Deck 7: Territoriality and Movement

Question 1

Refer to the figure.
The figure shows flight energetics in great white pelicans that are gliding by themselves, flapping by themselves, or traveling in a group V-formation (indicated by the numbered individuals). What is the mean wingbeat frequency (in wingbeats per minute) of a pelican leading the V-formation?

A) 45
B) 60
C) 90
D) 105

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Refer to the figure.
The graph represents

A) a hypothesis.
B) a prediction.
C) test evidence.
D) a scientific conclusion.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Refer to the figure.
This work would be based on optimality theory if the

A) researchers expected that pelicans would, when possible, minimize their flight expenses.
B) fitness benefit derived from flying in a V-formation exceeded the cost of the behavior.
C) researchers had tested the prediction that other large, flock-forming species would also fly in V-formations under some conditions.
D) researchers believed that every aspect of pelican behavior was an adaptation, that is, an ideal solution to an environmental problem of some sort.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Refer to the figure.
"The birds in front of the V are expected to be low-ranking birds that are unable to displace physically superior rivals from the more energy-saving positions in the formation." This statement is a

A) hypothesis.
B) prediction.
C) test.
D) scientific conclusion.

Question 5

The finding that both great white pelicans and brown pelicans fly in V-formation is an example of

A) convergent evolution.
B) divergent evolution.
C) the comparative method.
D) the effects of shared ancestry.

Question 6

If the distribution of individuals over a set of habitats is consistent with ideal free distribution theory, then

A) the fitness of individuals in different habitats will be the same.
B) some habitats will attract territorial individuals, while others will not.
C) the mean survival time of individuals in the different habitats will be different.
D) the areas associated with higher fitness will be occupied after habitats linked to lower fitness.

Question 7

Passive dispersal is most likely to be used by which type of species?

A) Species with male-biased sex dispersal
B) Species that are highly mobile, such as bats and birds
C) Large terrestrial mammals with low birth rates and lengthy offspring development time
D) Marine animals and small insects that produce large amounts of small offspring

Question 8

A bird defends a territory in which there are abundant food sources but also high levels of predation. This is an example of

A) payoff asymmetry.
B) ideal free distribution.
C) economic defensibility.
D) resource-holding potential.

Question 9

If two cats are introduced into a new home, the one that is brought in a day or two before the other will more strongly defend the space as its territory. This illustrates the

A) dear enemy effect.
B) payoff asymmetry hypothesis.
C) new home's economic defensibility.
D) first cat's underestimation of its resource-holding potential.

Question 10

While studying a species of firefly, you notice that the territories they occupy are constant across the breeding season, even though you observe multiple, short territorial disputes. Despite these quick disputes, you do not observe a single case of a territory actually changing ownership. This finding supports the

A) dear enemy effect.
B) payoff asymmetry hypothesis.
C) resource-holding potential hypothesis.
D) arbitrary contest resolution hypothesis.

Question 11

Male American redstarts (a small species of warbler) that are in the best physical condition typically are found in the species' preferred habitat. Individuals in worse condition tend to be found in scrubby, secondary growth. This statement supports the

A) dear enemy effect.
B) payoff asymmetry hypothesis.
C) resource-holding potential hypothesis.
D) arbitrary contest resolution hypothesis.

Question 12

Even when an intruder is far away, territorial male Broadley's flat lizards will charge them aggressively. However, when a familiar neighbor approaches, territorial males allow these individuals to get much closer. They will also pursue them for a much shorter span than an unfamiliar intruder. This finding illustrates the

A) dear enemy effect.
B) payoff asymmetry hypothesis.
C) resource-holding potential hypothesis.
D) arbitrary contest resolution hypothesis.

Question 13

Refer to the figure.
Based on these results, which habitat is most preferred by the shorebirds?

A) 5
B) 6
C) 6 and 7 are equally preferred
D) 7

Question 14

Refer to the figure.
Based on the ideal free distribution theory, you may predict that

A) the birds that are able to secure a territory on the preferred habitat have the highest reproductive success.
B) this shorebird exhibits sex-biased dispersal; while one sex remains on the preferred habitat, the other sex disperses amongst the other areas in order to reduce inbreeding.
C) the most preferred habitat also has the highest amount of intraspecific competition.
D) birds already established on the preferred habitat are in better condition and thus able to maintain their territories from any intruders.

Question 15

Refer to the figure.
Based on resource-holding potential, redstarts with the best competitive ability should be found in the

A) wet forest.
B) mangrove.
C) citrus.
D) scrub.

Question 16

Refer to the figure.
Does this result support ideal free distribution? Why or why not?

A) Yes, because individuals have equal fitness regardless of their habitat.
B) Yes, because males and females in the high-quality habitat have the same fitness.
C) No, because individuals residing in different habitats do not have the same fitness.
D) No, because males and females do not have the same fitness even when they reside in the same habitat.

Question 17

The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis is used to explain

A) sex-biased dispersal, in which one sex disperses farther than the other.
B) long-distance migration, which involves movement to and from the same location.
C) passive dispersal, in which organisms use wind or water currents to help them move.
D) resource-holding potential, or the ability of a territorial animal to win a fight against a rival.

Question 18

How does understanding migratory behavior and connectivity between a species' breeding and wintering grounds help improve conservation efforts? Use an example to support your answer.

Question 19

Using an example from the textbook or class, describe two potential costs and one potential benefit of territoriality. What is necessary in order for territoriality to evolve?

Question 20

Explain the similarities and differences between dispersal and migration.

Question 21

Describe two environmental cues that animals use to navigate during migration.