Deck 3: Foundations: Tissues and Early Embryology

Question 1

Which type of epithelium is present where easy exchange of materials out of the blood is most important, such as that in the lining of the heart and all blood vessels?

A) stratified squamous
B) stratified columnar
C) simple cuboidal
D) endothelium
E) simple columnar

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which epithelial feature, dominated by glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and a network of fine microfilaments, functions in providing a barrier that restricts the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the underlying connective tissue?

A) basolateral surface
B) apical surface
C) reticular lamina
D) intercellular connections
E) basal lamina

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What type of epithelium comprises the inner lining of the ventral body cavity?

A) simple squamous epithelium
B) stratified epithelium
C) columnar epithelium
D) mesothelium
E) endothelium

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is the study of tissues and groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions?

A) cytology
B) anatomy
C) histology
D) physiology
E) embryology

Question 5

Which feature(s)provides great strength and stability to epithelia?

A) intercellular cement
B) cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
C) cell junctions
D) physical interlocking
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following exclusively describes stratified epithelia?

A) They consist of a single cell layer.
B) They always have a free surface exposed to some inner chamber or passageway.
C) They are avascular.
D) They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical and chemical stress.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 7

The presence of large numbers of microvilli on the exposed surfaces of epithelial cells indicates that ________.

A) it is an area where absorption and secretion occur
B) these cells provide energy for transport activities
C) these cells are probably located along portions of the respiratory tract from the lungs toward the throat
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 8

Which type of epithelium is found in portions of the respiratory tract and includes a mixture of cell types whose nuclei are situated at varying distances from the surface?

A) simple squamous
B) simple cuboidal
C) stratified columnar
D) stratified cuboidal
E) pseudostratified columnar

Question 9

Which of the following terms means two or more layers?

A) pseudostratified
B) columnar
C) stratified
D) cuboidal
E) simple

Question 10

In epithelial tissues ________.

A) cells that are damaged or lost at the surface cannot be replaced
B) cells obtain nutrients via blood vessels found in the tissues
C) extracellular fluid or fibers separate the individual cells
D) there is little or no intercellular space between the cells
E) the organelles and other cytoplasmic components are evenly distributed between the exposed and attached surfaces of the epithelial cells

Question 11

Hormones are examples of ________ secretion.

A) exocrine
B) endocrine
C) holocrine
D) merocrine
E) apocrine

Question 12

What type of epithelium makes up the endothelium of blood vessels?

A) simple squamous
B) stratified cuboidal
C) transitional
D) simple columnar
E) pseudostratified columnar

Question 13

Stereocilia are described by which of the following?

A) present in the epithelium of the female reproductive tract
B) very short microvilli
C) present on receptor cells of the inner ear
D) manufactured by the Golgi apparatus
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 14

Unicellular exocrine glands are ________.

A) mixed exocrine glands
B) connected to a surface by ducts
C) also called goblet cells
D) arranged in a secretory sheet
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 15

The epithelium lining the small intestine of the digestive tract is ________.

A) stratified squamous
B) simple columnar
C) stratified columnar
D) simple squamous
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 16

Epithelial cells usually have ________.

A) a basal lamina
B) unevenly distributed organelles
C) apical and basolateral plasma membranes with different associated proteins and functions
D) an exposed apical surface
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 17

Eccrine or merocrine sweat glands are classified as which of the following?

A) simple alveolar
B) simple tubular
C) simple coiled tubular
D) simple branched alveolar
E) simple branched tubular

Question 18

What is the simplest multicellular exocrine gland called?

A) tubular glands
B) secretory sheet
C) acinar glands
D) alveolar glands
E) simple coiled tubular

Question 19

Which type of epithelium lines the renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder?

A) cuboidal
B) columnar
C) transitional
D) squamous
E) glandular

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a primary tissue type?

A) Epithelial
B) Connective
C) Muscle
D) Neural
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 21

Epithelia ________.

A) provide sensation
B) control permeability
C) protect surfaces
D) produce specialized secretions
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

Extracellular fibers and ________ comprise the matrix that surrounds the cells of a connective tissue.

A) melanocytes
B) ground substance
C) fibroblasts
D) mesenchymal cells
E) neutrophils and eosinophils

Question 23

Most energy storage in the body is accomplished by which of the following cells?

A) adipocytes
B) melanocytes
C) macrophages
D) fibroblasts
E) lymphocytes

Question 24

Functions of connective tissue include ________.

A) establishing a structural framework for the body
B) transporting fluid and dissolved materials from one body region to another
C) protecting delicate organs
D) supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other tissue types
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 25

Loose connective tissue proper contains ________.

A) fixed and wandering cells
B) a tight framework
C) parallel, packed fibers
D) a solid ground substance
E) only elastic fibers

Question 26

The connective tissue type that has a distinctive population of cells suspended in a fluid matrix is called ________.

A) cartilage
B) reticular tissue
C) blood
D) lymph
E) osseous tissue

Question 27

________ epithelia are quite rare; they are found lining the ducts of sweat glands and in larger ducts of some other exocrine glands, such as mammary glands.

A) Simple cuboidal
B) Simple squamous
C) Stratified columnar
D) Stratified cuboidal
E) Stratified squamous

Question 28

Small, mobile connective tissue cells that release chemicals (after injury or infection), which stimulate the inflammatory response, are known as ________.

A) lymphocytes
B) adipocytes
C) microphages
D) free macrophages
E) mast cells

Question 29

Which of the following cells can be found in connective tissue?

A) mesenchymal cells
B) fibroblasts
C) eosinophils
D) mast cells
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 30

When a local injury or infection damages or destroys connective tissues, the ________ respond by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, or other connective tissue cells.

A) resting macrophages
B) fibrocytes
C) mucoid connective tissue
D) mesenchymal cells
E) mast cells

Question 31

Liposuction is a surgical procedure for reducing subcutaneous ________ tissue.

A) adipose
B) areolar connective
C) reticular
D) fibrous cartilage
E) dense regular connective

Question 32

The ________ is a complex structure produced by the epithelium and cells of the underlying connective tissue.

A) apical surface
B) basement membrane
C) ciliated epithelium
D) microvillus
E) stereocilium

Question 33

An epithelium always has an exposed surface, which is referred to as the ________ surface.

A) basal
B) lateral
C) apical
D) intercellular
E) basolateral

Question 34

The relatively few ________ residing in connective tissues engulf damaged or dead cells or invading pathogens, and release chemicals that attract many more cells to activate the immune system.

A) mast cells
B) mesenchymal cells
C) fibrocytes
D) fixed macrophages
E) monocytes

Question 35

Exocrine glands, which secrete a watery solution that usually contains enzymes are called ________.

A) mucous glands
B) endocrine glands
C) serous glands
D) mixed exocrine glands
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 36

A transitional epithelium ________.

A) provides specialized protection along the pharynx, urethra, and anus
B) is a simple epithelium whose exposed epithelial cells typically possess cilia
C) is usually found where mechanical stresses are severe
D) provides limited protection and occurs in regions where absorption and secretion occur
E) has a special characteristic that allows for considerable distention of the epithelium without damaging the component cells

Question 37

The type of cartilage that is specialized to resist compression is ________.

A) osteocartilage
B) fibrous cartilage
C) elastic cartilage
D) hyaline cartilage
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 38

Almost all bone surfaces are covered by ________.

A) stratified squamous epithelial tissue
B) hyaline cartilage
C) loose connective tissue
D) lacunae
E) periosteum

Question 39

Which of the following comprises a list of the most closely related connective tissue types?

A) adipose tissue, tendon, blood, lymph, bone
B) elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, skin
C) tendon, blood, lymph, reticular tissue
D) areolar tissue, tendon, bone, cartilage
E) reticular tissue, areolar, adipose tissue

Question 40

________ epithelium is the most delicate type in the body.

A) Simple squamous
B) Simple cuboidal
C) Simple columnar
D) Pseudostratified columnar
E) Transitional

Question 41

Synovial membranes ________.

A) consist of extensive areas of areolar tissue bounded by a basal lamina
B) consist of a cellular layer complete with tight junctions between adjacent cells
C) cover the entire surface of the body and consist of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue that is reinforced by a layer of dense connective tissue
D) are comprised of areolar tissue component called lamina propria and often lined by simple epithelia that perform absorptive or secretory functions
E) contain "epithelial cells" derived from macrophages and fibroblasts of the adjacent connective tissue

Question 42

Mucous membranes ________.

A) line the ventral body cavities that are enclosed
B) keep connective tissue surfaces moist at all times
C) are lined by stratified epithelia that perform absorptive or secretory functions
D) line passageways that communicate with the exterior and form a barrier that resists the entry of pathogens
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 43

Tendons, aponeuroses, and ligaments are all composed of ________ connective tissue, which contains tightly packed collagen fibers aligned parallel to applied forces.

A) dense regular
B) osseous
C) cartilaginous
D) reticular
E) areolar

Question 44

________ is highly vascularized, very active biochemically, and its individual cells contain numerous mitochondria, which gives the tissue a deep, rich color.

A) Elastic tissue
B) Reticular tissue
C) White adipose tissue
D) Areolar connective tissue
E) Brown adipose tissue

Question 45

Membranes are formed by the combination of which tissues?

A) epithelial and connective
B) epithelial and muscle
C) connective and muscle
D) muscle and neural
E) connective and neural

Question 46

________ tissue provides a supporting framework of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.

A) Dense irregular
B) Areolar
C) Adipose
D) Elastic
E) Reticular

Question 47

Elastic connective tissues ________.

A) are comprised of collagenous sheets or ribbons that resemble flat, broad tendons
B) often contain significant numbers of elastic fibers as well as collagen fibers; and usually connect cartilage-to-cartilage, bone to cartilage, or one bone to another bone
C) often underlie transitional epithelia; and are also found in the walls of blood vessels and surrounding the respiratory passageways
D) are actually cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones and cartilage
E) form an interwoven meshwork and do not show any consistent pattern; it provides strength and support to areas subjected to stresses from many directions

Question 48

A serous membrane consists of ________ (a simple squamous epithelium), which is supported by areolar connective tissue rich in blood and lymphatic vessels.

A) lamina propria
B) basal lamina
C) deep fascia
D) mesothelium
E) sarcoplasm

Question 49

A(n)________ consists of 3 fibrous protein subunits wound together like the strands of a rope; it is flexible, yet very strong when pulled by either end.

A) collagen fiber
B) parenchyma
C) elastic fiber
D) reticular fiber
E) fibroblast

Question 50

Which of the following consists of extensive areas of areolar tissue bounded by an incomplete superficial layer of squamous or cuboidal cells?

A) superficial fascia
B) cutaneous membrane
C) sarcolemma
D) mucous membrane
E) synovial membrane

Question 51

In cartilage, ________ growth occurs when stem cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium divide repeatedly; the innermost cells differentiate into chondroblasts that produce new cartilage matrix.

A) superficial
B) appositional
C) subserous
D) interstitial
E) synovial

Question 52

Which of the following describes the major function of serous membranes?

A) Each consists of a mesothelium supported by dense connective tissue.
B) They line body cavities that communicate with the exterior.
C) They are loosely attached to the body wall and to the organs they cover.
D) Their parietal and visceral portions never touch.
E) Tiny amounts of transudate formed on the surfaces of the membrane reduce friction.

Question 53

The areolar tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the ________.

A) lamina lucida
B) transudate
C) lamina propria
D) mesothelium
E) lamina densa

Question 54

The layer of dense regular connective tissue that is bound to capsules, tendons, and ligaments is called ________.

A) deep fascia
B) subserous fascia
C) lamina propria
D) reticular lamina
E) subcutaneous layer

Question 55

The ________, a type of serous membrane, covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity.

A) peritoneum
B) pleura
C) parenchyma
D) pericardium
E) periosteum

Question 56

The superficial fascia, also called the ________, is the layer of loose connective tissue that separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs.

A) cutaneous fascia
B) dermis
C) intermuscular fascia
D) subcutaneous layer
E) reticular lamina

Question 57

Which membrane is thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry?

A) hypodermis
B) cutaneous membrane
C) deep fascia
D) subserous fascia
E) synovial membrane

Question 58

The fibers in ________ connective tissue form an interwoven meshwork that does not show any consistent pattern, but maintains tensile strength in all directions.

A) reticular
B) dense irregular
C) periosteal
D) areolar
E) elastic

Question 59

Loose connective tissue layers that lie between deep fascia and serous membranes, and line body cavities is called ________.

A) superficial fascia
B) intermuscular fascia
C) subcutaneous layer
D) subserous fascia
E) hypodermis

Question 60

Connective tissues form the internal framework of the body that does which of the following?

A) provides strength and stability
B) maintains the relative positions of internal organs
C) provides a route for the distribution of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 61

Which of the following is a cell process that receives incoming electrical impulses?

A) soma
B) neuroglia
C) dendrites
D) nerve fibers
E) axon

Question 62

Cardiac muscle fibers form extensive connections with one another at specialized regions called ________.

A) sarcolemmae
B) intermuscular fascia
C) soma
D) intercalated discs
E) striations

Question 63

Apocrine secretion occurs when gland cells shed the apical portion of their cytoplasm, which has become packed with secretory vesicles.

Question 64

Features of smooth muscle tissue include ________.

A) its exclusive location in the heart
B) multiple nuclei (usually) for each cell
C) the presence of striations
D) intercalated discs and multinucleated
E) having a single nucleus (usually) for each cell and regenerative capabilities

Question 65

Muscle tissue is unique in its ability to ________.

A) repair itself after damage
B) produce powerful contractions
C) transmit electrical impulses
D) regulate the composition of interstitial fluid
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 66

Muscle tissue located in layers around the digestive tract is called ________.

A) smooth muscle
B) crenulated muscle
C) skeletal muscle
D) cardiac muscle
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 67

Cuboidal cells resemble little hexagonal boxes, which appear square in typical sectional views.

Question 68

During embryological development, the actual embryo is formed by the ________.

A) inner cell mass
B) trophoblast
C) blastocyst
D) mesoderm
E) zygote

Question 69

In the neck and limbs, the deep fascia ________.

A) covers the external surface of the body
B) is a layer of loose connective tissue, which prevents the distortion of the delicate lining of organs during movement of muscles or muscular organs
C) divides the muscles into compartments or groups that are different functionally and developmentally
D) is lined by simple epithelium that performs absorptive or secretory functions
E) consists of areolar connective tissue, minimizing friction between opposing surfaces

Question 70

Transitional cells are relatively tall, slender cells with nuclei in a narrow band close to the basement membrane.

Question 71

Neural tissue is characterized by ________.

A) extremely long cells
B) cells with branching processes
C) neuroglia with varied functions
D) the ability to transmit electrical impulses
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 72

In the formation of a(n)________, the connecting cells disappear, and the cells secrete into blood vessels or into the surrounding tissue fluids.

A) loose connective tissue
B) endocrine gland
C) respiratory epithelium
D) exocrine gland
E) cutaneous membrane

Question 73

Which of the following is characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue?

A) consists of a branching network of interconnected muscle cells
B) individual cells have many, irregularly shaped nuclei
C) can replace cells and regenerate after an injury
D) contracts only with nervous stimulation
E) also called striated voluntary muscle

Question 74

Neuroglia ________.

A) provide a supporting framework for neural tissue
B) regulate the composition of interstitial fluid
C) provide nutrients to neurons
D) provide a supporting framework for neural tissue and provide nutrients to neurons
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 75

In eccrine secretion, secretory products are released from gland cells through exocytosis onto the surface of the cell.

Question 76

Multiple layers of cells, found where mechanical stresses are severe, are called simple cuboidal epithelium.

Question 77

In aging women, the reduction in bone strength known as ________ is often caused by a combination of inactivity, low dietary calcium intake, and diminished circulating estrogen levels.

A) arthritis
B) lipolysis
C) ossification
D) abrasion
E) osteoporosis

Question 78

Although skeletal muscle fibers cannot divide, new muscle fibers can be produced through the division of ________, which are stem cells that persist in adult skeletal muscle.

A) pacemaker cells
B) myosatellite cells
C) osteocytes
D) periosteal stem cells
E) mast cells

Question 79

Cancer of smooth muscles is called ________.

A) fibrosarcomas
B) myelomas
C) leiomyosarcomas
D) rhabdomyosarcomas
E) adenocarcinomas

Question 80

Skeletal muscle tissue contains large fibers that are ________.

A) multinucleated
B) involuntary
C) nonstriated
D) controlled by pacesetter cells
E) connected by intercalated discs