Deck 14: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender

Question 1

Which Latin American country has not recently elected a female president, as of 2015?

A) Argentina
B) Brazil
C) Chile
D) Uruguay

Answer 1

D

Question 2

South African apartheid was an example of which of the following?

A) Racial inequality
B) Regional inequality
C) National inequality
D) Native inequality

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is true of gender?

A) Gender is biological, while sex is cultural.
B) Gender is cultural, while sex is biological.
C) Gender is static, while sex can be changed.
D) All of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to most social scientists, the idea that women should be feminine is a product of what?

A) Social construction
B) Biological determinism
C) Sexual orientation
D) Biological gender

Question 5

What is "heteronormativity"?

A) The presumption that heterosexuality is the "norm."
B) The presumption that homosexuality is the "norm."
C) The presumption that heterosexuality the only biological option.
D) The presumption that homosexuality is not biological.

Question 6

Which of the following may be a reason for discrimination?

A) Ethnicity
B) Gender
C) Sexual orientation
D) All of the above

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true of race and ethnicity?

A) Race and ethnicity are conceptually indistinguishable
B) Race and ethnicity are biologically determined
C) Race and ethnicity are socially constructed
D) None of the above

Question 8

What is the process through which ideas of race are constructed and developed over time?

A) Racialism
B) Racialization
C) Racial separation
D) Biological determinism

Question 9

Which of the following phenomena most closely relates to ethnic groups?

A) Group biological differences
B) National identity
C) A sense of shared cultural background
D) The state

Question 10

Which of the following might lead to the empowerment of a disadvantaged group?

A) A legislative quota system
B) There is nothing to be done about such problems
C) This is no longer a problem in the twenty-first century
D) All of the above

Question 11

The state plays a role in the ongoing construction of ethnicity by doing which of the following?

A) Making "official" decisions about how to use ethnic categories in political life and laws
B) Making "official" proclamations about whether race or ethnicity is more salient in political life
C) Demanding the formation of "official" ethnic parties in the legislature
D) States do not play a role in the ongoing construction of ethnicity

Question 12

What does an audit study of the kind discussed in Chapter 13 measure?

A) Racial composition
B) Income distribution
C) Discriminatory practices
D) Minority-group identification

Question 13

An equally qualified woman being paid less than a man for the same work is an example of what kind of discrimination?

A) Implicit cultural discrimination
B) Explicit cultural discrimination
C) Implicit gender discrimination
D) Explicit gender discrimination

Question 14

In countries where women have long enjoyed suffrage, women do not:

A) Have equal political representation in legislatures.
B) Debate their strengths and weaknesses.
C) Stand on the sidewalks with protest signs.
D) Suffer fools.

Question 15

Which of the following is true of jobs traditionally gendered as male?

A) They tend to have higher wages than jobs traditionally gendered as female.
B) They tend to have lower wages than jobs traditionally gendered as female.
C) They tend to have equal wages with jobs traditionally gendered as female.
D) Jobs are not gendered in a free labor market.

Question 16

Which of the following is not an additional burden for women in the workforce?

A) Women are less likely than men to receive promotions due to assumptions about tradeoffs between work and family life
B) The labor market is gendered and traditionally female jobs are lower paid than traditionally male jobs
C) Discriminatory and erroneous attitudes about women's abilities and competencies
D) All of the above apply

Question 17

Which of the following is true of women in political office?

A) There are more women are than men in the U.S. House of Representatives.
B) Women are less likely than men to hold political office.
C) Women can only hold office in democracies.
D) Women are more likely than men to hold political office.

Question 18

The expansion of the socially defined capability of a group is called:

A) Support
B) Empowerment
C) Participation
D) Appreciation

Question 19

What is providing microfinance loans to women in the developing world an example of?

A) Economic empowerment
B) Symbolic empowerment
C) Feminism
D) None of the above

Question 20

The LGBT movement in the United States is an example of what kind of empowerment?

A) Economic empowerment
B) Symbolic empowerment
C) Revolutionary empowerment
D) Ethnic empowerment

Question 21

What is "state feminism"?

A) The occurrence of a majority female legislature inside a state
B) The process through which ideas of gender are constructed inside a state
C) The increase in the political capabilities of women inside a state
D) The advocacy of women's movement goals inside a state

Question 22

What is the most important process through which women and minority groups can be empowered?

A) Economic empowerment
B) Social revolutions
C) "Everyday Resistance"
D) Social movement mobilization

Question 23

According to Joane Nagel, social movement activity helped cause an increase in the number of persons claiming what kind of identity in the late twentieth-century United States?

A) American Indians
B) African Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) Irish Americans

Question 24

Which of the following is not one of Manuel Castells's three main kinds of political identities?

A) Resistance identities
B) Legitimizing identities
C) National identities
D) Project identities

Question 25

According to Donna Lee Van Cott, what did Bolivia and Ecuador have in common that led to the successful creation of ethnic parties?

A) Relatively homogeneous populations
B) Large indigenous populations
C) Multiethnic populations
D) Discriminated populations

Question 26

Why might ethnic minorities in the United States encounter obstacles if attempting to establish ethnic parties?

A) Nobody knows
B) The nature of the first-past-the-post electoral system discourages it
C) They are minorities, so there are not enough to make it rational
D) b and c

Question 27

An ethnic party is most likely to influence the political process in what type of electoral system?

A) Autocratic
B) Proportional representation
C) First-past-the-post
D) None of the above

Question 28

Which of the following countries has seen the most noteworthy political success for ethnic-group-affiliated parties?

A) Mexico
B) United States
C) India
D) France

Question 29

What is Mala Htun's reasoning for why ethnicity-based political groups are more likely to form than gender-based political groups?

A) Ethnicity-based groups do not alienate the other half of the electorate like gender-based groups do.
B) Ethnicity-based groups face more discrimination than gender-based groups.
C) Ethnicity tends to coincide with other forms of cleavages, whereas gender tends to crosscut them.
D) Ethnic tends to crosscut with other forms of cleavages, whereas gender tends to coincide with them.

Question 30

Which of the following is the best example of an effort to empower an underrepresented group through institutional design?

A) State feminism
B) Social movement mobilization
C) Quota system
D) Ethnicity-based political parties

Question 31

Which is the best measure of women's advancing rights?

A) GEM
B) Percentage of women in the legislature
C) It depends on the question one is asking
D) Political scientists have stopped trying to measure this

Question 32

It is important to select the right variable with which to measure some phenomenon. A good measure must:

A) Be true to the underlying concept you're researching.
B) Defined so that any other researcher can repeat it.
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b

Question 33

According to Chapter 14, what are three ways in which disadvantaged groups can achieve increased empowerment?

Question 34

How do some political scientists explain the fact that political parties based on ethnicity are much more common than political parties based on gender?

Question 35

What are the major types of quota systems used in elections to ensure representation of disadvantaged groups? Briefly describe how each of these types of quotas operates.

Question 36

Describe the approach and usefulness of an audit study in the context of discrimination.

Question 37

According to Donna Lee Van Cott, why did ethnic parties begin to thrive in recent decades in parts of Latin America?

Question 38

For what reasons might political parties based on ethnicity be more common across countries than political parties based on gender?

Question 39

Why would some argue that political empowerment has to come before other forms of empowerment?

Question 40

Why might some argue that "symbolic empowerment" must come first?

Question 41

Is it fair to say that inequalities based on race, ethnicity, and gender are not important in modern politics? Why or why not?

Question 42

According to Mona Lee Krook, what conditions are conducive to the adoption of gender quotas?

Question 43

According to Manuel Castells, what is the "movement against patriarchy"?

Question 44

If you were in charge of an NGO responsible for making recommendations about how to increase women's representation in global politics, what would your main recommendations be and why?

Question 45

If you were in charge of an NGO responsible for making recommendations about how to increase the representation of minority ethnic and racial groups in global politics, what would your main recommendations be and why?

Question 46

If you were put in charge of a presidential commission to try to redesign political institutions in the United States to expand the representation of women, what would you recommend?