Deck 2: Foundations: The Cell

Question 1

Cells float in a watery medium called ________.

A) cytoplasm
B) extracellular fluid
C) cytosol
D) cellular fluid
E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The protein-synthesizing organelles are the ________.

A) nucleus
B) Golgi apparatus
C) mitochondria
D) lysosomes
E) ribosomes

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The extracellular fluid contains high concentration of ________.

A) potassium ions
B) dissolved and suspended proteins
C) amino acids
D) sodium ions
E) lipids

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The general functions of the plasma membrane include ________.

A) physical isolation of the cell contents from the surrounding extracellular fluid
B) regulation of exchange of materials with the environment
C) sensitivity to changes in the extracellular fluid
D) structural support of the cell
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

What is the term for the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration?

A) facilitated diffusion
B) osmosis
C) filtration
D) active transport
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following is a passive process for material movement across a plasma membrane?

A) receptor-mediated endocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) exocytosis
D) active transport
E) facilitated diffusion

Question 7

________ are common inclusions in the cytosol of fat cells.

A) Glycogen granules
B) Suspended proteins
C) Lipid droplets
D) Dissolved proteins
E) Metabolic enzymes

Question 8

Which of the following is another name for cytosol?

A) intracellular fluid
B) gelatin
C) interstitial fluid
D) extracellular fluid
E) integral proteins

Question 9

Which of the following is a non-membranous organelle?

A) Golgi apparatus
B) mitochondria
C) nucleus
D) centriole
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

An active process for transporting extracellular fluid, such as water and small molecules, across a plasm membrane is ________.

A) phagocytosis
B) pinocytosis
C) osmosis
D) diffusion
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 11

Iron ions and cholesterol are brought into the cell by the process of ________.

A) pinocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) receptor-mediated pinocytosis
D) active transport
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 12

Which statement describes how the plasma membrane is used in communication and sensitivity?

A) It serves as a storage site for large amounts of proteins for future use by the cell.
B) It effectively isolates the cytoplasm from the surrounding fluid environment.
C) It serves as an impermeable membrane.
D) It acts as a site for the attachment of glycoproteins and glycolipids, which act as receptors for molecules present in the extracellular fluid.
E) It provides for specialized connections between neighboring cells, giving tissues a stable structure.

Question 13

How do peripheral proteins contribute to the structure of the plasma membrane?

A) They form a structural element by being embedded in the plasma membrane.
B) Some form channels to permit passage of water molecules, ions, and small water-soluble compounds into and out of the cell.
C) Some may function as catalysts.
D) They are attached to either the inner or outer surface of the membrane.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 14

Processes involved in the movement of substances across a membrane at the expense of ATP, via exchange pumps, are classified as ________.

A) osmosis
B) diffusion
C) filtration
D) facilitated diffusion
E) active transport

Question 15

Which of the following describes phospholipids in the plasma membrane?

A) The phospholipid tails are hydrophobic.
B) The phospholipid tails are hydrophilic.
C) The phospholipid heads are hydrophobic.
D) The phospholipid tails are at the surface.
E) The phospholipid heads are on the inside.

Question 16

Because the plasma membrane restricts some substances and permits others through, it is referred to as being ________.

A) structurally rigid
B) impermeable
C) selectively permeable
D) freely permeable
E) both structurally rigid and selectively permeable

Question 17

Which of the following statements accurately describes cytosol?

A) The term encompasses all material inside the cell.
B) It is the fluid content inside the cell.
C) It contains much less protein than the extracellular fluid.
D) It contains large amounts of carbohydrates.
E) It is composed of the intracellular structures known as organelles.

Question 18

The viscous, superficial coating on the outer surface of the plasma membrane is called the ________.

A) glycocalyx
B) pseudopodia
C) inclusions
D) tubulin
E) cytosol

Question 19

Substances that enter the cell usually do so through the ________.

A) cholesterol
B) glycocalyx
C) glycolipids
D) integral proteins
E) peripheral proteins

Question 20

Carbon dioxide moves through the plasma membrane through the process of ________.

A) diffusion
B) osmosis
C) facilitated diffusion
D) active transport
E) both diffusion and osmosis

Question 21

The membrane of a cell is composed of a(n)________ bilayer.

A) endoplasmic
B) cytoskeleton
C) phospholipid
D) steroid
E) glycolipid

Question 22

In the nucleus, what is the special protein to which DNA strands are bound?

A) tubulin
B) histone
C) cytokeratin
D) actin
E) myosin

Question 23

Which of the following is a function of microtubules?

A) being part of the spindle apparatus
B) control of metabolism
C) storage of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
D) intracellular removal of damaged organelles or of pathogens
E) assist in DNA replication

Question 24

Manufactured proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum are delivered to the Golgi apparatus by ________.

A) cisternae
B) bulk transport
C) transport vesicles
D) ribosomal RNA
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 25

Which cellular operation occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A) regulation of protein synthesis
B) synthesis of RNA
C) DNA replication leading to cell division
D) synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids
E) synthesis of ribosomes via nucleoli

Question 26

Which of the following synthesizes the components of ribosomes?

A) nuclear envelope
B) nuclear pore
C) nucleoplasm
D) nucleosome
E) nucleolus

Question 27

The cell theory states that ________.

A) cells are produced by the division of newly synthesized cells
B) cells are the largest structural units of life
C) cells are structural "building blocks"
D) cells perform limited, nonessential functions
E) All of the statements are correct

Question 28

If a cell lacked centrioles, it would be unable to ________.

A) direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division
B) move through the surrounding fluid
C) replicate its own DNA
D) manufacture proteins
E) move fluids or solutes across the plasma membrane

Question 29

________ increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials.

A) Cilia
B) Microvilli
C) Flagella
D) Centrioles
E) Mitochondria

Question 30

The nucleus of a cell ________.

A) is completely enclosed with no way in or out
B) contains only the DNA
C) is surrounded by a double layered membrane
D) it contains large proteins that form the chromosomes and are the genetic material for the cell
E) has all of these attributes

Question 31

Thick filaments ________.

A) form intermediate filaments to stabilize organelle position
B) are stable structures that do not change once formed
C) are called neurofilaments in neurons
D) interact with actin to produce contractions
E) form the spindle apparatus during cell division

Question 32

Peripheral proteins are attached to the surface of the plasma membrane, while ________ are embedded within the membrane.

A) histone proteins
B) lysosomal proteins
C) transport vesicles
D) integral proteins
E) peroxisomal proteins

Question 33

Dissolved ions and water-soluble compounds cannot cross the ________ portion of a plasma membrane.

A) integral protein
B) carbohydrate
C) peripheral protein
D) glycocalyx
E) lipid

Question 34

"Little organs" inside a cell that have specialized functions are called ________.

A) glycocalyx
B) organelles
C) microvillus
D) intracellular fluids
E) microfilaments

Question 35

Which of the following is a cylindrical structure composed of short microtubules?

A) DNA
B) chromatin
C) envelope
D) nucleolus
E) centriole

Question 36

Which of the following is a vesicle that contains enzymes?

A) ribosome
B) lysosome
C) nucleosome
D) chromosome
E) hyaluronan

Question 37

Renewal or modification of the plasma membrane is the major function of which organelle?

A) lysosomes
B) Golgi apparatus
C) peroxisomes
D) mitochondria
E) cytoskeleton

Question 38

Which organelle determines the structural and functional characteristics of the cell by controlling protein synthesis, determining what proteins are synthesized, and in what amounts?

A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
C) ribosomes
D) mitochondria
E) nucleus

Question 39

Why are microtubules considered among the non-membranous organelles?

A) They do not have their own enclosed membrane.
B) They are associated with the plasma membrane.
C) They are aggregated into bundles.
D) They are composed primarily of the protein actin.
E) They are comprised chiefly of the protein tubulin.

Question 40

In osmosis, the substance(s)moved across a selectively permeable membrane is/are ________.

A) water
B) extracellular fluid and its associated solutes
C) gases, small inorganic ions and molecules
D) glucose and amino acids
E) fluid and cellular wastes

Question 41

Chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytosol occurs through (the)________.

A) perinuclear space
B) nuclear pores
C) histones
D) nuclear matrix
E) nucleosomes

Question 42

A major function of the Golgi apparatus is ________.

A) the synthesis and packaging of secretions
B) the renewal or modification of the nuclear envelope
C) packaging of lipids for use in lysosomes
D) detoxification and neutralization of cellular toxins
E) degradation of bacteria and organic debris

Question 43

________ are organelles filled with digestive enzymes, which function in the intracellular removal of pathogens and damaged organelles.

A) Peroxisomes
B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Centrosomes
D) Lysosomes
E) Mitochondria

Question 44

Microtubules, thick filaments, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments are all part of the cell's ________.

A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) plasma membrane
C) cytoskeleton
D) Golgi apparatus
E) centrosome

Question 45

Small, finger-shaped projections of the plasma membrane are termed ________.

A) flagella
B) centrioles
C) thick filaments
D) microvilli
E) cilia

Question 46

________ provide strength, stabilize organelles, and transport materials within the cytoplasm; they are defined by their size rather than composition, which varies from cell to cell.

A) Cilia
B) Thick filaments
C) Microfilaments
D) Tubulin filaments
E) Intermediate filaments

Question 47

Factors affecting the rate of phagocytosis include the presence and abundance of ________.

A) extracellular pathogens or debris
B) receptors on the plasma membrane
C) calcium ions and ATP
D) target molecules
E) carrier proteins, solutes, and ATP

Question 48

The continual movement and exchange of vesicles to and from the plasma membrane is called ________.

A) osmosis
B) active transport
C) membrane flow
D) facilitated diffusion
E) exocytosis

Question 49

________ are slender strands, usually composed of the protein actin.

A) Microtubules
B) Thick filaments
C) Microfilaments
D) Myosin filaments
E) Neurofilaments

Question 50

At intervals, the DNA wind around special proteins, forming a complex called ________; this complex may also coil around other special proteins.

A) chromosome
B) histone
C) nuclear matrix
D) chromatin
E) nucleosome

Question 51

________ help stabilize the plasma membrane structure and maintain its fluidity.

A) Sterols
B) Carbohydrates
C) Phospholipids
D) Glycolipids
E) Peripheral proteins

Question 52

Channels in the plasma membrane that can open or close to regulate the passage of water, small ions, and water-soluble molecules are called ________ channels.

A) hydrophobic
B) solute
C) diffusion
D) gated
E) osmotic

Question 53

The cytosol contains a high concentration of ________ ions, while the extracellular fluid usually contains a high concentration of ________ ions.

A) calcium; magnesium
B) potassium; sodium
C) magnesium; calcium
D) sodium; potassium
E) hydrogen; chloride

Question 54

________ is/are the substance(s)involved in facilitated diffusion.

A) Only water
B) Glucose and amino acids
C) Lipid-soluble materials
D) Small organic ions and molecules
E) Extracellular fluid

Question 55

________ are organelles that contain an unusual double-layered membrane, and functions in producing most of the ATP in the body.

A) Ribosomes
B) Microvilli
C) Lysosomes
D) Mitochondria
E) Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 56

Compared with extracellular fluid, a sample of cytosol has ________.

A) high quantities of carbohydrate
B) a high concentration of sodium ions
C) a relatively high concentration of dissolved or suspended proteins
D) low reserves of amino acids and lipids
E) a relatively low concentration of potassium ions

Question 57

A transport process that produces cytoplasmic vesicles filled with extracellular fluid is called ________.

A) exocytosis
B) active transport
C) osmosis
D) receptor-mediated endocytosis
E) pinocytosis

Question 58

A ________ moves a cell through the surrounding fluid, rather than moving the fluid past a stationary cell.

A) flagellum
B) centriole
C) neurofilament
D) cilium
E) thick filament

Question 59

A passive process that involves movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called ________.

A) osmosis
B) pinocytosis
C) exocytosis
D) diffusion
E) phagocytosis

Question 60

The ________ is the organelle that synthesizes the components of ribosomes.

A) nucleolus
B) centrosome
C) Golgi apparatus
D) nucleosome
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 61

Which sequence correctly traces the steps of DNA replication during the S phase?
(1)Weak bonds between nitrogenous bases of the DNA are broken.
(2)DNA strands unwind.
(3)DNA polymerase binds to exposed nitrogenous bases.
(4)Ligases link together short complementary chains of nucleotides.
(5)Nitrogenous bases of the DNA strand attach to complementary nucleotides.

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
C) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
D) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4
E) 4, 2, 3, 1, 5

Question 62

A passive process that allows passage of small inorganic ions and molecules, gases, and lipid-soluble materials in all cell types is called diffusion.

Question 63

A passive process wherein carrier molecules transport materials down concentration gradients across a membrane is called osmosis.

Question 64

Which type of cell junction attach an epithelial cell to extracellular structures.

A) Hemidesmosomes
B) Spot desmosomes
C) Gap junction
D) Tight junction
E) All of these choices are correct

Question 65

Endocytosis is an energy-requiring process where vesicles are packaged with extracellular material for importation into the cell.

Question 66

Which of the following is true of cell division?

A) Its importance diminishes after an individual grows to maturity.
B) It requires accurate duplication (replication) of the genetic material.
C) Each dividing somatic cell produces four daughter cells at the end of cell division.
D) Mitosis is the distinct process for producing gametes.
E) Protein synthesis in preparation for division occurs during the S phase of interphase.

Question 67

Cytokinesis ________.

A) usually begins after metaphase
B) separates the daughter cells after mitosis
C) is the last phase of mitosis
D) initiates the process of mitosis
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 68

During ________, the centromere of each chromatid pair separates and the daughter chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell, along the chromosomal microtubules.

A) anaphase
B) telophase
C) interphase
D) prophase
E) metaphase

Question 69

A passive process that involves the movement of water (solvent)molecules toward solute concentrations across a membrane is called facilitated diffusion.

Question 70

The process that involves the phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase is called ________.

A) DNA replication
B) cytokinesis
C) mitosis
D) reproduction
E) interphase

Question 71

Which of the following processes occurs during interphase?

A) Chromatid pairs separate.
B) Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
C) DNA replicates.
D) A cleavage furrow forms.
E) The mitotic spindle forms.

Question 72

Which of the following events occur during metaphase?

A) Centromeres move along the chromosomal microtubules to a narrow central zone.
B) Microtubules form the spindle apparatus.
C) Daughter chromosomes move toward the opposite ends of the cell.
D) Centrioles move apart.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 73

In cells preparing for division, the phase of the life cycle that is most variable in length is the ________ of interphase.

A) S phase
B) G1 phase
C) G0 phase
D) G2 phase
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 74

Large areas of opposing plasma membrane may be interconnected by transmembrane proteins called ________, which bind to each other and to other extracellular materials.

A) cytokeratins
B) hemidesmosomes
C) connexons
D) cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
E) nexuses

Question 75

A/an ________ is a form of an anchoring junction that encircles a cell.

A) cytokeratin
B) macula adherens
C) CAM
D) adhesion belt
E) connexons

Question 76

Peroxisomes function in the ________.

A) production of ATP required by the cell
B) absorption and breakdown (catabolism) of fatty acids
C) movement of materials over the cell surface
D) control of metabolism
E) synthesis of secretory products

Question 77

In correct order from beginning to end, cells undergoing mitosis pass through ________.

A) anaphase, prophase, interphase, and telophase
B) metaphase, prophase, telophase, and anaphase
C) interphase, telophase, metaphase, and prophase
D) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
E) telophase, anaphase, metaphase, and prophase

Question 78

Somatic cells spend the majority of their functional lives in ________.

A) prophase
B) metastasis
C) interphase
D) DNA replication
E) anaphase

Question 79

At structures called ________, two cells are held together by membrane proteins that function as a narrow passageway, allowing ions, small metabolites, and regulatory molecules to pass from cell to cell.

A) anchoring junctions
B) CAMs
C) focal adhesions
D) zonula adherens
E) cell junctions

Question 80

Hemidesmosomes are found ________.

A) in connective tissue that is undergoing deep wound repair
B) in epithelial tissues subjected to a significant amount of abrasion and shearing forces
C) among epithelial cells where they help coordinate functions such as the beating of cilia
D) in abundance in cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
E) in epithelial tissues where they are essential to the coordination of muscle cell contractions