Deck 16: The Evolution of Plants and Fungi

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Question
________ are seedless vascular plants.

A) Ferns
B) Angiosperms
C) Bryophytes
D) Gymnosperms
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Question
Why are bryophytes considered incompletely liberated from their ancestral aquatic habitat?

A) They lack lignin.
B) Their sperm are flagellated.
C) The gametophyte generation is dominant.
D) They lack a cuticle.
Question
Which of the following is the lineage of green algae believed to most resemble early plant ancestors?

A) charophytes
B) ulva
C) volvox
D) dinoflagellates
Question
Which aspect of truffle mushrooms drives their commercial importance?

A) size
B) smell
C) taste
D) texture
Question
Would you expect desert plants to have a thin or thick cuticle?

A) thin because desert plants do not have stomata
B) thin because desert plants have a short root system
C) thick because desert plants have an extensive shoot system
D) thick because desert plants need to retain water in this dry environment
Question
The ________ help(s)plants retain water.

A) hypha
B) cuticle
C) mycorrhiza
D) lignin
Question
Of the following,which is the earliest step in the formation of fossil fuels?

A) subjecting organic matter to extreme pressure
B) flooding swamps with seawater
C) incomplete decomposition of organic matter
D) subjecting organic matter to extreme heat
Question
Gametophytes reproduce ________.

A) by producing sperm and eggs
B) by fission
C) by meiosis of special cells in the gametophyte
D) by budding
Question
Plants first moved onto land at least ________ years ago.

A) 65 million
B) 475 million
C) 1.2 billion
D) 3.5 billion
Question
Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi are called ________.

A) mycorrhizae
B) mycelia
C) shoots
D) hyphae
Question
Which of the following lack vascular tissue?

A) cone-bearing plants
B) grasses
C) ferns
D) mosses
Question
Which of the following correctly illustrates the sequence of the origin of modern groups of plants?

A) gymnosperms, ferns, bryophytes, angiosperms
B) bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
C) bryophytes, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms
D) ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes
Question
Why is the symbiotic relationship of truffle mushrooms and tree roots considered to be crucial to the colonization of land?

A) This relationship is found in some of the oldest plant fossils.
B) Truffles have the terrestrial adaptation of seeds.
C) Tree roots can be found only in terrestrial environments.
D) Truffles provide trees with sugars.
Question
Some companies that produce paper will also produce a by-product that is sold as a binder (something that binds,or holds,things together).From which part of trees does this by-product come?

A) leaves
B) mycorrhizae
C) lignin
D) stomata
Question
________,a chemical that hardens cell walls and supports terrestrial plants,is found in all plants EXCEPT ________.

A) Lignin... bryophytes
B) Cellulose... bryophytes
C) Cellulose... ferns
D) Lignin... ferns and bryophytes
Question
Why are ferns considered incompletely adapted to the terrestrial environment,when compared with other plants?

A) They lack vascular tissue.
B) Their sperm are flagellated.
C) The gametophyte generation is dominant.
D) They lack cuticle.
Question
Gametophytes are ________; sporophytes are ________.

A) male... female
B) an adaptation to an aquatic existence... an adaptation to a terrestrial existence
C) haploid... diploid
D) the dominant stage of the conifer life cycle... the less obvious stage of the conifer life cycle
Question
If you wanted to propagate (grow)ferns,what do you need to collect from existing ferns?

A) diploid zygote cells
B) haploid spores
C) fossil fuels
D) seeds
Question
In ________ the gametophyte is more obvious than the sporophyte.

A) conifers
B) mosses
C) grasses
D) ferns
Question
Much of the coal we use today came from ________ that lived during the Carboniferous.

A) gymnosperms
B) mosses
C) angiosperms
D) ferns
Question
The edible portion of a(n)________ is a ripened ovary.

A) cucumber
B) broccoli stalk
C) radish
D) onion
Question
What global climatic change gave gymnosperms an advantage over ferns?

A) the climate becoming hotter and wetter
B) increased fluctuations in global climate temperatures
C) the climate becoming cooler and drier
D) the climate becoming hotter and drier
Question
________ were the first plants that did not require water for transferring sperm to eggs.

A) Bryophytes
B) Gymnosperms
C) Ferns
D) Angiosperms
Question
In angiosperms,the male gametophyte develops within ________.

A) male cones
B) filaments
C) anthers
D) stigma
Question
Which of the following is a component of the female structure of a flowering plant?

A) petal
B) filament
C) anther
D) stigma
Question
From the point of view of an angiosperm,what is the function of fruit?

A) It is where the male gametophyte develops.
B) It is a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds.
C) It provides nutrients to germinating seeds.
D) It attracts pollinators.
Question
Gymnosperms and angiosperms share multiple similarities.Which of the following is NOT a shared feature of angiosperms and gymnosperms?

A) Both produce flowers.
B) Both have pollen grains that are male gametophytes.
C) Both have a dominant sporophyte generation.
D) Both have seeds.
Question
Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Rainforests regenerate slowly and cannot sustain slash-and-burn clearing.
B) Humans depend on plants for food, wood, and medicines.
C) Only a fraction of plant species have been tested as potential medicine sources.
D) Local knowledge of rainforest plant communities has no impact on the production of new medicines.
Question
Which structure of a flower traps pollen?

A) style
B) stigma
C) ovary
D) filament
Question
Why are gymnosperms considered to be "naked seed" plants?

A) Their seeds have a thin layer of endosperm.
B) They do not produce seeds; they produce only spores.
C) Their seeds are not enclosed within ovaries.
D) Their seeds develop on the surface of sporophytes.
Question
In angiosperms,the ________ is a nutrient-storing tissue that nourishes a developing embryo.

A) fruit
B) seed
C) carpels
D) endosperm
Question
Seeds develop from ________.

A) carpels
B) anthers
C) ovules
D) ovaries
Question
Which of these adaptations to a terrestrial existence evolved most recently?

A) vascular tissue
B) seeds
C) lignin
D) cuticle
Question
Nearly all food plants are ________.

A) bryophytes
B) gymnosperms
C) ferns
D) angiosperms
Question
Exploring in the tropics,you discover a nonvascular plant that produces pollen.What type of plant have you discovered?

A) an angiosperm
B) a fern
C) a bryophyte
D) an entirely new type that you will get to name
Question
In angiosperms,what structures house female gametophytes?

A) stigmas
B) petals
C) ovules
D) sepals
Question
Nutritionally,all fungi are ________.

A) heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorption
B) autotrophs that acquire their nutrients from solar energy
C) autotrophs that acquire their nutrients from chemicals
D) parasites that acquire their nutrients from other organisms
Question
What is an evolutionary reason why individual ferns may produce millions of spores?

A) Having many spores increases the chances that they will produce fossil fuels.
B) Having many spores increases the chances that they can produce seeds.
C) Spores can germinate only in the right environmental conditions, so producing many spores increases the chances that at least one will end up in an area of those conditions.
D) Spores can disperse only short distances, so producing many spores increases the chances that at least one will travel far enough to germinate.
Question
A pollen grain is a(n)________.

A) female gametophyte
B) sporophyte
C) male gametophyte
D) integument
Question
Which of the following statements about pollination and fertilization is CORRECT?

A) Pollination is identical to fertilization.
B) Pollination is not the same as fertilization, but pollination guarantees fertilization will occur.
C) Pollination and fertilization are unrelated.
D) Pollination is not the same as fertilization, and pollination does not guarantee fertilization will occur.
Question
Suppose that,while on a forest hike,you notice a blue fungus and a pink plant growing along the hiking trail.As you continue walking,you observe that if a blue fungus and a pink plant are growing side by side,they are both much larger than if the fungus and the plant are farther apart.What can you hypothesize about the relationship between the fungus and the plant?

A) The fungus and the plant have a symbiotic relationship that allows them to have more significant growth when they are near each other than when farther apart.
B) The fungus and the plant have a parasitic relationship that allows them to have more significant growth when they are near each other than when farther apart.
C) The roots of the plant are choking off nutrient flow to the fungal hyphae.
D) The plant is helping the fungus decompose leaf litter on the forest floor.
Question
The photo below shows ________. <strong>The photo below shows ________.  </strong> A) a cluster of fern spore capsules B) a fairy ring C) an algal cell with extensive thread-like cilia D) a lichen, a mutually beneficial symbiosis <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) a cluster of fern spore capsules
B) a fairy ring
C) an algal cell with extensive thread-like cilia
D) a lichen, a mutually beneficial symbiosis
Question
What important role do fungi play in many ecosystems?

A) They decompose organic material.
B) They pollinate plants.
C) They disperse the fruits of angiosperms.
D) They perform photosynthesis.
Question
What are hyphae?

A) symbiotic associations between plant roots and fungi
B) threadlike filaments that make up fungal bodies
C) fungal digestive enzymes
D) fungal spores
Question
Corn smut is a fungus that grows in the ears of corn and changes corn kernels into black,powdery balls of fungus tissue.What would you hypothesize is the significance of the relationship between corn smut and corn?

A) Corn smut has a parasitic relationship with corn so that it can use the corn as a way to spread spores.
B) Corn smut has a symbiotic relationship with corn so that it can use the corn as a way to spread spores.
C) Corn smut helps to decompose corn more quickly and therefore replenishes nutrients in the soil at a faster rate.
D) Corn smut slows decomposition of corn and therefore reduces the rate at which nutrients are returned to the soil.
Question
What is this organism? <strong>What is this organism?  </strong> A) fern B) fungus C) bryophyte D) gymnosperm <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) fern
B) fungus
C) bryophyte
D) gymnosperm
Question
Scenario Questions
Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
People utilize plants to meet many everyday needs, including food, fiber, and building materials. However, not many of the over 300,000 known species of plants are used by people. One species with a lot of future promise is the jatropha tree. This species is native to Central America and is now found throughout the tropics. Many people believe the jatropha could help alleviate poverty in many areas of the world, as the seeds produce an oil that can be used for cooking, lighting, or generating electricity. This oil can also be mixed with diesel fuel or petrol to produce a biofuel. Mature trees produce between 5 and 15 kg of seeds per year and can live more than 30 years. However, critics argue that planting the jatropha tree will take land needed for food production, which will in turn harm the poor.
Which of the following statements concerning the jatropha tree is TRUE?

A) Jatropha trees are found all over the world.
B) Everyone believes planting jatropha trees will be beneficial.
C) Humans use over half of the known species of plants for everyday uses.
D) Currently, the most valuable part of the jatropha tree is the seed.
Question
Like plants,fungi have ________; however,in plants they are composed of ________,whereas in fungi they are composed of ________.

A) cell walls... cellulose... chitin
B) cell walls... cellulose... peptidoglycan
C) cell membranes... phospholipids... chitin
D) cell walls... phospholipids... cellulose
Question
This diagram shows what process? <strong>This diagram shows what process?  </strong> A) origin of plants from green algae B) alternation of generations C) angiosperm life cycle D) gymnosperm life cycle <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) origin of plants from green algae
B) alternation of generations
C) angiosperm life cycle
D) gymnosperm life cycle
Question
If seed production had never evolved,which organisms would be missing in today's landscape? <strong>If seed production had never evolved,which organisms would be missing in today's landscape?  </strong> A) bryophytes and ferns B) ferns and gymnosperms C) gymnosperms and angiosperms D) angiosperms and bryophytes <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) bryophytes and ferns
B) ferns and gymnosperms
C) gymnosperms and angiosperms
D) angiosperms and bryophytes
Question
The function of a mushroom is to ________.

A) produce seeds
B) store nutrients
C) produce spores
D) photosynthesize
Question
Biocontrol,short for biological control,is a means to control pest populations (e.g.,insects,plants)by intentionally introducing natural enemies of those pests.Biocontrol methods have benefits of typically being less expensive and less environmentally damaging than chemical pesticides.Which of the following should NOT be considered an example of biocontrol?

A) the spores of the Chinese caterpillar fungus that are sprayed on crop pests to parasitize and kill them
B) the application of herbicides that kill weeds harboring pest populations
C) the introduction of mites that prey upon citrus rust mites that infest and destroy citrus crops
D) the introduction of insect herbivores that eat weeds but do not feed on native plant species
Question
Scenario Questions
Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
People utilize plants to meet many everyday needs, including food, fiber, and building materials. However, not many of the over 300,000 known species of plants are used by people. One species with a lot of future promise is the jatropha tree. This species is native to Central America and is now found throughout the tropics. Many people believe the jatropha could help alleviate poverty in many areas of the world, as the seeds produce an oil that can be used for cooking, lighting, or generating electricity. This oil can also be mixed with diesel fuel or petrol to produce a biofuel. Mature trees produce between 5 and 15 kg of seeds per year and can live more than 30 years. However, critics argue that planting the jatropha tree will take land needed for food production, which will in turn harm the poor.
What would NOT be an advantage of using oil from jatropha seeds?

A) The oil is considered a renewable resource.
B) The oil can be used for generating electricity.
C) The oil can be used as a biofuel.
D) Growing jatropha tress to produce oil may lower food production.
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Deck 16: The Evolution of Plants and Fungi
1
________ are seedless vascular plants.

A) Ferns
B) Angiosperms
C) Bryophytes
D) Gymnosperms
A
2
Why are bryophytes considered incompletely liberated from their ancestral aquatic habitat?

A) They lack lignin.
B) Their sperm are flagellated.
C) The gametophyte generation is dominant.
D) They lack a cuticle.
B
3
Which of the following is the lineage of green algae believed to most resemble early plant ancestors?

A) charophytes
B) ulva
C) volvox
D) dinoflagellates
A
4
Which aspect of truffle mushrooms drives their commercial importance?

A) size
B) smell
C) taste
D) texture
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
5
Would you expect desert plants to have a thin or thick cuticle?

A) thin because desert plants do not have stomata
B) thin because desert plants have a short root system
C) thick because desert plants have an extensive shoot system
D) thick because desert plants need to retain water in this dry environment
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
6
The ________ help(s)plants retain water.

A) hypha
B) cuticle
C) mycorrhiza
D) lignin
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
7
Of the following,which is the earliest step in the formation of fossil fuels?

A) subjecting organic matter to extreme pressure
B) flooding swamps with seawater
C) incomplete decomposition of organic matter
D) subjecting organic matter to extreme heat
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
8
Gametophytes reproduce ________.

A) by producing sperm and eggs
B) by fission
C) by meiosis of special cells in the gametophyte
D) by budding
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
9
Plants first moved onto land at least ________ years ago.

A) 65 million
B) 475 million
C) 1.2 billion
D) 3.5 billion
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
10
Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi are called ________.

A) mycorrhizae
B) mycelia
C) shoots
D) hyphae
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
11
Which of the following lack vascular tissue?

A) cone-bearing plants
B) grasses
C) ferns
D) mosses
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
12
Which of the following correctly illustrates the sequence of the origin of modern groups of plants?

A) gymnosperms, ferns, bryophytes, angiosperms
B) bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
C) bryophytes, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms
D) ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes
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k this deck
13
Why is the symbiotic relationship of truffle mushrooms and tree roots considered to be crucial to the colonization of land?

A) This relationship is found in some of the oldest plant fossils.
B) Truffles have the terrestrial adaptation of seeds.
C) Tree roots can be found only in terrestrial environments.
D) Truffles provide trees with sugars.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
14
Some companies that produce paper will also produce a by-product that is sold as a binder (something that binds,or holds,things together).From which part of trees does this by-product come?

A) leaves
B) mycorrhizae
C) lignin
D) stomata
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
15
________,a chemical that hardens cell walls and supports terrestrial plants,is found in all plants EXCEPT ________.

A) Lignin... bryophytes
B) Cellulose... bryophytes
C) Cellulose... ferns
D) Lignin... ferns and bryophytes
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
16
Why are ferns considered incompletely adapted to the terrestrial environment,when compared with other plants?

A) They lack vascular tissue.
B) Their sperm are flagellated.
C) The gametophyte generation is dominant.
D) They lack cuticle.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
17
Gametophytes are ________; sporophytes are ________.

A) male... female
B) an adaptation to an aquatic existence... an adaptation to a terrestrial existence
C) haploid... diploid
D) the dominant stage of the conifer life cycle... the less obvious stage of the conifer life cycle
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
18
If you wanted to propagate (grow)ferns,what do you need to collect from existing ferns?

A) diploid zygote cells
B) haploid spores
C) fossil fuels
D) seeds
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
19
In ________ the gametophyte is more obvious than the sporophyte.

A) conifers
B) mosses
C) grasses
D) ferns
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
20
Much of the coal we use today came from ________ that lived during the Carboniferous.

A) gymnosperms
B) mosses
C) angiosperms
D) ferns
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21
The edible portion of a(n)________ is a ripened ovary.

A) cucumber
B) broccoli stalk
C) radish
D) onion
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
22
What global climatic change gave gymnosperms an advantage over ferns?

A) the climate becoming hotter and wetter
B) increased fluctuations in global climate temperatures
C) the climate becoming cooler and drier
D) the climate becoming hotter and drier
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
23
________ were the first plants that did not require water for transferring sperm to eggs.

A) Bryophytes
B) Gymnosperms
C) Ferns
D) Angiosperms
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
24
In angiosperms,the male gametophyte develops within ________.

A) male cones
B) filaments
C) anthers
D) stigma
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
25
Which of the following is a component of the female structure of a flowering plant?

A) petal
B) filament
C) anther
D) stigma
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
26
From the point of view of an angiosperm,what is the function of fruit?

A) It is where the male gametophyte develops.
B) It is a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds.
C) It provides nutrients to germinating seeds.
D) It attracts pollinators.
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Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
27
Gymnosperms and angiosperms share multiple similarities.Which of the following is NOT a shared feature of angiosperms and gymnosperms?

A) Both produce flowers.
B) Both have pollen grains that are male gametophytes.
C) Both have a dominant sporophyte generation.
D) Both have seeds.
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Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
28
Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Rainforests regenerate slowly and cannot sustain slash-and-burn clearing.
B) Humans depend on plants for food, wood, and medicines.
C) Only a fraction of plant species have been tested as potential medicine sources.
D) Local knowledge of rainforest plant communities has no impact on the production of new medicines.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
29
Which structure of a flower traps pollen?

A) style
B) stigma
C) ovary
D) filament
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
30
Why are gymnosperms considered to be "naked seed" plants?

A) Their seeds have a thin layer of endosperm.
B) They do not produce seeds; they produce only spores.
C) Their seeds are not enclosed within ovaries.
D) Their seeds develop on the surface of sporophytes.
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Unlock Deck
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31
In angiosperms,the ________ is a nutrient-storing tissue that nourishes a developing embryo.

A) fruit
B) seed
C) carpels
D) endosperm
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32
Seeds develop from ________.

A) carpels
B) anthers
C) ovules
D) ovaries
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Unlock Deck
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33
Which of these adaptations to a terrestrial existence evolved most recently?

A) vascular tissue
B) seeds
C) lignin
D) cuticle
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
34
Nearly all food plants are ________.

A) bryophytes
B) gymnosperms
C) ferns
D) angiosperms
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
35
Exploring in the tropics,you discover a nonvascular plant that produces pollen.What type of plant have you discovered?

A) an angiosperm
B) a fern
C) a bryophyte
D) an entirely new type that you will get to name
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Unlock Deck
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36
In angiosperms,what structures house female gametophytes?

A) stigmas
B) petals
C) ovules
D) sepals
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
37
Nutritionally,all fungi are ________.

A) heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorption
B) autotrophs that acquire their nutrients from solar energy
C) autotrophs that acquire their nutrients from chemicals
D) parasites that acquire their nutrients from other organisms
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
38
What is an evolutionary reason why individual ferns may produce millions of spores?

A) Having many spores increases the chances that they will produce fossil fuels.
B) Having many spores increases the chances that they can produce seeds.
C) Spores can germinate only in the right environmental conditions, so producing many spores increases the chances that at least one will end up in an area of those conditions.
D) Spores can disperse only short distances, so producing many spores increases the chances that at least one will travel far enough to germinate.
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Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
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39
A pollen grain is a(n)________.

A) female gametophyte
B) sporophyte
C) male gametophyte
D) integument
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Unlock Deck
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40
Which of the following statements about pollination and fertilization is CORRECT?

A) Pollination is identical to fertilization.
B) Pollination is not the same as fertilization, but pollination guarantees fertilization will occur.
C) Pollination and fertilization are unrelated.
D) Pollination is not the same as fertilization, and pollination does not guarantee fertilization will occur.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
41
Suppose that,while on a forest hike,you notice a blue fungus and a pink plant growing along the hiking trail.As you continue walking,you observe that if a blue fungus and a pink plant are growing side by side,they are both much larger than if the fungus and the plant are farther apart.What can you hypothesize about the relationship between the fungus and the plant?

A) The fungus and the plant have a symbiotic relationship that allows them to have more significant growth when they are near each other than when farther apart.
B) The fungus and the plant have a parasitic relationship that allows them to have more significant growth when they are near each other than when farther apart.
C) The roots of the plant are choking off nutrient flow to the fungal hyphae.
D) The plant is helping the fungus decompose leaf litter on the forest floor.
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
42
The photo below shows ________. <strong>The photo below shows ________.  </strong> A) a cluster of fern spore capsules B) a fairy ring C) an algal cell with extensive thread-like cilia D) a lichen, a mutually beneficial symbiosis

A) a cluster of fern spore capsules
B) a fairy ring
C) an algal cell with extensive thread-like cilia
D) a lichen, a mutually beneficial symbiosis
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 53 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
43
What important role do fungi play in many ecosystems?

A) They decompose organic material.
B) They pollinate plants.
C) They disperse the fruits of angiosperms.
D) They perform photosynthesis.
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44
What are hyphae?

A) symbiotic associations between plant roots and fungi
B) threadlike filaments that make up fungal bodies
C) fungal digestive enzymes
D) fungal spores
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45
Corn smut is a fungus that grows in the ears of corn and changes corn kernels into black,powdery balls of fungus tissue.What would you hypothesize is the significance of the relationship between corn smut and corn?

A) Corn smut has a parasitic relationship with corn so that it can use the corn as a way to spread spores.
B) Corn smut has a symbiotic relationship with corn so that it can use the corn as a way to spread spores.
C) Corn smut helps to decompose corn more quickly and therefore replenishes nutrients in the soil at a faster rate.
D) Corn smut slows decomposition of corn and therefore reduces the rate at which nutrients are returned to the soil.
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46
What is this organism? <strong>What is this organism?  </strong> A) fern B) fungus C) bryophyte D) gymnosperm

A) fern
B) fungus
C) bryophyte
D) gymnosperm
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47
Scenario Questions
Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
People utilize plants to meet many everyday needs, including food, fiber, and building materials. However, not many of the over 300,000 known species of plants are used by people. One species with a lot of future promise is the jatropha tree. This species is native to Central America and is now found throughout the tropics. Many people believe the jatropha could help alleviate poverty in many areas of the world, as the seeds produce an oil that can be used for cooking, lighting, or generating electricity. This oil can also be mixed with diesel fuel or petrol to produce a biofuel. Mature trees produce between 5 and 15 kg of seeds per year and can live more than 30 years. However, critics argue that planting the jatropha tree will take land needed for food production, which will in turn harm the poor.
Which of the following statements concerning the jatropha tree is TRUE?

A) Jatropha trees are found all over the world.
B) Everyone believes planting jatropha trees will be beneficial.
C) Humans use over half of the known species of plants for everyday uses.
D) Currently, the most valuable part of the jatropha tree is the seed.
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48
Like plants,fungi have ________; however,in plants they are composed of ________,whereas in fungi they are composed of ________.

A) cell walls... cellulose... chitin
B) cell walls... cellulose... peptidoglycan
C) cell membranes... phospholipids... chitin
D) cell walls... phospholipids... cellulose
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49
This diagram shows what process? <strong>This diagram shows what process?  </strong> A) origin of plants from green algae B) alternation of generations C) angiosperm life cycle D) gymnosperm life cycle

A) origin of plants from green algae
B) alternation of generations
C) angiosperm life cycle
D) gymnosperm life cycle
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50
If seed production had never evolved,which organisms would be missing in today's landscape? <strong>If seed production had never evolved,which organisms would be missing in today's landscape?  </strong> A) bryophytes and ferns B) ferns and gymnosperms C) gymnosperms and angiosperms D) angiosperms and bryophytes

A) bryophytes and ferns
B) ferns and gymnosperms
C) gymnosperms and angiosperms
D) angiosperms and bryophytes
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51
The function of a mushroom is to ________.

A) produce seeds
B) store nutrients
C) produce spores
D) photosynthesize
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52
Biocontrol,short for biological control,is a means to control pest populations (e.g.,insects,plants)by intentionally introducing natural enemies of those pests.Biocontrol methods have benefits of typically being less expensive and less environmentally damaging than chemical pesticides.Which of the following should NOT be considered an example of biocontrol?

A) the spores of the Chinese caterpillar fungus that are sprayed on crop pests to parasitize and kill them
B) the application of herbicides that kill weeds harboring pest populations
C) the introduction of mites that prey upon citrus rust mites that infest and destroy citrus crops
D) the introduction of insect herbivores that eat weeds but do not feed on native plant species
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53
Scenario Questions
Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
People utilize plants to meet many everyday needs, including food, fiber, and building materials. However, not many of the over 300,000 known species of plants are used by people. One species with a lot of future promise is the jatropha tree. This species is native to Central America and is now found throughout the tropics. Many people believe the jatropha could help alleviate poverty in many areas of the world, as the seeds produce an oil that can be used for cooking, lighting, or generating electricity. This oil can also be mixed with diesel fuel or petrol to produce a biofuel. Mature trees produce between 5 and 15 kg of seeds per year and can live more than 30 years. However, critics argue that planting the jatropha tree will take land needed for food production, which will in turn harm the poor.
What would NOT be an advantage of using oil from jatropha seeds?

A) The oil is considered a renewable resource.
B) The oil can be used for generating electricity.
C) The oil can be used as a biofuel.
D) Growing jatropha tress to produce oil may lower food production.
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