Deck 21: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart

Question 1

Cardiac muscle cells obtain energy almost exclusively through ________.

A) anaerobic pathways
B) aerobic respiration
C) glycolysis
D) the Krebs cycle
E) protein reserves

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Blood that is moved to and from all of the tissues of the body (with the exception of the lungs)is transported in the ________.

A) infundibular circuit
B) pulmonary circuit
C) systemic circuit
D) hepatic portal circuit
E) arterial circle of Willis

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which describes the endocardium?
A) Has single layer of epitheliumt
B) Has layer of areolar connective tissue
C) Epithelial cells are squamous
D) Epithelial cells are cuboidal
E) Has layer of smooth muscle tissue

A) a, b, c
B) a, b, d
C) a, d, e
D) a, b, c, e
E) a, c, e

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The visceral pericardium is also called the ________.

A) endocardium
B) parietal pericardium
C) epicardium
D) myocardium
E) fibrous pericardium

Question 5

The extensive connective tissue network, which encircles the bases of the pulmonary trunk and aorta and the valves of the heart, is called the ________ of the heart.

A) cardiac skeleton
B) endocardium
C) intercalated network
D) pericardium
E) pulmonary epicardium

Question 6

The ________ carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs.

A) arterial circle of Willis
B) pulmonary circuit
C) infundibular circuit
D) systemic circuit
E) hepatic portal circuit

Question 7

The primary function of the pericardial fluid is to provide ________ between the pericardial membranes.

A) friction
B) impulse stimulation
C) pressure
D) perforation
E) lubrication

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the cardiac skeleton of the heart?

A) isolates atrial and ventricular muscle cells
B) provides instructions for cardiac muscle cells to contract
C) maintains the energy reserves in the form of glycogen and lipid inclusions
D) provides full range mobility to the valves of the heart
E) physically connects the atrial muscle cells to the ventricular muscle cells

Question 9

Which heart structure receives blood from the systemic circuit?

A) left ventricle
B) pulmonary veins
C) right ventricle
D) left atrium
E) right atrium

Question 10

The pericardial cavity is actually ________.

A) a potential space
B) a large space
C) filled with mucin
D) contains 150+ mL of pericardial fluid
E) increases friction between opposing membranes

Question 11

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the cardiovascular system occurs in which vessels?

A) veins
B) arteries
C) capillaries
D) venules
E) arterioles

Question 12

Which of these statements can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body?
A) There is a unidirectional blood flow.
B) Arteries always carry oxygenated blood.
C) Veins always carry deoxygenated blood.
D) Arteries always carry blood away from the heart.
E) Veins always carry blood toward the heart.

A) a, c, d, e
B) a, b, c, d, e
C) a, d, e
D) b, c, d, e
E) a, b, e

Question 13

The intercalated disc of cardiac muscle cells possess a specialized form of communicating junction termed a(n)________.

A) desmosome
B) macula adherens
C) gap junction
D) fascia adherens
E) CAM

Question 14

Which element of the fibrous pericardium stabilizes the position of the heart and associated vessels within the mediastinum?

A) reticular fibers
B) collagen fibers
C) skeletal muscle
D) elastic fibers
E) cartilage

Question 15

Cardiac muscle cells differ from skeletal muscle fibers in that the cardiac muscle cells are uniquely interconnected by (the)________.

A) sarcoplasmic reticulum
B) Z discs
C) gap junctions
D) intercalated discs
E) T tubules

Question 16

The cardiac skeleton of the heart functions to ________.

A) provide elasticity that helps return the heart to its original shape after each contraction
B) physically isolating the atrial muscle cells from the ventricular muscle cells
C) help distribute the force of contraction of the heart
D) reinforcing the heart valves
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 17

Because cardiac muscles are mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another, cardiac muscle tissue functions like a single enormous muscle cell. For this reason, it is called a functional ________.

A) sulcus
B) inclusion
C) syncytium
D) intercalation
E) triad

Question 18

The outermost layer of the serous pericardium is termed the ________.

A) parietal pericardium
B) fibrous pericardium
C) visceral pericardium
D) endocardium
E) epicardium

Question 19

Which structures are responsible for creating a direct electrical connection between cardiac muscle cells?

A) gap junctions
B) maculae adherens
C) intercalated discs
D) desmosomes
E) fascia adherens

Question 20

Which is the layer that lines the internal surface of the heart wall?

A) parietal layer of the epicardium
B) endocardium
C) myocardium
D) fibrous pericardium
E) visceral layer of the epicardium

Question 21

Externally, the posterior and inferior portions of the left and right ventricles form the ________.

A) sternocostal surface
B) right border
C) left border
D) diaphragmatic surface
E) superior border

Question 22

The right ventricle ________.

A) has thinner muscular walls than does the left ventricle
B) receives blood from the left atrium through the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve
C) pumps blood out of the heart to the systemic circuit
D) pumps blood out of the heart through the aortic valve
E) is connected to the pulmonary veins

Question 23

When not filled with blood the anterior portion of each atrium deflates and becomes a rather lumpy and wrinkled flap called the________.

A) atrial sinus
B) coronary sulcus
C) atrial apex
D) interatrial groove
E) auricle

Question 24

Which of the following is a feature that is unique to the left atrium?

A) left atrioventriciular (mitral) valve
B) fossa ovalis
C) right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve
D) foramen ovale
E) conus arteriosus

Question 25

Oxygen-poor blood travels from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the ________ valve.

A) bicuspid
B) aortic
C) left atrioventricular (mitral)
D) right atrioventricular (tricuspid)
E) pulmonary

Question 26

The ________ of the heart includes the bases of the major vessels.

A) right border
B) inferior border
C) left border
D) superior border
E) diaphragmatic surface

Question 27

Which chamber of the heart can generate the greatest pressure?

A) left atrium
B) left ventricle
C) right atrium
D) right ventricle
E) Both ventricles create greater pressures equally and simultaneously than do the atria.

Question 28

Blood exiting the left ventricle must pass through the ________ valve.

A) left atrioventricular (mitral)
B) pulmonary
C) right atrioventricular (tricuspid)
D) bicuspid
E) aortic

Question 29

The left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circuit through the ________.

A) left atrioventricular (mitral) valve
B) pulmonary veins
C) pulmonary trunk
D) ascending aorta
E) venae cavae

Question 30

Blood leaves the right ventricle through the ________ valve to reach the capillaries supplying the lungs.

A) aortic
B) left atrioventricular (mitral)
C) pulmonary
D) right atrioventricular (tricuspid)
E) bicuspid

Question 31

Which vessel delivers venous blood from the tissues and organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and from the lower limbs?

A) coronary veins
B) pulmonary trunk
C) superior vena cava
D) fossa ovalis
E) inferior vena cava

Question 32

The superior end of the right ventricle, which tapers to a smooth-walled pouch and ends at the pulmonary valve is called (the)________.

A) auricle
B) conus arteriosus
C) aortic sinus
D) ligamentum arteriosum
E) fossa ovalis

Question 33

Which features are described as prominent muscular ridges that extend along the inner surface of the right auricle and across the adjacent anterior wall of the right atrium?

A) chordae tendineae
B) foramina ovale
C) papillary muscles
D) pectinate muscles
E) trabeculae carneae

Question 34

The broad, superior portion of the heart is the ________.

A) apex
B) base
C) sternocostal surface
D) pulmonary surface
E) anterior surface

Question 35

The ________ are a series of irregular muscular folds formed on the internal surface of the ventricles.

A) trabeculae carneae
B) papillary muscles
C) chordae tendineae
D) moderator bands
E) pectinate muscles

Question 36

Which surface feature marks the border between the atria and the ventricles?

A) coronary sulcus
B) interatrial groove
C) posterior interventricular sulcus
D) anterior interventricular sulcus
E) auricle

Question 37

The moderator band is located in the ________ and connects to the ________.

A) left ventricle; anterior papillary muscle
B) right atrium; pectinate muscles
C) right ventricle; anterior papillary muscle
D) left atrium; pectinate muscle
E) interatrial sulcus; cardiac skeleton

Question 38

Which structure makes up a large percentage of the anterior (sternocostal)surface of the heart?

A) right atrium
B) left atrium
C) right ventricle
D) left ventricle
E) pulmonary trunk

Question 39

Which of the following is a unique feature of the right ventricle?

A) left atrioventricular (mitral) valve
B) papillary muscles
C) aortic valve
D) pulmonary valve
E) trabeculae carneae

Question 40

The diaphragm is attached to the inferior, pointed tip of the heart, called the ________, which points laterally.

A) base
B) inferior border
C) apex
D) diaphragmatic surface
E) left border

Question 41

________ is the term used to indicate a heart rate that is slower than normal.

A) Cardiac tamponade
B) Bradycardia
C) Angina
D) Tachycardia
E) Coronary ischemia

Question 42

The sinoatrial node, or cardiac pacemaker, is ________.

A) electrically active nodal tissue located in the wall of the left ventricle
B) embedded in the anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum
C) able to cause the atria and ventricles to contract simultaneously
D) able to cause the cardiac muscle to begin to contract at the apex
E) embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava

Question 43

Which of the following is a major component of the cardiac conduction system located in the interventricular septum, and extends toward the apex of the heart?

A) SA node
B) bundle branches
C) AV node
D) Purkinje fibers
E) internodal pathways

Question 44

Which branch(es)of the right coronary artery extends toward the apex along the anterior surface of the right ventricle of the heart?

A) circumflex branch
B) posterior interventricular branch
C) atrial branches
D) right marginal branch
E) anterior interventricular branch

Question 45

Which of the following associations is correct?

A) mitral valve-atrioventricular
B) pulmonary valve-atrioventricular
C) aortic valve-chordae tendineae
D) tricuspid valve-semilunar valve
E) pulmonary valve-chordae tendineae

Question 46

Which coronary vein receives blood from the posterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle?

A) small cardiac vein
B) middle cardiac vein
C) coronary sinus
D) anterior cardiac vein
E) posterior vein of left ventricle

Question 47

Structures in the heart that carry electrical signals from the SA node to the AV node are called ________.

A) internodal pathways
B) bundle branches
C) Purkinje fibers
D) chordae tendineae
E) moderator bands

Question 48

If the cusps of an atrioventricular valve are damaged or functionally impaired so that they do not close completely during the normal point in the cardiac cycle, blood may flow backwards. This is called ________.

A) ischemia
B) regurgitation
C) thrombosis
D) automaticity
E) nodal depolarization

Question 49

Which vessel gives rise to a circumflex branch and an anterior interventricular branch?

A) left marginal branch
B) coronary sinus
C) left coronary artery
D) posterior descending artery
E) right coronary artery

Question 50

Which of the following is true regarding contractions of the heart?

A) The ventricles contract first, followed by the atria.
B) The contractions do not occur in any specific or precise sequence each time.
C) Cardiac muscle tissue contracts under neural stimulation.
D) The rate of cardiac contractions are established by the conducting fibers.
E) Cardiac contractions are coordinated by specialized conducting cells that distribute the stimulus to cardiac muscle cells.

Question 51

Valves of the heart open and close due to ________.

A) contraction of papillary muscles
B) timing sequences
C) electrical signals
D) pressure changes
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 52

The inherent ability of cardiac muscle tissue to contract in the absence of neural or hormonal stimulation is called ________.

A) threshold
B) systole
C) diastole
D) autorhythmicity
E) a cardiac pacemaker

Question 53

There are many interconnections between the arterial branches of the coronary circulation, which function to maintain a constant blood supply to the muscle of the heart. These connections are called ________.

A) syncytium
B) intercalation
C) anastomoses
D) prolapse
E) autorhythmicity

Question 54

The rapidly depolarizing cells, called pacemaker cells, are found in the ________, which is embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium.

A) right bundle branch
B) AV node
C) left bundle branch
D) intermodal pathways
E) SA node

Question 55

Which of the following is true of the coronary arteries?

A) They drain into the right atrium inferior to the opening of the inferior vena cava.
B) Together they supply a small portion of the cardiac muscle with oxygen.
C) They originate at the base of the ascending aorta and are the first branches off this vessel.
D) They transport blood directly into the ascending aorta.
E) Blood pressure in these vessels is the lowest found anywhere in the systemic circuit.

Question 56

The right border of the heart is supplied by the ________.

A) circumflex artery
B) posterior interventricular artery
C) anterior interventricular artery
D) right marginal artery
E) great cardiac vein

Question 57

The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the ________.

A) coronary arteries
B) venae cavae
C) pulmonary veins
D) descending aorta
E) pulmonary arteries

Question 58

Which of the following vessels drains the anterior surface of the right ventricle and empties directly into the right atrium?

A) middle cardiac vein
B) great cardiac vein
C) anterior cardiac veins
D) small cardiac vein
E) posterior veins of left ventricle

Question 59

Which event occurs during the first phase of ventricular systole?

A) Chordae tendineae are loose.
B) Semilunar valves are open .
C) The volume of the ventricles changes dramatically.
D) Blood exits from the ventricles.
E) Atrioventricular valves are closed.

Question 60

Which of the following structures is a large, thin-walled vein that lies in the posterior portion of the coronary sulcus?

A) posterior veins of left ventricle
B) middle veins of left ventricle
C) aortic sinus
D) great cardiac vein
E) coronary sinus

Question 61

Which of the following associations is correct?

A) baroreceptors-sensitivity to dissolved gas concentrations
B) acetylcholine-muscarinic receptors on nodal cells and contractile cells
C) parasympathetic nervous system-cardiac nerves
D) norepinephrine-alpha receptors on nodal cells and contractile cells
E) sympathetic nervous system-vagus nerves

Question 62

During one cardiac cycle, the ventricles spend most of their time in ________.

A) systole
B) contraction
C) fibrillation
D) diastole
E) depolarization

Question 63

Which event typically occurs at the start of a cardiac cycle?

A) Ventricular blood pressure drops until reverse blood flow pushes the cusps of the semilunar valves together.
B) Atrial contraction forces a small amount of blood into the relaxed ventricles.
C) The semilunar valves open and blood is ejected.
D) Ventricular contraction pushes the atrioventricular valves closed.
E) The ventricles fully contract.

Question 64

Since the heart is rotated slightly to the left, the anterior surface, consists primarily of both atria.

Question 65

Which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the heart rate?

A) activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
B) acetylcholine stimulation of nodal cells and contractile cells
C) activation of the sympathetic nervous system
D) decreased blood concentration of carbon dioxide and increased blood pressure
E) decreased blood concentration of oxygen and increased blood pressure

Question 66

The cardiac skeleton reinforces the valves and helps prevent overexpansion of the heart.

Question 67

The myocardium consists of multiple, interlocking layers of cardiac muscle tissue, with associated connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves.

Question 68

Each cardiac contraction follows a precise sequence. At time=0, atrial activation begins when the AV node depolarizes.

Question 69

During ventricular diastole ________.

A) only the AV valves open
B) only the AV valves close
C) only the semilunar valves close
D) the semilunar valves close and the AV valves open
E) the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close

Question 70

The epicardium is another name for the visceral pericardium.

Question 71

________ release produces a decrease in both the heart rate and force of contraction through the stimulation of muscarinic receptors on nodal cells and contractile cells.

A) Dopamine
B) Acetylcholine (ACh)
C) Serotonin
D) Norepinephrine (NE)
E) Cholecystokinin

Question 72

Arteries transport blood away from the heart.

Question 73

In the cardiac cycle, as atrial systole ends, ventricular diastole begins and continues until the start of the next cardiac cycle.

Question 74

The major branches of the right coronary artery are the atrial branches, which supply the right atrium and a portion of the left atrium; the posterior interventricular branches, which supply the interventricular septum and adjacent portions of the ventricles; and the branches to the conducting system, which supply the SA node and the AV node.

Question 75

Each atrioventricular valve consists of the following: a ring of connective tissue that attaches to the fibrous skeleton of the heart; connective tissue cusps, which function to close the opening between the heart chambers; and chordae tendineae that attach the margins of the cusps to the papillary muscles of the heart wall.

Question 76

A complete heartbeat is referred to as a(n)________.

A) cardiac cycle
B) arrhythmia
C) diastole
D) internodal pathway
E) systole

Question 77

The fibrous pericardium lies deep to the serous pericardium.

Question 78

During the late stages of ventricular diastole, the ________.

A) atria are contracting
B) AV valves are closed
C) ventricles are contracting
D) pressure in the ventricles does not change
E) ventricles are filling

Question 79

When the left ventricle contracts, the distance between the base and apex decreases, and the diameter of the ventricular chamber decreases.

Question 80

Cardiac pacemaker cells of the SA node depolarize and theoretically generate a resting heart rate of approximately ________.

A) 60-70 beats per minute
B) 55-65 beats per minute
C) 80-100 beats per minute
D) 45-55 beats per minute
E) 110-120 beats per minute