Deck 3: Environmental Toxicology

Question 1

One of the founders of toxicology was:

A) Socrates.
B) Theophrastus.
C) Claudius.
D) Da Vinci.
E) Paracelsus.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following is not likely to characterize the approach of toxicology?

A) Laboratory studies of the role of xenobiotics in carcinogenesis in mice
B) Studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variables
C) In vitro studies
D) In vivo studies
E) They all characterize the toxicologic approach.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following abbreviations is used to describe toxic effects of chemicals?

A) VOCs
B) TLV
C) TFR
D) AQI
E) LD₅₀

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The poisonous substance in Amanita phalloides ("death cap" mushroom) is an example of a(n):

A) toxicant.
B) toxin.
C) anthropogenic form of poison.
D) poison caused by bacterial activity.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 5

The existence of a dose-response relationship may be used to establish which of the following kinds of information?

A) Causal association between a toxin and biological effects
B) Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect
C) Rate of accumulation of harmful effects
D) All of these are correct.
E) Both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

Question 6

An internal dose refers to the:

A) dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources.
B) amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.
C) portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body.
D) quantity of a substance that is administered.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 7

The concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by:

A) route of entry into the body.
B) received dose of the chemical.
C) duration of exposure.
D) individual sensitivity.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 8

Of the following routes of exposure, which one has the most rapid effect?

A) Intravenous
B) Ingestion
C) Dermal
D) Intramuscular
E) Inhalation

Question 9

In comparison with the general population, workers may receive exposures to toxic chemicals that are:

A) at lower levels for shorter time periods.
B) at higher concentrations for much longer time periods.
C) confined to a single time episode.
D) more likely to be associated with acute effects than long-term effects.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 10

Subacute exposures are those that last for:

A) less than 24 hours and occur once.
B) less than 24 hours and occur more than once.
C) 1 month or less.
D) 1 to 3 months.
E) more than 3 months.

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of in vitro testing for toxicology?

A) Experiments with normal volunteers
B) Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures
C) Studies of animals exposed to toxins
D) Dose-response assessments in human populations
E) Experiments with cells derived from human sources

Question 12

All of the following statements about thalidomide are true, except:

A) it was a potent teratogen.
B) it was developed before the advent of rigorous clinical trials.
C) it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy.
D) it was associated with heart problems among adults.

Question 13

Which term indicates that the combined effect of exposures to two or more chemicals that is greater than the sum of their individual effects?

A) Additive
B) Synergistic
C) Antagonistic
D) Coalitive

Question 14

When several agents that have no known toxic effects interact to produce a toxic effect, it is characteristic of what type of interaction?

A) Coalitive
B) Potentiation
C) Antagonism
D) Synergistic

Question 15

Which of the following refers to toxic substances that are man-made or result from human (anthropogenic) activity?

A) Toxin
B) Toxicant
C) Poison
D) Teratogen

Question 16

Normally, which of the following refers to a beneficial effect of a substance, such as relief of pain or may stand for a harmful effect, such as paralysis?

A) Absorbed dose
B) Exposure dose
C) Internal dose
D) Effective dose

Question 17

Which of the following is the measurement of the relationship between the amount of exposure and the occurrence of the unwanted health effects?

A) Exposure assessment
B) Risk assessment
C) Dose-response assessment
D) Hazard assessment

Question 18

The quality of data from what type of assessment determines the accuracy of risk assessments and therefore is a limiting factor in the risk assessment process?

A) Exposure assessment
B) Ecologic assessment
C) Dose-response assessment
D) Hazard assessment

Question 19

In the "real world" of environmental exposures, most exposures are due to multiple chemicals rather than to a single chemical.

Question 20

When highly controlled and standardized conditions are desired, human subjects are used in toxicologic testing.