Deck 19: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Which of the following is/are a steroid hormone(s)that prepares the female body for possible pregnancy?

A) somatotropin
B) gonadotropins
C) prolactin
D) androgens
E) progestins

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The secretion of ________ by the anterior pituitary gland is not under the control of a regulatory hormone from the hypothalamus.

A) growth hormone
B) prolactin
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone
D) follicle-stimulating hormone
E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The thyroid gland is responsible for the secretion of which hormone(s)?

A) parathyroid hormone
B) thymosins
C) calcitonin
D) melatonin
E) androgens

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which structure(s) delivers the blood that contains regulatory hormones to the anterior pituitary gland?

A) secondary capillary plexus
B) inferior hypophyseal artery
C) portal vessels
D) superior hypophyseal artery
E) hypophyseal veins

Question 5

Which endocrine organ is responsible for the production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones?

A) hypothalamus
B) pineal gland
C) suprarenal glands
D) pituitary gland
E) thyroid gland

Question 6

Which of the following accounts for roughly 90 percent of all thyroid secretions?

A) thymosins
B) parathyroid hormone
C) calcitonin
D) triiodothyronine
E) thyroxine

Question 7

________ is released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to a rise in the concentration of electrolytes in the blood, or in response to a fall in blood volume or blood pressure.

A) Thymosin
B) ADH
C) Somatomedin
D) Oxytocin
E) ACTH

Question 8

Autonomic centers in the ________ exert neural control over hormone secretion by the adrenal medullae.

A) hypothalamus
B) thyroid gland
C) thalamus
D) pituitary gland
E) pineal gland

Question 9

Which of the following is/are the effects of hormones produced by the T thyrocytes of the thyroid gland?

A) increases calcium ion concentrations in body fluids
B) decreases calcium ion concentrations in a body fluids
C) maturation and functional competence of immune system
D) increase energy utilization, oxygen consumption, growth, and development
E) decrease energy utilization, oxygen consumption, growth, and development

Question 10

________ are small molecules with a five-carbon ring at one end and are released by most body cells.

A) Thyroid hormones
B) Peptide hormones
C) Eicosanoids
D) Amino acid derivatives
E) Catecholamines

Question 11

The release of oxytocin during labor and delivery, which causes smooth muscle contractions in the uterus and causes further oxytocin release, is an example of hormone regulation through ________.

A) homeostasis
B) metabolism
C) negative feedback
D) divergence
E) positive feedback

Question 12

The only endocrine gland that stores its hormone product extracellularly is the ________.

A) pancreas
B) parathyroid
C) thyroid
D) pituitary
E) ovary

Question 13

The T thyrocytes of the thyroid gland are also termed ________.

A) oxyphil cells
B) principal cells
C) follicular cells
D) transitional cells
E) parafollicular cells

Question 14

Which group(s)of hormones is/are derived from cholesterol?

A) peptide hormones
B) catecholamines
C) thyroid hormones
D) steroid hormones
E) eicosanoids

Question 15

Diabetes insipidus is a syndrome in which an underproduction of ________ exists.

A) insulin
B) parathyroid hormone
C) mineralocorticoids
D) thymosin
E) antidiuretic hormone

Question 16

In women, which of the following is the function(s)of oxytocin that is released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A) promotes the development of oocytes within the ovaries of mature women
B) stimulates the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the uterus and myoepithelial cells surrounding the secretory cells of the mammary glands
C) stimulates protein synthesis and cell growth in skeletal muscle fibers, cartilage cells, and many other target cells
D) stimulates the production of milk
E) stimulates the secretion of estrogens by follicular cells

Question 17

Regarding the hormone groups based on their chemical structure, the ________ are derivatives of tyrosine and are released by the adrenal medulla.

A) eicosanoids
B) catecholamines
C) steroid hormones
D) thyroid hormones
E) peptide hormones

Question 18

The T thyrocytes actively transport ________ ions into the cell from the interstitial fluid.

A) potassium
B) iodide
C) sodium
D) thymopoeitin
E) calcium

Question 19

Functioning as protein secretors, the T thyrocytes, therefore, have abundant ________.

A) lysosomes
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) capillaries
D) mitochondria
E) lymphocytes

Question 20

Produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, the hormone called ________ stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis.

A) melanocyte-stimulating hormone
B) follicle-stimulating hormone
C) prolactin
D) growth hormone
E) gonadotropin

Question 21

Which hormone is a derivative of tryptophan and is synthesized by pinealocytes?

A) oxytocin
B) somatostatin
C) inhibin
D) melatonin
E) progestin

Question 22

In the male, the ________ of the testes produce androgens.

A) interstitial cells
B) follicular cells
C) sustentacular cells
D) islet cells
E) nurse cells

Question 23

In menopausal women, there is/are ________.

A) no change in the concentration of reproductive hormones
B) an increase in most tissues' responsiveness to circulating hormones
C) a decline in the concentration of reproductive hormones
D) no change in most tissues' responsiveness to circulating hormones
E) a dramatic increase in the concentration of reproductive hormones

Question 24

________ is a steroid hormone secreted by the kidney in response to the presence of parathyroid hormone.

A) Calcitonin
B) Antidiuretic hormone
C) Calcitriol
D) Erythropoietin
E) Leptin

Question 25

Which hormone is derived from molecules of the neurotransmitter serotonin and functions to slow the maturation of sperm, oocytes, and reproductive organs?

A) inhibin
B) relaxin
C) androgens
D) melatonin
E) melanocyte stimulating hormone

Question 26

The corpus luteum secretes which hormone whose primary targets include the pubic symphysis, uterus, and mammary glands?

A) inhibin
B) relaxin
C) estrogens
D) progestin
E) androgens

Question 27

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland produces which hormone(s)?

A) norepinephrine
B) cortisol
C) androgens
D) glucocorticoids
E) mineralocorticoids

Question 28

C-thyrocytes help regulate the concentration of ________ ions in body fluids.

A) magnesium
B) sodium
C) iodide
D) potassium
E) calcium

Question 29

What are the main functions of calcitonin, the hormone that is produced by C thyrocytes?

A) It stimulates osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
B) It increases the rate of cellular metabolism and oxygen consumption in almost every cell in the body.
C) It inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates skeletal growth.
D) It decreases the rate of cellular metabolism and oxygen consumption in almost every cell in the body.
E) It promotes the development and maturation of lymphocytes.

Question 30

Which cell population secretes a hormone, called inhibin, which depresses the secretion of FSH by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A) active follicles
B) thyroid follicular cells
C) nurse cells
D) corpus luteum
E) interstitial cells

Question 31

After puberty, the thymus ________.

A) secretes thyroxine
B) enlarges slowly
C) produces calcitonin
D) gradually diminishes in size
E) actively secretes thyroglobulin

Question 32

The ________ is a mixed gland with both exocrine and endocrine activities, and lies within the abdominopelvic cavity in the J-shaped loop between the stomach and small intestine.

A) adrenal gland
B) pancreas
C) kidney
D) thymus
E) adipose tissue

Question 33

Which glandular structure(s) secretes norepinephrine?

A) zona reticularis of adrenal gland
B) denohypophysis of thyroid gland
C) zona fasciculata of adrenal gland
D) medulla of adrenal gland
E) paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

Question 34

The ________ contains neurons, glial cells, and special secretory cells that synthesize the hormone melatonin.

A) hypothalamus
B) pineal gland
C) mammillary body
D) pituitary gland
E) thymus

Question 35

When the oxygen content of the blood becomes too low, the ________ releases ________ to stimulate red blood cell production.

A) pituitary gland; follicle-stimulating hormone
B) kidney; erythropoietin
C) thyroid gland; thyroxine
D) stomach; gastrin
E) pancreas; insulin

Question 36

The ________ of the adrenal gland occupies about 80 percent of the cortex.

A) zona fasciculata
B) chromaffin cells
C) zona reticularis
D) capsule
E) zona glomerulosa

Question 37

In the female, ________ accelerate(s)the movement of the oocyte along the uterine tube and prepare(s)the uterus for the arrival of the developing embryo.

A) relaxin
B) estradiol
C) inhibin
D) progesterone
E) androgens

Question 38

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex normally secretes small amounts of ________.

A) cortisol
B) epinephrine
C) corticosterone
D) aldosterone
E) androgens

Question 39

Choose the cell type-hormone pair that is correctly matched.

A) delta cells-somatostatin
B) delta cells-insulin
C) alpha cells-pancreatic polypeptide
D) interstitial cells-growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
E) beta cells-glucagon

Question 40

Parathyroid hormone stimulates the production of ________ hormone in this organ ________.

A) calcitriol; kidneys
B) thymosins; thymus gland
C) thyroxine; thyroid gland
D) calcitonin; thyroid gland
E) triiodothyronine; thyroid gland

Question 41

Adrenocorticotropic hormone specifically targets cells producing hormones called glucocorticoids, which stimulates glucocorticoid secretion.

Question 42

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

Question 43

The adrenal gland is firmly attached to the superior border of each kidney by a dense, fibrous capsule; and can be divided structurally and functionally into a superficial cortex and an inner medulla.

Question 44

The C thyrocytes of the thyroid produce the hormone calcitonin.

Question 45

Parathyroid hormone stimulates calcitriol synthesis in the kidney and is therefore a tropic hormone.

Question 46

Hormones influence cellular operations by changing the types, activities, or quantities of key cytoplasmic enzymes.

Question 47

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, the only hormone released by the pars intermedia, is secreted by corticotropes only during fetal development, in young children, in pregnant women, and in some disease states.

Question 48

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contains the axons and axon terminals of roughly 50,000 hypothalamic neurons whose cell bodies are either in the supra-optic or paraventricular nuclei.

Question 49

The synthesis of calcitriol, a steroid hormone secreted by the kidney, is dependent on the availability of a related steroid called cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), which may be synthesized in the skin or absorbed from the diet.

Question 50

Calcitonin assists in the regulation of calcium ion concentrations in body fluids, especially during childhood when calcitonin stimulates bone growth and mineral deposition in the skeleton, and under physiological stresses such as starvation or pregnancy.

Question 51

The types of cells found in the parathyroid gland are the parathyroid cells (productive glandular cells)and the oxyphil cells.

Question 52

In the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, the pars tuberalis, which wraps around the adjacent portion of the infundibulum, represents the major portion of the pituitary gland.

Question 53

The thymus produces thymosin, which is the name originally given to a thymic extract that promoted the development and maturation of lymphocytes and thus increased the effectiveness of the immune system.

Question 54

How do the parathyroid glands function in opposition to the thyroid glands?

Question 55

Prolactin, which is secreted by cells called lactotropes, promotes the development of the mammary glands and the production of milk.

Question 56

The two thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, have complementary effects in which they decrease the rate of cellular metabolism and oxygen consumption in almost every cell in the body.

Question 57

In the pancreas, alpha cells produce the hormone insulin, which lowers blood glucose by increasing the rate of glucose uptake and utilization by most body cells.

Question 58

F cells produce the hormone pancreatic polypeptide (PP), which inhibits gallbladder contractions and regulates the production of some pancreatic enzymes.

Question 59

All the cortical cells of the adrenal gland have abundant rough ER for the manufacture of steroids.

Question 60

Chromaffin cells, which are large, rounded cells of the medulla of the adrenal gland, resemble the neurons in sympathetic ganglia and are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers.

Question 61

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label A.

A) Thalamus
B) Pituitary gland
C) Epithalamus
D) Pineal gland
E) Hypothalamus

Question 62

How does the role of the thymus change as an infant grows?

Question 63

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label E.

A) Thalamus
B) Adrenal gland
C) Parathyroid gland
D) Kidney
E) Gonad

Question 64

Figure 19.2

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label B.

A) Supra-optic nuclei
B) Anterior nuclei
C) Optic chiasm
D) Paraventricular nuclei
E) Suprachiasmatic nuclei

Question 65

What are the effects of the secretions of the adrenal medulla on the body?

Question 66

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label O.

A) Thyroid gland
B) Hypothalamus
C) Pituitary gland
D) Pineal gland
E) Thalamus

Question 67

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label L.

A) Spleen
B) Digestive tract
C) Pancreas
D) Parathyroid glands
E) Kidney

Question 68

Figure 19.2

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label A.

A) Suprachiasmatic nuclei
B) Paraventricular nuclei
C) Lateral nuclei
D) Supra-optic nuclei
E) Pulvinar

Question 69

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label G.

A) Cervix
B) Uterus
C) Vagina
D) Uterine tube
E) Ovary

Question 70

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label F.

A) Testis
B) Prostate
C) Urethra
D) Penis
E) Ureter

Question 71

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label N.

A) Pancreas
B) Parathyroid glands
C) Thyroid gland
D) Kidneys
E) Pineal gland

Question 72

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label I.

A) Kidneys
B) Thymus
C) Pancreatic islets
D) Parathyroid glands
E) Adipose tissue

Question 73

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label B.

A) Thyroid gland
B) Pineal gland
C) Parathyroid gland
D) Pituitary gland
E) Thymus

Question 74

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label K.

A) Adrenal gland
B) Pancreas
C) Parathyroid glands
D) Adipose Tissue
E) Thymus

Question 75

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label C.

A) Thyroid gland
B) Adrenal gland
C) Thymus
D) Pituitary gland
E) Hypothalamus

Question 76

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label M.

A) Kidney
B) Thymus
C) Heart
D) Esophagus
E) Trachea

Question 77

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label J.

A) Thymus
B) Digestive tract
C) Kidney
D) Pancreas
E) Spleen

Question 78

Figure 19.2

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label D.

A) Secondary capillary plexus
B) Superior hypophyseal arteries
C) Primary capillary plexus
D) Portal vessels
E) Cervical plexus

Question 79

Figure 19.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label D.

A) Parathyroid gland
B) Adrenal gland
C) Thymus
D) Pancreatic islets
E) Thalamus

Question 80

Figure 19.2

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label C.

A) Median eminence
B) Hypothalamus
C) Epithalamus
D) Mamillary body
E) Optic chiasm