Deck 23: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Infants have the highest percentage of water in their bodies because they have which of the following?

A) Low body fat
B) High bone mass
C) High levels of growth hormone in the blood
D) High muscle mass
E) Low blood pressure

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is not a nonelectrolyte?

A) Glucose
B) Acid
C) Urea
D) Creatinine
E) Lipid

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Exchanges across the plasma membranes are based on which of the following?

A) Permeability
B) Sensible water loss
C) Ketoacidosis
D) Alkalosis
E) Acidosis

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When large amounts of pure water are consumed, which of the following will be true?

A) The volume of the ICF decreases.
B) The volume of the ECF decreases.
C) A fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
D) Osmolalities of the two compartments are slightly lower.
E) The ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.

Question 5

Increased plasma osmolality triggers thirst and causes the release of which of the following?

A) Aldosterone
B) ADH
C) GH
D) ANP
E) Insulin

Question 6

Which of the following percentages signifies body weight made up by water in an adult male?

A) 40 to 50%
B) 80 to 90%
C) 60 to 75%
D) 50 to 60%
E) 75 to 80%

Question 7

When total body water decreases by as small a percentage as 1%, which of the following may occur?

A) Increased blood pressure
B) Increased output of water
C) Increased saliva
D) Triggering of thirst
E) Decreased blood volume

Question 8

Which of the following is true when an individual consumes a meal that is high in salt?

A) There is a temporary increase in blood volume.
B) Hypotension results.
C) The renin-angiotensin mechanism is activated.
D) Thirst decreases.
E) There is a drastic increase in blood osmolality.

Question 9

Which of the following is not an effect of atrial natriuretic peptide?

A) It promotes diuresis.
B) It blocks the release of ADH.
C) It reduces thirst.
D) It blocks the release of aldosterone.
E) It blocks the release of glucocorticoids during the stress response.

Question 10

Which of the following hormones affects the osmotic concentration?

A) BNP
B) ADH
C) Aldosterone
D) ANP
E) Oxytocin

Question 11

Which of the following is the location of the thirst center?

A) Pons
B) Cerebellum
C) Hypothalamus
D) Spinal cord
E) Cerebrum

Question 12

Loss of acidic gastric juice causes body fluids to become which of the following?

A) Neutral
B) Acidic
C) Basic
D) Nontoxic
E) Isotonic

Question 13

Hypercalcemia in adults is usually caused by which of the following?

A) Hypothyroidism
B) Hyperparathyroidism
C) Thymoma
D) Hypoparathyroidism
E) Simple goiter

Question 14

Hypokalemia occurs in patients with which of the following?

A) Severe injuries to tissue
B) Rapid IV infusion of potassium chloride
C) Hyperaldosteronism
D) Flaccid paralysis
E) Dehydration

Question 15

Hypotonic hydration can lead to severe outcomes, and is most often caused by either overconsumption of water or:

A) Addison's disease.
B) acidemia.
C) imbalance of pH.
D) hypoproteinemia.
E) kidney insufficiency.

Question 16

Which of the following hormones is released by cardiac muscle?

A) Vasopressin
B) Aldosterone
C) Atrial natriuretic peptide
D) Renin
E) Angiotensin II

Question 17

Which of the following ions are not normally found in urine and plasma?

A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Bicarbonate
D) Chloride
E) Copper

Question 18

Phosphate ions are essential for which of the following?

A) Mineralization of bones
B) Secretion of cerebrospinal fluid
C) Basal metabolism
D) Prevention of cardiac failure
E) Production of red blood cells

Question 19

Which of the following is most likely to develop after strenuous exercise or oxygen starvation?

A) Lactic acidosis
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Kidney disease
D) Metabolic alkalosis
E) Alkaline tide

Question 20

Which of the following is true about higher plasma concentrations of aldosterone?

A) Greater amounts of ADH are secreted.
B) Water loss via the urine is stimulated.
C) Potassium ions are retained.
D) Sodium ions are conserved.
E) Urination increases.

Question 21

Which of the following is true when potassium is secreted into the urine?

A) Sodium is reabsorbed from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
B) There is an increased presence of atrial natriuretic peptide.
C) There are elevated levels of ADH.
D) There is little change as humans ingest low amounts of potassium.
E) There is a decrease in aldosterone levels.

Question 22

Which of the following conditions or disorders does not cause hyperkalemia?

A) Kidney failure
B) Aldosterone deficiency
C) Administration of intravenous potassium chloride
D) Cushing's syndrome
E) Severe injury to tissues

Question 23

Which of the following causes hypercalcemia?

A) Hypoparathyroidism
B) Excessive vitamin D
C) Liver disease
D) Hyperphosphatemia
E) Severe diarrhea

Question 24

Which of the following is caused by hypoventilation?

A) Stress and emotional conditions
B) Metabolic acidosis
C) Respiratory acidosis
D) Respiratory alkalosis
E) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 25

Which of the following eliminates excess potassium from the body?

A) Spleen
B) Kidneys
C) Liver
D) Lungs
E) Digestive system

Question 26

Which of the following statements is not true concerning chloride ions?

A) Chloride ions are lost in perspiration.
B) Large amounts of chloride ions are lost each day in the urine.
C) Chloride ions are the most abundant anions in the ECF.
D) Chloride ion concentration in the ICF is usually low.
E) Chloride ions are absorbed along the digestive tract.

Question 27

Which of the following is not a factor for the increase in secretion of antidiuretic hormone?

A) Increased osmolality of the ECF
B) Decreased renal blood flow
C) Water deprivation
D) Increased concentration of calcium ions in the ECF
E) Increased concentration of sodium ions in the ECF

Question 28

Which of the following is true about exchanges between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A) The hydrostatic pressure of blood forces plasma that almost totally lacks protein into the interstitial space.
B) The osmotic pressure of blood forces plasma protein into the capillaries.
C) The osmotic pressure of blood and hydrostatic pressure are equal.
D) The hydrostatic pressure of blood requires ATP.
E) The osmotic pressure of blood is not related to the interstitial space.

Question 29

Which of the following terms describes a byproduct of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients?

A) Nutrient metabolism
B) Water balance
C) Water of metabolism
D) Water anabolism
E) Water catabolism

Question 30

Which of the following is true about water balance in relation to a prolonged fever?

A) Water intake reduces
B) Aldosterone decreases
C) Blood pressure increases
D) Blood calcium decreases
E) ADH is released

Question 31

Which of the following is true about angiotensin I?

A) It is an enzyme.
B) It is a carbohydrate.
C) It is a mineralocorticoid.
D) It is inactive.
E) It lowers blood sugar.

Question 32

In the United States, the average adult consumes about __________ mL of water per day.

Question 33

The most important structures in the regulation of water excreted in urine are the collecting ducts and the __________ convoluted tubules.

Question 34

Thirst is influenced by consuming __________, such as in snack foods.

Question 35

Because the maximum urine concentration is about 1,200 milliosmoles, at least __________ mL need to be excreted every day.

Question 36

Most water reaching the collecting ducts will not be reabsorbed when ADH levels are __________.

Question 37

The active form of angiotensin is known as angiotensin __________.

Question 38

Increased capillary __________ pressure can be caused by localized blockage of blood vessels, incompetent vein valves, congestive heart failure, or high blood volume.

Question 39

Most electrolytes are lost by __________.

Question 40

Outcomes for hyper- or hypophosphatemia occur due to reciprocal changes in __________ levels.

Question 41

When a sodium ion is reabsorbed from tubular fluid, there is usually an exchange between it and a cation, which is usually __________.

Question 42

Calcium homeostasis in the extracellular fluid is mostly maintained by parathyroid hormone and __________.

Question 43

Phosphate most significantly affects the __________ fluid.

Question 44

A person who craves chalk, clay, or starch (a condition called pica) may have a deficiency of __________.

Question 45

Hydrochloric acid is _________ in comparison to carbonic acid.

Question 46

The first line of defense in the regulation of hydrogen ions in the blood consists of __________ buffers.

Question 47

Shifts in pH can be life threatening; alkalosis is produced when pH is above 7.45, while acidosis is produced when pH is below __________.

Question 48

Respiratory acidosis may cause injury to the brain stem; obstruction of air passages; and diseases that decrease gas exchange, such as __________.

Question 49

Metabolic acidosis may be caused by lactic acidosis, diabetes mellitus, and overconsumption of __________.

Question 50

With aging, the risk of respiratory acidosis increases because respiratory __________ decreases.

Question 51

The most important acid-base buffer systems in the body's fluids are the protein, phosphate, and __________ buffer systems.

Question 52

The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

Question 53

Acid-base buffer systems consist of a combination of a strong acid and its dissociation products.

Question 54

A volatile acid is an acid that can leave a solution and enter the atmosphere.

Question 55

When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of alkalosis exists.

Question 56

A person who chronically consumes large amounts of antacids to settle an upset stomach may risk respiratory acidosis.

Question 57

A person with emphysema may develop metabolic alkalosis.

Question 58

Intracellular fluid is found in the interstitial space.

Question 59

ADH is released when plasma osmolality is increased.

Question 60

Secretion of potassium into the urine is associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

Question 61

After hyperventilating, the pH of blood is lower.

Question 62

Electrolytes are ions released through the dissociation of organic compounds.

Question 63

When the pH falls below 10, a state of acidosis exists.

Question 64

Edema is caused by an imbalance in colloid osmotic pressures on both sides of capillary membranes.

Question 65

Hypercalcemia describes a high concentration of calcium in the intracellular fluid.

Question 66

A severe deficiency of electrolytes may produce a desire to eat salty foods; this is known as a salt craving.

Question 67

Hypocapnia is a state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood.

Question 68

Cushing's syndrome may cause hypokalemia.

Question 69

Alcoholism and severe malnutrition may cause hypomagnesemia.

Question 70

Glomerulonephritis may cause uremic acidosis.

Question 71

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is the most important indicator of normal respiratory function.