Deck 3: Correctional Sentencing and Goals

Question 1

Define the following terms:
-Classicism

Answer 1

Classicism is a term that refers to the principles and aesthetic attitudes derived from the art, literature, and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. It is characterized by a high regard for classical antiquity as the source and foundation of Western culture, and it emphasizes qualities such as clarity, order, balance, harmony, and proportion, which were considered ideals in the arts of the classical period.

In a broader sense, Classicism can also refer to the admiration and imitation of classical themes and forms throughout various periods of history, particularly during the Renaissance and the 18th century Enlightenment in Europe, when there was a conscious revival of the classical style.

Classicism in art and architecture is marked by symmetry, mathematical precision, and adherence to the rules of the classical orders of architecture (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian). Artists and architects sought to create works that were inspired by the values and practices of the artists of ancient Greece and Rome.

In literature, Classicism often implies a high regard for the ancient classics as models for style and subject matter. It values traditional forms and structures, precision, restraint, and adherence to established norms of composition and rhetoric.

In music, the Classical period (roughly 1750-1820) was dominated by the likes of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, and it is characterized by a clear structure, balance, and transparency of sound, contrasting with the complexity and ornamentation of the preceding Baroque period.

Overall, Classicism as a concept transcends the arts and can be seen as an enduring tradition that seeks to capture the timeless quality of the classical heritage, aiming for a universal standard of beauty and excellence.

Question 2

Define the following terms:
-Criminogenic

Answer 2

The term "criminogenic" is derived from the field of criminology and is used to describe factors or conditions that are conducive to or likely to cause criminal behavior. It is often used in the context of discussing environments, situations, or characteristics that increase the risk of individuals engaging in acts that are against the law.

Criminogenic factors can be varied and may include social, economic, psychological, or biological elements. For example, poverty, lack of education, peer pressure, substance abuse, and certain personality traits can all be considered criminogenic because they have been found to correlate with higher incidences of criminal activity.

In the context of criminal justice and rehabilitation, understanding criminogenic factors is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent crime and reduce recidivism. Programs and policies aimed at addressing these factors are often part of a comprehensive approach to crime prevention and the reintegration of offenders into society.

Question 3

Define the following terms:
-determinate sentence

Answer 3

A determinate sentence is a type of prison sentence that is fixed in length and cannot be altered by a parole board or other agency. This means that the offender is required to serve the full term of the sentence as determined by the court at the time of sentencing, barring any reductions for good behavior or other adjustments that may be allowed by law.

In contrast to an indeterminate sentence, which sets a range of time (e.g., five to ten years) and allows for parole or early release based on the offender's rehabilitation or behavior, a determinate sentence is definitive and provides a clear release date. The purpose of a determinate sentence is to provide a consistent and predictable punishment for certain offenses, often reflecting a "tough on crime" approach that emphasizes the retributive aspect of the criminal justice system.

Determinate sentencing can be seen as a way to ensure that offenders serve a proportionate amount of time for their crimes, as the sentence is typically linked to the severity of the offense. It also removes some of the discretion from parole boards, which can lead to more uniform sentences for similar crimes. However, critics argue that it can be inflexible, failing to take into account individual circumstances or rehabilitation efforts that may warrant early release.

Question 4

Define the following terms:
-deterrence

Question 5

Define the following terms:
-diversion

Question 6

Define the following terms:
-free-willed

Question 7

Define the following terms:
-general deterrence

Question 8

Define the following terms:
-hedonistic

Question 9

Define the following terms:
-incapacitation

Question 10

Define the following terms:
-indeterminate sentence

Question 11

Define the following terms:
-labeling theory

Question 12

Define the following terms:
-mala in se

Question 13

Define the following terms:
-mala prohibitum

Question 14

Define the following terms:
-paradigm

Question 15

Define the following terms:
-Positivism

Question 16

Define the following terms:
-reintegrative shaming

Question 17

Define the following terms:
-specific deterrence

Question 18

What is the penultimate step in the court process once an individual has been convicted of a crime?

A) Trial
B) Sentencing
C) Prosecution
D) Preliminary hearing

Question 19

What does the court use in making a final determination of the sentence?

A) Presentence investigation
B) Preliminary hearing transcripts
C) Parole report
D) None of the above

Question 20

For the following statements, note whether the description is more characteristic of a determinate sentence, an indeterminate sentence, or both.
-Minimum and maximum sentence lengths are imposed.

A) Determinate
B) Indeterminate
C) Both

Question 21

For the following statements, note whether the description is more characteristic of a determinate sentence, an indeterminate sentence, or both.
-Sentence of incarceration

A) Determinate
B) Indeterminate
C) Both

Question 22

For the following statements, note whether the description is more characteristic of a determinate sentence, an indeterminate sentence, or both.
-Fixed term of incarceration or supervision

A) Determinate
B) Indeterminate
C) Both

Question 23

For the following statements, note whether the description is more characteristic of a determinate sentence, an indeterminate sentence, or both.
-Community service sentence

A) Determinate
B) Indeterminate
C) Both

Question 24

For the following statements, note whether the description is more characteristic of a determinate sentence, an indeterminate sentence, or both.
-Determination of time of release is left to the discretion of correctional personnel or another agency (such as a parole board).

A) Determinate
B) Indeterminate
C) Both

Question 25

How does classicism seek to prevent and deter crime?

A) Impose punishment that offsets any pleasurable consequence of an individual's behavior
B) Identify and eliminate the factors that are causing the individual to act in a certain way
C) Tailor the sanction to the circumstances of the individual
D) Impose punishment as retribution for the behavior

Question 26

Which of the statements below is an example of how positivism approaches deviance?

A) An individual's decision to commit burglary is based on calculating the possible rewards versus the possible punishments if caught.
B) An individual's decision to commit burglary is based on the effects of long term unemployment.
C) An individual's decision to commit burglary is based on needing medicine for his child.
D) a and b are both examples
E) b and c are both examples

Question 27

For the following crimes, indicate whether it best illustrates a mala in se offense or malum prohibitum offense.
-Murder

A) Mala in se
B) Malum prohibitum

Question 28

For the following crimes, indicate whether it best illustrates a mala in se offense or malum prohibitum offense.
-Robbery

A) Mala in se
B) Malum prohibitum

Question 29

For the following crimes, indicate whether it best illustrates a mala in se offense or malum prohibitum offense.
-Prostitution

A) Mala in se
B) Malum prohibitum

Question 30

For the following crimes, indicate whether it best illustrates a mala in se offense or malum prohibitum offense.
-Drug possession

A) Mala in se
B) Malum prohibitum

Question 31

For the following crimes, indicate whether it best illustrates a mala in se offense or malum prohibitum offense.
-Motor vehicle theft

A) Mala in se
B) Malum prohibitum

Question 32

"I am imposing this sentence because you deserve to be punished for your criminal behavior."

A) specific deterrence
B) retribution
C) incapacitation
D) general deterrence
E) rehabilitation

Question 33

"I am imposing this sentence so that you can be treated in ways that will change your behavior."

A) restoration
B) retribution
C) incapacitation
D) deterrence
E) rehabilitation

Question 34

"I am imposing this sentence in the hope that others who contemplate similar actions will change their minds."

A) general incapacitation
B) retribution
C) incapacitation
D) general deterrence
E) rehabilitation

Question 35

"I am imposing this sentence in the hope that you will never again want to commit such an act."

A) restoration
B) individual retribution
C) general incapacitation
D) specific deterrence
E) rehabilitation

Question 36

"I am imposing this sentence so you will be unable to commit another crime during the length of this sentence."

A) restoration
B) retribution
C) incapacitation
D) deterrence
E) rehabilitation

Question 37

Which famous document was the first recorded attempt to emphasize that retaliatory measures against offenders should be proportional to the harm committed, not worse?

A) Hammurabi's Code
B) Hedonistic Code
C) Bentham's Doctrine
D) Classical Doctrine

Question 38

Most citizens decide to conform their behavior to expected norms because they believe that it is right, not because they actually fear punishment.

Question 39

The concept of deterrence is a positivistic approach.

Question 40

Which is an example of free will in action?

A) I have been homeless for over three months now and I have not eaten for several days. I walk by a fruit stand where I take an apple.
B) I see a car with the keys in it so I steal it to take it for a joy ride.
C) I did not graduate from high school and no one will hire me. I decide to sell drugs to get by.
D) All of the above are examples of free will in action.

Question 41

This model is based on the belief that offenders were sick and needed to be diagnosed and treated.

A) Restoration model
B) Diagnostician model
C) Progression model
D) Medical model
E) None of the above are correct

Question 42

Positivists claim that behavior is within the control of the individual.

Question 43

Which goal of corrections aims to to improve the life of the offender, and to improve their impact on the social group or polity?

A) Deterrence
B) Incapacitation
C) Retribution
D) Rehabilitation
E) None of the above

Question 44

The concept of incapacitation through imprisonment has replaced the death penalty in most jurisdictions in the western world.

Question 45

When existing laws seem to have little effect in lowering the crime rate, there is often a general response to decrease prison terms.

Question 46

Both specific and general deterrence are vulnerable to inconsistent apprehension and erratic sentencing practices.

Question 47

Which relatively modern Positivistic addition to the goals of corrections holds that participation in the criminal justice system leads to increased criminal behavior?

A) Diversion
B) Rehabilitation
C) Specific Deterrence
D) Incapacitation

Question 48

Drug courts are one example of diversion program.

Question 49

What goal of corrections seeks to repair the harm that was done to both the victim and the community?

A) Diversion
B) Rehabilitation
C) Restorative Justice
D) Reentry
E) Labeling Avoidance

Question 50

Of the following, what parties are integral in addressing anti-social behavior under a restorative justice approach?

A) Victims
B) Offenders
C) Family members
D) Neighbors
E) All of the above

Question 51

Restorative justice practices vary but have a common theme and practice of bringing together a range of interested parties in a non-confrontational setting.

Question 52

Research on many diversion programs have indicated that fewer offenders respond to the positive treatments, in terms of future offenders, compared to those who are simply punished.

Question 53

The phrase "under lock and key" is a good motto for which goal of corrections?

A) Rehabilitation
B) Deterrence
C) Retribution
D) Incapacitation

Question 54

Currently, there is an overriding belief that offenders can be helped to become non-offending members of society.

Question 55

Participation in the criminal justice system does not exacerbate criminal behavior.

Question 56

What is a paradigm? Name an example from the text.

Question 57

List five items that are covered in the presentence investigation.

Question 58

Detail two differences between the Classical School and the Positivistic School.

Question 59

How do changing beliefs on behaviors affect whether they will be considered crimes? Use an example to illustrate your answer.

Question 60

Illustrate how certainty of apprehension works under the deterrence model.

Question 61

Other than being sent to prison or jail what other forms can incapacitation take?

Question 62

In general, how do diversion programs work?

Question 63

What are two concerns with effectively carrying out restorative justice approaches?

Question 64

How can increasing penalties for particular crimes result in over-punishment?

Question 65

What type of offenses are not amenable to restorative justice?