Deck 13: Nationalism and National Identity

Question 1

Which is not part of a definition of identity?

A) Social labels applied to individuals and groups, broadly placing them within society.
B) They are constructed on the basis of social sources.
C) They are cultural, historical, and political in nature.
D) They are never changeable.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What does social identity theory argue?

A) Personal identities are partially derived from group identities.
B) Personal identities are developed separately from group identities.
C) Group identities are determined by individual identities within the group.
D) Group identities are constantly evolving because of the pursuit of material interest.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the name (according to Anthony Smith) of the view that something akin to national identity is present in virtually all societies for many centuries or more?

A) Modernism
B) Primordialism
C) Structuralism
D) Institutionalism

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is not generally true of nations?

A) Nations are groups that are sovereign or wish to claim sovereignty.
B) Nations are groups that are geographically bounded.
C) Nations are groups that are apolitical.
D) Nations are groups that claim their members are equal in at least some sense.

Question 5

When do most "modernist" scholars say that nationalism emerged?

A) 10,000 BC
B) Late medieval Europe
C) The late eighteenth century
D) The early twentieth century

Question 6

Which of the following is true of nationalism and national identity?

A) Nationalism is the view that we value our nation above all others, while national identity says that we identify with our fellow citizens through civil society interaction.
B) Nationalism is the view that we are inherently bound to our country, while national identity says that we are members of separate and unequal nations.
C) Nationalism is the view that we all have an important national identity, while national identity says that we are members of sovereign and equal nations.
D) None of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is not one of the three labels given by Anthony Smith to group theoretical approaches of nationalism?

A) Modernists
B) Ethnographists
C) Perennialists
D) Primordialists

Question 8

Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology aim to explain almost all of human behavior and society in terms of what theory?

A) Evolutionary theory
B) Social theory
C) Modernization theory
D) Collective identity theory

Question 9

Which of the following is true of the theory of perennialism?

A) National identity is neither exclusively modern nor fully continuous with pre-historical forms of identity.
B) National identity is continuous with pre-historical forms of identity.
C) National identity is dependent on evolutionary theory.
D) National identity is based upon ancestry.

Question 10

Which "type" of nationalism is essentially synonymous with "civic" nationalism?

A) Territorial nationalism
B) Ethnic nationalism
C) Primordialism
D) Constructivist nationalism

Question 11

Germany and France are presented as exhibiting contrasting types of nationalism, which are (in order):

A) Western and Eastern
B) Civic and ethnic
C) Ethnic and civic
D) Territorial and Sovereign

Question 12

"Western nationalism" is to civic nationalism as "Eastern nationalism" is to _________.

A) Geographic nationalism
B) Cultural nationalism
C) Ethnic nationalism
D) Primordial nationalism

Question 13

What do some theorists say contributes most to inter-group violence?

A) Predatory states controlled by elites
B) Strong, exclusionary symbolic boundaries
C) Resentments due to ethnic group inequalities
D) Some scholars point to each of these factors.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a key aspect of national identity according to the modernist approach?

A) The nation cannot just be some small elite.
B) The members of society are necessarily grouped by ancestry.
C) The members of society are all equal in some way.
D) The nation is sovereign or claims the right of sovereignty.

Question 15

25) Which of the following is true of the constructivist approach to nationalism?

A) Nationalism is an idea.
B) Nationalism is invented.
C) Nationalism can change.
D) All of the above

Question 16

What does Ernest Gellner argue in his work Nations and Nationalism?

A) Ethnic divisions produce nationalism in part through the process of majority domination.
B) Class divisions produce nationalism in part through income inequality.
C) Industrial capitalism produces nationalism in part using the state as an instrument.
D) Economic growth produces nationalism in part through state investment.

Question 17

Which of the following is true of ethnic nationalism?

A) Ethnic nationalism defines nationality by ancestry (real or imagined).
B) Ethnic nationalism defines nationality by citizenship (real or imagined).
C) Ethnic nationalism defines nationality by birthplace (real or imagined). d Ethnic nationalism defines nationality by religion (real or imagined).

Question 18

Which of the following is true of civic nationalisms according to scholars like Liah Greenfeld?

A) Civic nationalisms are always collectivist.
B) Civic nationalisms are always individualistic.
C) Civic nationalisms can be collectivist or individualistic.
D) Civic nationalisms are neither collectivist nor individualistic.

Question 19

If your grandparents were born in Ireland, but you were born in the U.S. and grew up there, you may become an Irish citizen. The legal term for this basis of citizenship is:

A) Jus Sanguinis
B) Jus Soli
C) Jus Dispositivum
D) Jus Publicum

Question 20

Societies that are constructs of many immigrant groups, such as the U.S., typically grant citizenship to anyone born there. The legal term for this basis of citizenship is:

A) Jus Sanguinis
B) Jus Solis
C) Jus Dispositivum
D) Jus Publicum

Question 21

Jus Sanguinis is linked to this concept of citizenship in a nation or state:

A) Citizenship is granted based on place of birth.
B) Citizenship is granted based on descent/ethnicity.
C) Citizenship is granted based on where you currently live.
D) None of the above

Question 22

According to Liah Greenfeld, Nazi Germany is an example of what kind of nationalism?

A) Civic and individualistic
B) Civic and collectivistic
C) Ethnic and individualistic
D) Ethnic and collectivistic

Question 23

Liah Greenfeld argues that nationalism needs to be understood as an imaginative response to social conditions because it is fundamentally ________.

A) Anthropological
B) Biological
C) Cultural
D) Deductive

Question 24

Which group believes that a nation is an imagined kinship group, or a big family, like the groups implied by any other collective identity?

A) Perennialists
B) Modernists
C) Primordialists
D) No group

Question 25

Instrumentalists analyze causes of conflict as related to:

A) Unchanging, irrational attachments to a particular group.
B) Political entrepreneurs manipulating ethnic populations in the pursuit of their own ends.
C) A strategic view of inside and outside identity groups.
D) The disaggregation of communal groups.

Question 26

A potential solution to the criticism of instrumentalism as over-simplified is provided by George Akerlof and Rachel Kranton's idea of "identity utility". They argue:

A) Ethno-national chauvinism is shaped by preferences for both material and nonmaterial payoffs.
B) The strategic calculus of actors can be analyzed mathematically.
C) There is a "tipping point" beyond which actors are not rational.
D) Risks of between-group sanctioning is minimized.

Question 27

What does David Laitin say accounts for why some people join secessionist movements?

A) Since the dawn of time, people have formed groups.
B) What really matters are the symbolic boundaries drawn between groups.
C) Rational assimilation occurs when many members of a group participate together.
D) Group attachments are irrational, and we will never understand them.

Question 28

Which author is most closely associated with the view that social-psychological factors and resentments shape inter-group violence?

A) Irving Louis Horowitz
B) Donald L. Horowitz
C) Ted Gurr
D) Irving Louis Gurr

Question 29

Primordial bonds, material interests, and social psychology are all elements of:

A) Types of ethno-national conflict
B) Explanations of ethno-national conflict
C) Results of ethno-national conflict
D) Instruments of ethno-national conflict

Question 30

How do rational choice explanations of ethno-national conflict differ from other instrumental explanations?

A) Their general emphasis on emotion
B) Their typical use of mathematical or formal models
C) Their reliance on strategy
D) All of the above

Question 31

Which scholar's account of ethnic conflict emphasizes group resentment?

A) Benedict Anderson
B) Robert H. Bates
C) Ernest Gellner
D) Donald L. Horowitz

Question 32

The idea that collectively held or group feelings and resentments lie behind conflict refers to what approach?

A) Material interests
B) Rational calculation
C) Social psychology
D) Primordial bonds

Question 33

One of the reasons that institutional approaches to ending ethnic and national violence are appealing is that:

A) Institutions can be engineered, such as by developing federal systems.
B) Institutions resolve differences between 'us' and 'them'.
C) Institutions engender positive group inter-relations.
D) Political scientists just like institutions.

Question 34

The observation that the geographic distribution of violence is in India is tied to its vibrant civic life, particularly in urban areas, leads to Varshnay's idea that the way to end conflict in India is to:

A) Hold community symposia to discuss civil society relationships.
B) Create and strengthen non-ethnic associations within civil society.
C) Rely on historical evidence to find solutions to conflict.
D) All of the above

Question 35

What is the difference between primordialist and perennialist theories of nationalism?

Question 36

What is the difference between primordialist and modernist theories?

Question 37

How do theories that explain ethnonational conflict in relation to political institutions relate to those theories that explain it in relation to economic factors?

Question 38

How do primordialist theories of nationalism explain inter-group violence?

Question 39

What do critics of the "ethnic-civic" typology in nationalism studies say?

Question 40

What are the major schools of thought about national identity's emergence?

Question 41

What are the major theories of inter-group conflict?

Question 42

What are the major policy responses to inter-group conflict discussed in the chapter?

Question 43

What is a "large-n" study, and how do Fearon and Laitin use this type of analysis to shed light on intergroup conflict?

Question 44

How would Fearon and Laitin criticize Donald Horowitz's approach to explaining inter-group conflict?

Question 45

Are rational choice and cultural constructivist theories of nationalism reconcilable?

Question 46

Can instrumentalism be reconciled with social psychological theories?

Question 47

Take the difference between French and German nationalism. How would each of the theories of nationalism's emergence explain the histories of these cases? What might each theory say about why French nationalism is often considered "civic" and German nationalism "ethnic"?

Question 48

Which of the major theories of inter-group conflict do you find most plausible, and why? Which cases do you think this theory can explain well?

Question 49

If you had to advise the United Nations on an initiative to prevent genocide after reading this chapter, what would you tell them? How would you justify your policy recommendations?