Deck 7: Juvenile Corrections

Question 1

Define the following terms:
-aftercare

Answer 1

Aftercare refers to the support and services provided to individuals following a significant event, treatment, or procedure. The purpose of aftercare is to ensure a smooth transition to everyday life, to promote healing and recovery, and to prevent relapse or complications. Aftercare can be applied in various contexts, including:

1. Medical Aftercare: This involves follow-up appointments, physical therapy, medication management, and other forms of support provided to patients after surgery, hospitalization, or treatment for an illness or injury. The goal is to monitor the patient's progress and address any issues that may arise during the recovery process.

2. Mental Health Aftercare: After receiving treatment for mental health issues, such as therapy or hospitalization for a psychiatric condition, individuals may receive aftercare services. These can include counseling, support groups, medication management, and other resources to help maintain mental well-being and prevent relapse.

3. Addiction Recovery Aftercare: For those recovering from substance abuse, aftercare is crucial to maintain sobriety. It may include ongoing therapy, support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous, sober living arrangements, and other resources to support long-term recovery.

4. Post-Incarceration Aftercare: Individuals released from incarceration may receive aftercare to help reintegrate into society. This can involve job training, housing assistance, counseling, and other services aimed at reducing recidivism and helping them lead productive lives.

5. Child Welfare Aftercare: When children are involved in the foster care system or have been under state care, aftercare services are provided to support the transition to a stable living environment. This may include counseling, educational support, and assistance for the caregivers or adoptive parents.

In summary, aftercare is a critical component of the continuum of care that helps individuals maintain the gains they have made during a primary phase of treatment or recovery and supports their ongoing well-being and success.

Question 2

Define the following terms:
-balanced probation

Answer 2

The term "balanced probation" does not have a widely recognized definition in the context of criminal justice or legal proceedings. It is possible that the term could be a typographical error or a misunderstanding of the concept of "balanced approach" in probation.

However, if we consider the term "balanced probation" in a conceptual sense, it might refer to a probation system that strikes a balance between various goals such as:

1. **Public Safety**: Ensuring that the community is protected from potential harm that might be caused by offenders.

2. **Rehabilitation**: Providing offenders with the necessary support, resources, and opportunities to address the underlying issues that contributed to their criminal behavior, with the aim of reducing recidivism.

3. **Restorative Justice**: Encouraging a process where offenders make amends to victims and the community, and victims have an opportunity to express how the crime has affected them.

4. **Accountability**: Holding offenders responsible for their actions and ensuring that they comply with the terms of their probation, which may include regular check-ins with a probation officer, drug testing, community service, or other court-ordered conditions.

5. **Personal Development**: Assisting offenders in improving their personal skills and competencies, which can include education, vocational training, and employment assistance, to help them reintegrate into society as productive members.

In a "balanced probation" system, the probation officers and the courts would work to ensure that these elements are considered and integrated into the probation plan for each individual. The goal would be to create a probation system that is fair, effective, and tailored to the needs of the offender, the victims, and the community.

It is important to note that the actual practices and principles of probation can vary widely between jurisdictions and are subject to the laws and regulations of the specific state or country. If "balanced probation" is a term used in a specific legal context or jurisdiction, it would be best to consult the relevant legal codes or probation guidelines for an accurate definition.

Question 3

Define the following terms:
-balanced approach

Answer 3

A balanced approach generally refers to a strategy or methodology that takes into account multiple aspects, perspectives, or factors, aiming to achieve an equilibrium or harmony among them. This approach is often applied in various fields such as economics, environmental policy, education, and personal lifestyle choices. The idea is to avoid extreme positions or reliance on a single solution, instead integrating diverse elements to create a more comprehensive and sustainable outcome.

In the context of economics, a balanced approach might involve a mix of fiscal and monetary policies to manage economic growth and stability. For environmental policy, it could mean combining conservation efforts with sustainable development to protect natural resources while also meeting human needs. In education, a balanced approach might integrate traditional teaching methods with innovative technologies and pedagogies to enhance learning.

The key characteristics of a balanced approach include:

1. **Holistic Perspective**: Considering the whole system rather than focusing on individual components in isolation.
2. **Flexibility**: Being open to adjusting the approach based on feedback and changing circumstances.
3. **Diversity**: Incorporating a variety of tools, methods, or viewpoints.
4. **Moderation**: Avoiding extremes in actions or decisions.
5. **Sustainability**: Ensuring that the approach can be maintained over the long term without exhausting resources or causing adverse effects.
6. **Integration**: Seamlessly combining different elements to work together effectively.

By adopting a balanced approach, individuals, organizations, and governments can make decisions that are more likely to lead to stable, equitable, and enduring results.

Question 4

Define the following terms:
-boob tube therapy

Question 5

Define the following terms:
-boot camps

Question 6

Define the following terms:
-Bridewell Institution

Question 7

Define the following terms:
-child savers

Question 8

Define the following terms:
-community treatment

Question 9

Define the following terms:
-cottage

Question 10

Define the following terms:
-day-night centers

Question 11

Define the following terms:
-detention centers

Question 12

Define the following terms:
-evidence-based practices

Question 13

Define the following terms:
-family group conferencing

Question 14

Define the following terms:
-formal probation

Question 15

Define the following terms:
-goal confusion

Question 16

Define the following terms:
-home confinement

Question 17

Define the following terms:
-house of refuge

Question 18

Define the following terms:
-informal probation

Question 19

Define the following terms:
-intensive probation supervision

Question 20

Define the following terms:
-Lancaster State Industrial School for Girls

Question 21

Define the following terms:
-Lyman School for Boys

Question 22

Define the following terms:
-nonsecure detention

Question 23

Define the following terms:
-nullification

Question 24

Define the following terms:
-operant conditioning

Question 25

Define the following terms:
-parens patriae

Question 26

Define the following terms:
-pre-disposition report

Question 27

Define the following terms:
-preventive detention

Question 28

Define the following terms:
-probation

Question 29

Define the following terms:
-probation plus

Question 30

Define the following terms:
-reformatories

Question 31

Define the following terms:
-restitution

Question 32

Define the following terms:
-secure detention

Question 33

Define the following terms:
-shock incarceration

Question 34

Define the following terms:
-social history investigation

Question 35

Define the following terms:
-state training schools

Question 36

Define the following terms:
-therapeutic detention

Question 37

Define the following terms:
-token economy programs

Question 38

Define the following terms:
-wilderness programs

Question 39

What were the first official and separate institutions for juveniles known as?

A) juvenile institutions
B) houses of refuge
C) reformatories
D) training facilities

Question 40

All of the factors below were thought to contribute to crime committed by juveniles except?

A) Alcohol consumption
B) Immigration
C) Religion
D) Commercial Entertainment

Question 41

What system or model is based on the 19^th century philosophy that aimed to create a homelike environment in juvenile institutions the reformers felt was missing from youth' lives?

A) Residential
B) Reformatory
C) Training
D) Congregate

Question 42

Which statement is false concerning the first placement of youth into the house of refuge?

A) The children sent there did not really commit crimes.
B) Sometimes juveniles were placed in the facilities despite parental objections.
C) The length of commitment was based on a youth's sentence.
D) Some children ran away from the facilities.

Question 43

Of the major types of institutions for juveniles, which list below is correct in terms of chronological order of their development? In other words, which came first, second, and third.

A) Reformatories, Houses of Refuge, Training Schools
B) Houses of Refuge, Reformatories, Training Schools
C) Training Schools, Houses of Refuge, Reformatories
D) Reformatories, Training Schools, Houses of Refuge

Question 44

Prior to the establishment of the juvenile court, juvenile institutions were all of the following except?

A) basically prisons for youth
B) did not offer real treatment
C) relied on strict discipline
D) not as crowded as their adult counterparts

Question 45

Reformatories were better at separating deviant and destitute youth from true criminal youth compared to previous institutions.

Question 46

What are the characteristics of the cottage model?

A) setup closely paralleled the family
B) they were located in cities
C) youth could be placed in foster homes
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 47

Which juvenile facility type's primary purpose is to hold youth awaiting the next stage in the juvenile process?

A) detention centers
B) training schools
C) reformatories
D) jails

Question 48

Most youth are held in publically funded facilities.

Question 49

The number of youth in residential placement __________________ between 1977 to present day.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained steady

Question 50

Which of the following lists of characteristics best represents the largest population of youth held in detention centers?

A) white, male, status offenders
B) black, male, status offenders
C) white, male, non-status offenders
D) black, male, non-status offenders

Question 51

In general, state statutes would not agree with which of the following reasons a judge placed a juvenile in detention?

A) Evidence that the juvenile is a fugitive from another jurisdiction
B) The commission of truancy as the offense for which the juvenile is being adjudicated
C) An objective risk prediction instrument finding that the juvenile is likely to commit another offense while awaiting further proceedings
D) Notice that the juvenile has no home to reside in while waiting future proceedings

Question 52

Of the different factors that may prompt a detention decision, the risk of additional offending and being a danger to the community are the most important.

Question 53

Which United States Supreme Court case held that preventive detention was permissible in keeping with the parens patriae philosophy of the juvenile court?

A) Miller v. Alabama
B) Schall v. Martin
C) Mapp v. Ohio
D) Thompson v. Oklahoma

Question 54

Of the following, who would be more likely to be held in secure detention?

A) victims of abuse or neglect
B) youth who need assistance
C) juveniles who commit serious personal crimes
D) youth who are not a danger to themselves or society

Question 55

In addition to educational services, detention is required to provide essential health care to the youth.

Question 56

Many training schools follow the ________________ system in terms of their structure.

A) cottage
B) family
C) reformatory
D) integrated

Question 57

____________________ are short-term programs incorporating a basic military model that relies on strict discipline, physical training, and drilling.

A) Wilderness camps
B) Training schools
C) Probation plus
D) Boot camps

Question 58

The goal of these programs are to teach youth survival skills, limits, and self-esteem.

A) Wilderness programs
B) Training schools
C) Probation plus
D) Boot camps

Question 59

The popularity for boot camps and wilderness programs has ________________.

A) diminished
B) intensified
C) remained consistent

Question 60

____________ of the youth in custody in the United States experience at least one type of victimization.

A) One third
B) Half
C) Three-quarters
D) All

Question 61

Which of the following are technical violations of misconduct youth engage in during custody?

A) refusing the participate in required activities
B) being in prohibited areas of the facility
C) possessing weapons or drugs
D) a and b
E) b and c f. a, b, and c

Question 62

Female residents commit more serious violations in residential facilities than males do.

Question 63

Treatment for mental health and co-occurring disorders is severely lacking in institutions for youth.

Question 64

Which of the following would not be considered an example of community treatment for youth?

A) Small group homes
B) Training school
C) Probation
D) Restitution
E) All of the above are examples

Question 65

What is the most common form of community treatment for juveniles?

A) Community service
B) Detention
C) Probation
D) Group counseling
E) Restitution

Question 66

The development of the juvenile court and probation were justified as appropriate under the belief that?

A) juveniles were in need of punishment
B) juveniles could be rehabilitated
C) the public had a responsibility in protecting wayward youth
D) a and c
E) b and c

Question 67

What is the most frequent status offense resulting in a probation disposition?

A) ungovernability charges
B) liquor law violations
C) truancy
D) vaping
E) running away

Question 68

What document in the juvenile court system is similar to the presentence investigation report utilized in the criminal court?

A) social history investigation report
B) recommendation report
C) diversionary report
D) indictment

Question 69

All of the following are common for youth under informal probation except?

A) close monitoring by a probation officer
B) used in cases for youth committing minor transgressions
C) youth released on promise that they will not engage in future offending
D) often reserved for cases where juveniles have limited offense histories

Question 70

Juvenile probation officers assume a role similar to that of ______________, which can entail referral to other sources of help or providing counseling services.

A) police officers
B) school teachers
C) parents
D) social workers
E) judges

Question 71

Which of the following would not be considered an example of a probation plus program?

A) boot camp
B) restorative justice
C) intensive supervision probation
D) home confinement
E) balanced probation

Question 72

Which of the following is an example of a balanced probation program?

A) juveniles perform home repair for aging community members
B) juveniles assist in voter registration
C) juveniles create shelters for needy populations
D) juvenile paint homes and public buildings
E) all of the above are examples

Question 73

When can restitution programs for juveniles be required?

A) During probation as a condition of probation
B) During intake as part of a diversion program
C) only a
D) only b
E) a and b

Question 74

Restitution programs have been criticized on the following grounds except?

A) they follow a philosophy of retribution
B) they can widen the net
C) they are a rehabilitation program
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 75

There is evidence that youth who are ordered to make restitution tend to recidivate at lower levels than those not participating in such a program.

Question 76

What is the most common type of restorative justice program used with youth?

A) victim-offender mediation
B) family group conferences
C) neighborhood reparative boards
D) sentencing circles

Question 77

What is the parallel of adult parole for juveniles after release from secure custody?

A) aftercare
B) juvenile parole
C) probation
D) transitioning

Question 78

The balanced approach to intervention combines which of the following philosophies?

A) rehabilitation, retribution, deterrence
B) deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation
C) rehabilitation, retribution, restorative justice
D) reintegration, retribution, incapacitation

Question 79

What can help reduce goal confusion?

A) balanced approach
B) classical retribution
C) medical model
D) systems theory

Question 80

Who were the child savers and what approaches did they advocate to control crime committed by juveniles?