Deck 18: The Nervous System: General and Special Senses

Question 1

A person having a heart attack may feel pain along the medial side of the left arm. This pain is known as ________.

A) referred pain
B) fast pain
C) selected pain
D) covert pain
E) masked pain

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment?

A) Interoceptors
B) Exteroceptors
C) Proprioceptors
D) Nociceptors
E) Thermoreceptors

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The chemoreceptors of carotid bodies trigger reflexive adjustments in respiratory and cardiovascular activity via which cranial nerve?

A) N IX.
B) N VII
C) N XI
D) N V
E) N X

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Olfactory receptor cells are ________ neurons.

A) multipolar
B) unipolar
C) bipolar
D) nonpolar
E) apolar

Question 5

Which of the following is characteristic of the membranous labyrinth?

A) Its outer walls are fused with the surrounding temporal bone.
B) It is subdivided into the vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea.
C) Its fluid has a relatively low potassium ion concentration.
D) Its receptors provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration.
E) It contains a fluid called endolymph.

Question 6

________ respond to stretching and distortion of the dermis.

A) Lamellar corpuscle
B) Bulbous corpuscles
C) Tactile discs
D) Root hair plexuses
E) Merkel cells

Question 7

Which of the following is true regarding central adaptation?

A) At the conscious level, it further restricts the amount of detail arriving at the cerebral cortex.
B) It usually involves the inhibition of nuclei along a sensory pathway.
C) At the subconscious level, it further enhances the amount of detail arriving at the cerebral cortex.
D) It involves the excitation of nuclei along a motor pathway.
E) It occurs outside the CNS along the sensory pathways.

Question 8

Which receptor type is located in the dermis, is sensitive to pressure and vibrations, but is tonically active and shows little if any adaptation?

A) tactile corpuscles
B) lamellar corpuscles
C) bulbous corpuscles
D) baroreceptors
E) root hair plexus

Question 9

The simplest receptors are the dendrites of sensory neurons, called ________.

A) Merkel cells
B) lamellated corpuscles
C) Ruffini corpuscles
D) free nerve endings
E) tactile discs

Question 10

Sensations of slow pain ________.

A) begin sooner and persist for a very short amount of time
B) are also known as pricking pain
C) are produced by deep cuts or similar injuries
D) cease only after tissue damage has ended
E) cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and thalamus

Question 11

Which taste sensation is produced by receptors sensitive to the presence of the amino acid glutamate?

A) umami
B) bitter
C) sweet
D) salty
E) sour

Question 12

________ sensations are the only sensations that reach the cerebral cortex without first synapsing in the thalamus.

A) Gustatory
B) Visual
C) Auditory
D) Tactile
E) Olfactory

Question 13

Information on the volume of the urinary bladder is provided by ________.

A) thermoreceptors
B) proprioceptors
C) nociceptors
D) baroreceptors
E) chemoreceptors

Question 14

What is the function of the auditory tube?

A) It provides directional sensitivity to the ear.
B) It serves to equalize the pressure in the middle ear cavity with external, atmospheric pressure.
C) It converts arriving sound waves into mechanical movements.
D) It protects the external acoustic meatus.
E) It attaches to the interior surface of the tympanic membrane at three points.

Question 15

The tensor tympani muscle ________.

A) originates from the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity
B) pulls the stapes upon contraction
C) pulls the malleus laterally upon contraction, stiffening the tympanic membrane
D) is innervated by motor fibers of the trigeminal nerve
E) inserts on the stapes

Question 16

Gustatory information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is carried to the gustatory cortex of the cerebrum via which cranial nerve?

A) glossopharyngeal nerve
B) vagus nerve
C) facial nerve
D) hypoglossal nerve
E) trigeminal nerve

Question 17

Conscious awareness of a sensation is called ________.

A) perception
B) reception
C) stimulation
D) adaptation
E) transduction

Question 18

Which is not a cell type found in the olfactory epithelium?

A) olfactory sensory neuron
B) supporting cell
C) basal epithelial cell
D) olfactory gland cell
E) All are found in the olfactory epithelium.

Question 19

Which of the following correctly describes thermoreceptors?

A) There are structural differences between cold and warm thermoreceptors.
B) They are tonic receptors.
C) Thermoreceptors are found in the epidermis of the skin, in smooth muscles, in the liver, and in the epithalamus.
D) Sensations detected by thermoreceptors are conducted along the spinothalamic tracts.
E) Thermoreceptors are very active when the temperature is changing, but they slowly adapt to a stable temperature.

Question 20

Which structure is a thin, semitransparent connective tissue sheet that separates the external ear from the middle ear?

A) cochlea
B) tympanic membrane
C) auricle
D) vestibule
E) cerumen

Question 21

Perilymph ________.

A) has properties that closely resemble those of cerebrospinal fluid
B) is contained entirely within the cochlea
C) flows within the membranous labyrinth
D) is a gelatinous structure in which the kinocilia and stereocilia of the hair cells are embedded
E) is necessary for the functioning of the receptor cells of the inner ear

Question 22

The organ of Corti rests on which structure that separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani?

A) vestibular membrane
B) tectorial membrane
C) tympanic membrane
D) basilar membrane
E) macula

Question 23

Regarding pathways for auditory sensations, ascending acoustic information travels to which structure?

A) ventral posterolateral nucleus
B) pulvinar
C) medial geniculate nucleus
D) anterior nuclear group
E) lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 24

Descending instructions along the ________ tracts of the spinal cord adjust peripheral muscle tone to complement the reflexive movements of the head or neck.

A) tectospinal
B) corticospinal
C) vestibulospinal
D) rubrospinal
E) corticobulbar

Question 25

The epithelium covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye is called the ________.

A) medial canthus
B) choroid
C) tarsal plate
D) sclera
E) conjunctiva

Question 26

Which structure contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons that monitor the receptors in the cochlear duct?

A) otic ganglion
B) ciliary ganglion
C) pterygopalatine ganglion
D) vestibular ganglion
E) spiral ganglion

Question 27

In the eye, axons from ganglion cells converge on the ________.

A) optic disc
B) fovea
C) choroid
D) macula
E) vitreous body

Question 28

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the two vestibular nuclei?

A) Sensory fibers from each vestibular ganglion form the vestibular branch of N VII.
B) They provide a subconscious sense of position and movement.
C) They integrate the sensory information concerning balance and equilibrium arriving from each side of the head.
D) They send commands to sensory nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord.
E) They relay information from the vestibular apparatus to the epithalamus.

Question 29

When an individual is shaking the head "no," the hair cells are stimulated in which of the following structures?

A) posterior semicircular duct
B) anterior semicircular duct
C) utricle
D) lateral semicircular duct
E) saccule

Question 30

Which of the following is described as a gelatinous matrix that contains densely packed calcium carbonate crystals?

A) otolithic membrane
B) ampulla
C) macula
D) cupula
E) saccule

Question 31

Which of the following is the correct order of the steps in the production of an auditory sensation?
1 - The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window.
2 - Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane.
3 - Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct.
4 - Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane.
5 - Information concerning the frequency and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS.
6 - Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles.

A) 6-4-3-1-5-2
B) 4-6-3-1-2-5
C) 1-4-6-3-2-5
D) 3-4-6-1-5-2
E) 4-3-6-2-1-5

Question 32

The sensory receptors of the inner ear are called ________.

A) tactile discs
B) hair cells
C) lamellar corpuscles
D) root hair plexuses
E) Merkel cells

Question 33

Which of the following is described as a thin, membranous partition that separates the perilymph of the cochlear chambers from the air in the middle ear?

A) tympanic membrane
B) utricle
C) round window
D) saccule
E) oval window

Question 34

Which structure is not considered to be part of the membranous labyrinth?

A) Vestibule
B) Semicircular duct
C) Saccule
D) Cochlear duct
E) Utricle

Question 35

The stapedius muscle, innervated by the ________ nerve, originates from the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity and inserts on the stapes.

A) facial
B) trigeminal
C) trochlear
D) vagus
E) glossopharyngeal

Question 36

The ________ is avascular, and there are no blood vessels between this structure and the overlying conjunctiva.

A) retina
B) sclera
C) iris
D) cornea
E) choroid

Question 37

Which of the following is/are bony labyrinth feature(s)that provide(s)sensations of gravity and linear acceleration?

A) stapes
B) malleus
C) semicircular canals
D) incus
E) utricle and saccule

Question 38

Displacement of eyelash hair triggers which of the following?

A) sneezing
B) blinking reflex
C) tarsal gland secretion
D) corneal reflex
E) pupillary reflex

Question 39

Which glands are located along the inner margin of the eyelid and secrete a lipid-rich product that helps keep the eyelids from sticking together?

A) lacrimal caruncle
B) merocrine glands
C) glands of Zeis
D) tarsal glands
E) lacrimal glands

Question 40

Hair cells ________.

A) can function only when exposed to perilymph
B) consist of stereocilia, which inhibit the sensory neuron when they are displaced toward the kinocilium
C) are the sensory receptors of the inner ear
D) each have a free surface that supports 5-10 long stereocilia
E) are highly specialized baroreceptors

Question 41

The waxy secretions of the ceruminous glands slow the growth of microorganisms in the external acoustic meatus and reduces the chances of infection.

Question 42

Which muscles, when contracted, decrease the diameter of the pupil?

A) ciliary muscles
B) medial rectus muscles
C) dilator pupillae muscles
D) lateral rectus muscles
E) Sphincter pupillae muscles

Question 43

Which structure fills the lacrimal groove of the lacrimal bone?

A) nasolacrimal duct
B) inferior lacrimal punctum
C) lateral canaliculus
D) lacrimal gland
E) lacrimal sac

Question 44

The photoreceptors of the eye and various receptors that monitor body position are examples of phasic receptors.

Question 45

The vitreous chamber is also known as the ________.

A) posterior cavity
B) posterior chamber
C) anterior cavity
D) corneal limbus
E) anterior chamber

Question 46

Which cell population is the only group of cells in the retina that generate action potentials to the brain?

A) amacrine cells
B) rods and cones
C) ganglion cells
D) bipolar cells
E) horizontal cells

Question 47

The taste receptors respond most readily to unpleasant rather than to pleasant stimuli.

Question 48

What is the function of the aqueous humor?

A) It helps maintain the shape of the eye.
B) It provides an important route for nutrient and waste transport.
C) It supports and holds the lens posterior to the iris and centered on the pupil.
D) It generates action potentials to the brain.
E) It functions in focusing the visual image on the retinal photoreceptors.

Question 49

Which of the following is the correct description of the tarsal plate?

A) It is a collective of skeletal muscles, which are responsible for closing the eyelids and raising the upper eyelid.
B) It is a collective of goblet cells within an epithelium that assists the various accessory glands in providing a superficial lubricant that prevents friction and drying of the opposing conjunctival surfaces.
C) It is a collection of layers of broad sheets of connective tissue, which support and strengthen the eyelids.
D) It is a mucous membrane covered by a specialized stratified squamous epithelium.
E) It is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium that covers the visible surface of the eyelid.

Question 50

Which of the following is a function of the vascular layer of the eye?

A) contains visual receptors and associated neurons
B) provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics supplying tissues of the eye
C) serves as an attachment site for the extra-ocular muscles
D) provides mechanical support and some degree of physical protection
E) contains structures that assist in the focusing process

Question 51

Which hypothalamic nucleus receives visual inputs and establishes a daily pattern of visceral activity that is tied to the day-night cycle?

A) supraoptic nucleus
B) medial geniculate nucleus
C) preoptic nucleus
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus
E) lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 52

What is the location of the lacrimal gland?

A) It extends along the nasolacrimal canal formed by the lacrimal bone and the maxilla.
B) It sits within a depression in the frontal bone, within the orbit and superior and lateral to the eyeball.
C) It is located in the area of the medial canthus.
D) It is nestled within the ethmoid bone, medial to the superior orbital fissure.
E) It runs along grooves in the surface of the lacrimal bone.

Question 53

Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the outer portion of the retina by an extensive capillary network contained within the ________.

A) sclera
B) macula
C) ora serrata
D) choroid
E) ciliary body

Question 54

It is known that there are at least 50 different "primary smells."

Question 55

Which of the following is a structure of the fibrous layer?

A) iris
B) intrinsic eye muscles
C) sclera
D) ciliary body
E) choroid

Question 56

Which of the following structures contain the photoreceptors that respond to light?

A) neural layer
B) ciliary body
C) vascular layer
D) macula lutea
E) fibrous layer

Question 57

The ciliary zonule of the lens is a ring of fibers that attaches the lens to which structure(s) ?

A) ora serrata
B) fovea
C) corneal limbus
D) ciliary processes
E) macula

Question 58

The conjunctiva that lines the internal surface of the eyelids is termed the ________ conjunctiva.

A) palpebral
B) retinal
C) ocular
D) epithelial
E) visceral

Question 59

Bulbous corpuscles are pressure and vibration receptors that adapt rapidly.

Question 60

Olfactory receptor cells can undergo mitosis to replace aged cells.

Question 61

The lateral surface of the malleus attaches to the superior surface of the tympanic membrane at a single point.

Question 62

How do tasting abilities change with age? Why do they change?

Question 63

Figure 18.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label I.

A) External acoustic meatus
B) Semicircular canal
C) Auditory tube
D) Vestibule
E) Cochlea

Question 64

Figure 18.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label F.

A) Oval window
B) Tympanic membrane
C) Cerumen
D) Round window
E) Pinna

Question 65

Figure 18.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label B.

A) Tympanic membrane
B) Auditory tube
C) Perilymph
D) External acoustic meatus
E) Endolymph

Question 66

The superior colliculus of the midbrain issues motor commands controlling subconscious eye, head, or neck movements in response to visual stimuli.

Question 67

Figure 18.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label A.

A) External acoustic meatus
B) Cerumen
C) Auricle
D) Insula
E) Labrum

Question 68

Figure 18.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label G.

A) Pinna
B) Tympanic membrane
C) Round window
D) Cerumen
E) Oval window

Question 69

What is referred pain?

Question 70

Figure 18.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label J.

A) Cochlea
B) Auricle
C) Vestibule
D) Cerumen
E) Pharyngotympanic tube

Question 71

When a sound vibrates the eardrum, the movements are conducted to the perilymph of the inner ear by the movements of the stapes.

Question 72

Eye color is determined by the size of pigment cells in the epithelium covering the posterior surface of the body of the iris.

Question 73

Figure 18.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label D.

A) Auricle
B) Vestibular membrane
C) Cerumen
D) Pinna
E) Tympanic membrane

Question 74

The lacrimal gland secretions are viscous and slightly acidic.

Question 75

What is acute otitis media? How does acute otitis media of bacterial origin differ from a case that is of viral origin?

Question 76

Compare and contrast conductive deafness versus nerve deafness.

Question 77

Figure 18.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label E.

A) Bony labyrinth
B) Tympanic cavity
C) Tympanic membrane
D) Vestibule
E) Semicircular canal

Question 78

Figure 18.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label C.

A) Hyaline cartilage
B) Elastic cartilage
C) Fibrous connective tissue
D) Collagen
E) Compact bone

Question 79

What is glaucoma and what is its cause(s)?

Question 80

Figure 18.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label H.

A) Semicircular canal
B) Tympanic cavity
C) Tympanic membrane
D) Vestibule
E) Auditory tube