as confirmed by screening which produces a positive result.

Question 55

Kelly is a dietitian and wants to assess her community's needs. She has experience creating and administering questionnaires and wants to use an approach that will include the entire population and that can be easily combined with other systematic needs assessment techniques. Which approach is best suited for this situation?

A) Key informant approach
B) Survey approach
C) Existing data approach
D) Contender approach

Question 56

Which community assessment approach includes allowing input from many individuals with different perspectives on the needs of the community, and may generate more questions than answers?

A) Community forum
B) Focus group interview
C) Survey approach
D) Existing data approach

Question 57

Ronald visited the dietitian at a local community clinic for a health assessment. During the physical examination, the dietitian noticed that Ronald's hair was dull, sparse, and easily, painlessly plucked. Which of the following nutrients does Ronald need?

A) Vitamins B and D
B) Vitamin C and protein
C) Vitamin D and fat
D) Vitamin E and carbohydrate

Question 58

Mary is a dietitian and conducts a dietary assessment on a group at the local homeless shelter. She decides to use the dietary history method. What is the potential disadvantage of using this method?

A) Not quantifiably precise
B) High investigator cost
C) May lead to substantial sample bias
D) High respondent burden

Question 59

The Framingham Study is an example of a cohort study that studied which of the following risk factors?

A) Cancer risk
B) Cardiovascular risk
C) Metabolic disorder risk
D) Stroke risk

Question 60

Which of the following is designed to promote the health and well-being of children and youth through the age of 18?

A) Special Milk Program
B) Child and Adult Care Food Program
C) Summer Food Service Program
D) After-School snack programs

Question 61

Which of the following provides funds for the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program programs; with a goal to advance knowledge of agriculture, the environment, human health and well-being, and communities by supporting research and education?

A) Women Infants Children
B) Cooperative State Research Education Extension Services
C) The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program
D) Supplemental Nutrition Assistant

Question 62

Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program activities may include which of the following?

A) Online certifications for business credits
B) Mailings and telephone teaching
C) Door-to-door campaigning
D) All of these are correct.

Question 63

Which of the following is a federally funded program that provides healthy supplemental foods and nutrition counseling for pregnant women, new mothers, infants, and children up to age 5? The program has an extraordinary record of over 30 years of preventing children's health problems and improving their long-term health, growth, and development.

A) Women, Infants and Children
B) Cooperative State Research Education Extension Services
C) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
D) The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program

Question 64

The purpose of the ENP includes all of the following except:

A) improving the dietary intakes of older persons.
B) creating informal support networks.
C) educating them on how to shop, plan, and prepare nutritious meals that are economical.
D) enhancing their social standing.

Question 65

In the focus of community nutrition, which of the following is defined as any obstacle that might hinder the ability of the community nutritionist, healthcare professional, or their culturally diverse clients to achieve the intended intervention program objectives?

A) Cultural focus
B) Assessment information
C) Barrier
D) Limiting factor

Question 66

Which of the following is defined as a social interaction of giving and receiving information for facilitating understanding and creating social connection with a common set of rules?

A) Human communication
B) Cross-cultural encounter
C) Attitudes
D) Initial conversation

Question 67

Which of the following is not a factor affecting communication in general and specifically cross-cultural encounters?

A) Culture of both the sender and receiver of communication transactions
B) Differences in cultural values
C) Difference in medical history
D) Difference in dietary and healthcare beliefs and practices

Question 68

The differences of communication style among cultures are reflected in which of the following?

A) Wardrobe coloration
B) Facial expression
C) Hand writing
D) All of these are correct.

Question 69

The latest estimates indicate that about 925 million people are _____________, 792 million of whom are in ______________ countries and 19 million of whom are in ____________ countries.

A) undernourished/developing/developed
B) overnourished/developing/developed
C) undernourished/developed/developing
D) overnourish/ developed/developing

Question 70

Which of the following is not one of the lowest income countries globally, with an average daily supply of food of less than 1,800 calories per person?

A) Angola
B) Japan
C) Chad
D) Somalia

Question 71

Which of the following describes a city with a population of more than 10 million?

A) Metropolis
B) Urban hub
C) Megacity
D) Rural-central

Question 72

Which of the following is a state of being malnourished based on height for age, signifying long-term, cumulative effects of inadequate nutrition and/or poor health conditions?

A) Food security
B) Malnutrition
C) Famine
D) Stunted

Question 73

Welfare reform has created a group called the ______________ people who are employed, but earn low wages that cause food insecurity and homelessness, which affect children as well as adults.

A) low income
B) food insecure
C) unemployed
D) working poor

Question 74

Joyce planned to lose weight, but found out that she is pregnant. However, she continued with her plan to lose about 22 pounds (10kg) anyway. This action may cause the incidence of:

A) diabetes.
B) malnutrition.
C) liver cancer.
D) prenatal ketosis.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 75

One of Tessy's clients is on a low-phenylalanine (amino acid) diet in order to have a successful pregnancy. The low-phenylalanine diet is due to a condition called:

A) liver disease.
B) heart disease.
C) PKU.
D) HIV/AIDS.
E) HDL.

Question 76

Which of the following would be an acceptable weight gain for women pregnant with twins?

A) 20 to 25 pounds
B) 35 to 45 pounds
C) 30 to 32 pounds
D) 28 to 40 pounds

Question 77

Amy is pregnant and she is experiencing a condition called gestational diabetes, due to which of the following?

A) High blood glucose level
B) High blood cholesterol level
C) High blood pressure
D) High blood proteins

Question 78

The calcium requirement during pregnancy is about ______ for a woman 19 years and older.

A) 1,500 mg
B) 800 mg
C) 1,000 mg
D) 1,300 mg
E) 2,000 mg

Question 79

Which of the following describes a program designed to provide health services where economic, geographic, or cultural barriers limit access to primary health care.

A) Maternal and Child Health Bureau
B) Community Health Center
C) Healthy Start
D) Head Start

Question 80

In dietetics practice, the community nutritionist is responsible for planning, implementing, and evaluating a specific health promotion program.